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| 783892774 | Henry Bessemer | Second Industrial Revolution, this person's process produced steel in greater quantities w/o increased costs | |
| 783892775 | William Siemens | Second Industrial Revolution, method that produced higher quality at significantly reduced costs | |
| 783935073 | steel | becomes the metal of choice during Second Industrial Revolution --> revolution in architecture & shipbuilding | |
| 783935074 | electrical power | first station of this is built in Great Britain during Second Industrial Revolution --> European cities lit after dark & electric tramways --> cities safer & expansion of nighttime activities | |
| 783935075 | Suez Canal | French build this during Second Industrial Revolution, Britain later gains control to ensure continued use of waterway that halved amount of time to travel to India | |
| 783935076 | clipper ships | used for quickly crossing Atlantic Ocean during Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935077 | trains & steamships | using ice-making machines, these 2 things transported perishables around the world during the Second Industrial Revolution --> US, Australia & Argentina become major providers of European provisions | |
| 783935078 | Karl Benz | invents internal combustion engine powered by gasoline during Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935079 | national postal system | Britain first to establish this that was affordable to almost all during Second Industrial Revolution --> invention of telegraph, new entertainment options (ex. motion pictures) | |
| 783935080 | universal public education | result of Britain's affordable national postal system during Second Industrial Revolution --> people inclined to communicate in writing | |
| 783935081 | synthetic dyes | revolutionized textile industry during Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935082 | man-made fertilizers | increased crop yields during Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935083 | Alfred Nobel | dynamite could blast tunnels through rock & remove inconvenient hills, prize for those who served cause of peace, Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935084 | Michael Faraday | electricity & electromagnetism, Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935085 | James Joule | laws of thermodynamics, Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935086 | Dmitri Mendeleev | periodic table (elements arranged by atomic weight & spaces left empty for future undiscovered elements), Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935087 | Wilhelm Rontgen | x-rays, Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935088 | Antoine Henri Becquerel | radioactivity, Second Industrial Revolution --> undertaken by Curies | |
| 783935089 | Marie Curie | isolates radium during Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935090 | Ernest Rutherford | nucleus (atomic central core), Second Industrial Revolution --> ordinary people feel alienated from world revealed by science | |
| 783935091 | Max Planck | quanta/quantum physics, end to mechanistic interpretation of Newton, Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935092 | Albert Einstein | special theory of relativity where time/space/movement aren't absolute, undermined Newton, Second Industrial Revolution | |
| 783935093 | Freidrich Nietzsche | Second Industrial Revolution, questioned & rejected ideas of Enlightenment (necessary to break free from traditional morality), despised religion ("God is dead") & Western model of civilization, hated Bismarck's Germany (populated by the masses) --> emergence of artist-warrior superman | |
| 783935094 | Sigmund Freud | Second Industrial Revolution, father of psychoanalysis, treated mental disorders by delving into the human subconscious ("talking cure"), believed that dreams revealed inner workings of subconscious world, violence lies at core of our being | |
| 783935095 | Louis Pasteur | Second Industrial Revolution, microbes (small, invisible organisms) cause diseases, explained how vaccines work within the body, experimental method applying to medicine | |
| 783935096 | Joseph Lister | Second Industrial Revolution, carbolic acid as disinfectant | |
| 783935097 | Ignaz Semmelweis | Second Industrial Revolution, importance of thoroughly washing hands prior to delivery of babies --> labor much safer for women | |
