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| 778484800 | 18th Century | 1. Most young married European couples lived in nuclear families. Large multigenerational households were not teh norm. 2. Most couples posponed marriage until they were in tehir mid to late 20s 3. young peasent women increasingly left home to work as domestic servants | |
| 778484801 | The French Revolution | 1. Women led teh march to versailles to demand cheap bread and to force the royal family to move to paris 2. women did not gain the right to vote or to hold politcal office 3. olympia de gouges wrote the declaration of rights of women and the female citizen. demanded wmn have same rights as men 4. wollstonecraft wrote vindication of rights of wmn. argued wmn arent naturally inferior to men, only appear to be inferior bc of lack of education 5. napoleans civil code: reasserted old regime' patriarchal system.; granted husbands extensive control over wives; divorce and property rights were taken away | |
| 778484802 | The 19th Century | 1. john stuart mill wrote the subjection of wmn. argued social and legal and inequalities were a relic frm the past 2. henrik ibsen's a doll house criticized conventional marriage roles 3. ideal middle class wmn expected 2b angel in house; most * role=2b devoted mother and family moral guardian 4. ppl marry at younger age bc of rise in standards of living but at same time rising cost of child rearing causes decline in zie of mid class families 5. few married wmn worked outside the home; most owrkin wmn were single 6. oppurtinities for well educated wmn=lmtd to taeching, nursing, and social work 7. law codes in most euro countries gave wmn few legal rights. catholic countries didnt allow divorce 8. 19th century wmn rights advocates worked for teh right of wmn to control their own property 9. by end of 19th century, educated mid class new wmn enjoyed more indpnt lifestyles 10. as mass culture developed, fashion magazines made mid class and wokrin class wmm more aware of style; fictional romancs are sold | |
| 778484803 | Women's Suffrage | 1. 1900=no country in europe allowed wmn right to vote 2. br wmn waged agrresive campaign 4 wmns suffrage led by pankhurst 3. wwi: millions of wmn replace men in factories, etc. 4. 1918, parliament grants suffrage to wmn over 30 | |
| 778484804 | Women in the Soviet Union | 1.Marxists argue tht capitalism and mid class husbands exploited wmn 2. bol's proclaim complete equality of rights 4 wmn | |
| 778484805 | Machiavelli (1469-1527) | wrote the prince; ppl=ungreatful and untrustworthy; urged rulers to study war, avoid unnecessary kindness, and always base policy upon the priniciple tht the end justitfies the means; gave advice to rulers | |
| 778484806 | Erasmus (1466-1536) | wrote praise of folly; lays egg luther hatches, wrote in latin, wanted to reform church