| 783935098 | Darwin | Second Industrial Revolution, naturalist who traveled on the H.M.S. Beagle to the Galapagos, challenged biblical account of creation --> evolution, "natural selection", no one is exempt from process of evolutionary change --> humans have evolved from simpler forms of life (opposition from religious groups) | |
| 783935099 | Charles Lyell | Second Industrial Revolution, geological evidence proving that Earth much older than biblical age | |
| 783935100 | Herbert Spencer | Second Industrial Revolution, "survival of the fittest" --> justification for governments to abandon the poor | |
| 783935101 | "Social Darwinism" | Europeans were superior to Africans/Asians, so should dominate & heightened anti-Semitism (Jews were lesser race/could never be integrated within society) | |
| 783935102 | meritocracy | Second Industrial Revolution, eliminated special privileges based on birth (result of French Revolution) --> decline in traditional aristocracy | |
| 783935103 | refrigerated railcars | Second Industrial Revolution, allowed for less expensive agricultural products to be imported --> decline in wealth of noble families | |
| 783935104 | "Age of the Middle Class" | Second Industrial Revolution, middle class growing in size & importance, fell outside earlier class system, larger than ever before, newly-created professions, luxuries, department stores | |
| 783967139 | Thomas Cook | Second Industrial Revolution, popularized travel w/ day trips to Great Exhibition --> tourist trade w/ spas & resorts | |
| 783967140 | "Victorian" morality | Second Industrial Revolution, barbaric forms of entertainment stopped, women excluded from professions & enrollment in higher education | |
| 783967141 | Edward Bernstein | Second Industrial Revolution, capitalism was not about to collapse, necessary to work toward progressive improvement of working-class within capitalist framework, socialism could be achieved through ballot box | |
| 783967142 | "revisionists" | Second Industrial Revolution, followers of Bernstein | |
| 783967143 | Karl Kautsky | Second Industrial Revolution, harsh towards revisionists (considered heretic), proletarian revolution would be civilized process, socialist movement inevitable (passive evolution), declared heretical by extreme socialists | |
| 783967144 | anarchism | Second Industrial Revolution, true laws of society come from nature of society itself, bringing laws to surface is ultimate goal, organize small groups of independent producers to govern themselves | |
| 783967145 | Joseph Proudhon | Second Industrial Revolution, father of anarchism, "property is theft", first to use the term "anarchist" | |
| 784101002 | Catholicism | declared only religion of Spanish people, reforms Joseph II had imposed in Austria are repealed | |
| 784101003 | Syllabus of Errors | Pope Pius IX issues this encyclical --> "papal infallibility" & backlash against religious institutions | |
| 784101004 | "papal infallibility" | pope could not be in error w/ matters of faith | |
| 784101005 | Kulterkampf | Bismarck's cultural war, took control over Catholic schools & appointment of bishop (although had little effect) | |
| 784101006 | Rerum Novarum | "Of New Things", issued by Pope Leo XIII, reaffirmed right of private property & responsiblity toward poor, bashed socialism | |
| 784101007 | Catholic Social Movement | Church expands efforts on behalf of poor | |
| 784101008 | David Freidrich Strauss | Bible consisted of series of myths by early Christians | |
| 784101009 | Ludwig Feuerbach | God is man-made device that reflects own inner sense of divine | |
| 784101010 | Bernadette | French peasant girl, sees visions of Virgin Mary | |
| 784101011 | anti-Semitism | social discriminations (although legal status improving - allowed to enter House of Commons in Britain, full political rights in Austria-Hungary & Germany), blocked from certain professions or in government, seen as responsible for new/troubling trends in modern economic life (depression --> increase in prejudice), Social Darwinism | |
| 784101012 | Dreyfus Affair | France, rise to Action Francaise | |
| 784101013 | Action Francaise | anti-Semitic monarchist group in France | |
| 784101014 | pogroms | attacks on Jews in Russia redirected from throne | |
| 784101015 | Zionism | establishment of a Jewish homeland | |
| 784101016 | Theodore Herzl | Jews must have state of their own --> First Zionist Congress meeting in Switzerland | |
| 784101017 | "cult of domesticity" | female submissiveness, sexual purity, religious piety, women responsible for religious life of family | |
| 784101018 | Frances Power Cobbe | journalist & active campaigner against medical vivisection | |
| 784101019 | Josephine Butler | talked about sex publicly, founded Ladies National Association, fought against Contagious Disease Act | |
| 784101020 | Contagious Disease Act | women dragged off street for exams for STDs, men were let go | |
| 784101021 | "feminist" | organized organizations to adopt change regarding civil disabilities for women, split over primary struggle as vote or improvement of social conditions | |
| 784101022 | suffragists | women who worked peacefully for the vote | |
| 784101023 | suffragettes | followers of Women's Social & Political Union, pursued a militant campaign --> punished severely | |
| 784101024 | Emmeline Pankhurst | formed Women's Social & Political Union & led militant campaign for women's rights | |
| 784101025 | Maria Montessori | example of "new woman", educator, physician | |
| 784101026 | Barthold Niebuhr | close examination of primary source documents | |
| 784101027 | Leopold von Ranke | presented history as it actually was, rather than viewing it from the present | |
| 784101028 | anthropology | born out of expansion of European dominance w/ new imperialism, explored "inferiority" of non-Europeans b/c of endemic "scientific" racism | |
| 784101029 | sociology | study of human social behavior, inspired by growing tendency of governments to keep statistics on conditions of citizens | |
| 784101030 | romanticism | primacy of emotions & feeling, explored beauty/mystery of nature, supernatural, folklore/traditional peasant life (lived closer to nature), necessary to break w/ tradition | |
| 784101031 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | romantic, education derived from nature | |
| 784101032 | Wolfgang von Goethe | greatest figure of Sturm und Drang (Storm & Stress) generation of German romantic writers | |
| 784101033 | William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge | (2 people) ignored rules of punctuation in poetry, romantics | |
| 784101034 | Sir Walter Scott & Victor Hugo | (2 people) invented popular image of Middle Ages (Gothic style), romantics | |
| 784101035 | Percy Bysshe Shelley | romantic, rebelled against conservative values | |
| 784101036 | Amandine-Aurore Dupin/George Sand | romantic, challenged oppression of women | |
| 784101037 | Ludwig von Beethoven | broke w/ classical forms of length, soloist toward end of movement, first composer to earn living directly from compositions & performances w/o patronage | |
| 784101038 | Franz Schubert | invented lied | |
| 784101039 | lied | art song, solo voice melody to piano accompaniment | |
| 784101040 | Hector Berlioz | tells a story w/o singers or written text | |
| 784101041 | Frederic Chopin | influenced by peasant music | |
| 784101042 | Franz Liszt | based on traditional gypsy music | |
| 784101043 | Igor Stravinsky | rejection of classical ballet w/ music for Diaghilev's The Rite of Spring | |
| 784101044 | Eugene Delacroix | captured stirring events of revolution in Paris | |
| 784101045 | photography | accidentally discovered --> fixed images w/ daguerreotype | |
| 784101046 | Louis Daguerre | accidentally discovered photography | |
| 784101047 | George Eastman | introduces flexible film & first box camera, less expensive --> could be enjoyed by many | |
| 784101048 | realism | world w/o illusions | |
| 784101049 | Gustave Courbet | grim reality of world of peasants | |
| 784101050 | Jean-Francois Millet | refused to paint peasant class in idealistic manner | |
| 784101051 | Honore Daumier | revealed corrupt politicians & legal system of July Monarchy | |
| 784101052 | Charles Dickens | used experience in blacking factory to critique industrialized society --> introduced middle-class in Great Britain to hardships of working-class life | |
| 784101053 | Mary Ann Evans/George Eliot, Gustave Flaubert & Leo Tolstoy | (3 people) wrote about middle-class domestic life & marriage | |
| 784101054 | Tolstoy's War and Peace | literature reflects Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia, reveals how ordinary people are swept up in events they have no control over | |
| 784101055 | Fyodor Dostoyevsky | participated in an illegal political group, pushed in conservative direction, interested in psychological/moral obligations of man | |
| 784101056 | Emile Zola | applied social sciences w/ "naturalistic" technique --> environment & hereditary critical factors in explaining moral/physical degeneration of families | |
| 784101057 | Edouard Manet | changed the way we look at art (stopping at surface of canvas), not allowed to show work at Salon | |
| 784101058 | Salon des Refuses | "exhibition of the rejected", no one is allowed to show work at Salon --> Napoleon III grades them there) | |
| 784101059 | impressionists | artists who took the techniques of Manet (ex. Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas), wanted to capture shimmering effects of light | |
| 784101060 | Paul Cezanne | "father of modern art", used forms of geometry most commonly found in nature & applied to still-lives of fruit w/ abstract technique | |
| 784101061 | expressionists | sought to put deepest emotions on canvas (ex. Vincent Van Gogh) | |
| 784101062 | Edvard Munch | revealed that emotions portray the way things look for you on the surface | |
| 784101063 | Gustave Klimt | rejected values of mass society, showed classical images in strange/unfamiliar ways | |
| 784101064 | Pablo Picasso | broke w/ single-point perspective of Renaissance, co-founded cubism w/ Georges Braque | |
| 785751983 | breech-loading rifles | technological advancement for New Imperialism, able to fire from prone position --> rapid-fire weapons | |
| 785751984 | steamships | technological advancement for New Imperialism, rapid transport across oceans | |
| 785751985 | telegraph | technological advancement for New Imperialism, exchange of messages between India & London | |
| 785751986 | Quinine drug | technological advancement for New Imperialism, effective treatment for malaria | |
| 785751987 | social imperialists | sought to relieve certain domestic social problems during New Imperialism | |
| 785751988 | New Imperialism | colonization of Africa & Asia | |
| 785751989 | nationalism | New Imperialism, only way to matter on global scale was w/ establishment of colonies | |
| 785751990 | religion | New Imperialism, Christian missionaries | |
| 785751991 | Social Darwinism/noblesse oblige | New Imperialism, belief that white races destined to have sovereignty over inferior peoples | |
| 785751992 | Balance of Power politics | New Imperialism, wanted colonies so others wouldn't get them (esp. Great Britain) | |
| 785751993 | Cecil Rhodes | New Imperialism, gained colonial advantage for Great Britain from Cape of Good Hope to Cairo | |
| 785751994 | "mad scramble" | New Imperialism, little respect/concern shown for local tribal & cultural differences when establishing colonies, borders drawn in Europe | |
| 785751995 | Berlin Conference | New Imperialism, ostensibly to deal w/ control of Congo, but also set up rules for establishment of colonies --> all of Africa divided among European powers | |
| 785751996 | "Indian Mutiny"/"Sepoy Rebellion" | New Imperialism, British dominate India after French withdraw b/c Seven Years War --> colonial control more centralized & administrative structure replaces British East India Co. | |
| 785760026 | "informal empire" | New Imperialism, significant influence over economy w/o territorial or political control, Great Britain practices this w/ China | |
| 785760027 | "treaty ports" | New Imperialism, China forced to grant these to Britain under "informal empire" | |
| 785760028 | Russo-Japanese War | New Imperialism, Japan seizes control over Korea as a result of this | |
| 785760029 | Carl Peters | New Imperialism, violently establishes German colony in East Africa | |
| 785760030 | King Leopold II | New Imperialism, colonizes Belgian Congo for personal wealth, millions enslaved/maimed/killed --> King to concede control to Belgian government (most horrific of colonial exploitation) | |
| 785760031 | Boer War | New Imperialism, dims public support in Great Britain for empire | |
| 785760032 | "great game" | New Imperialism, Britain vs. Russia over Afghanistan - British control jeopardizes Russian expansion into Central Asia & British concerned for security of India | |
| 785760033 | Fashoda | New Imperialism, Britain vs. France for this in Sudan | |
| 785760034 | Morocco | New Imperialism, France vs. Germany for this | |
| 785763593 | Kaiser Wilhelm II | New Imperialism, pushes Bismarck into retirement b/c of Bismarck's lack of interest in colonization & that Germany didn't have colonial empire |
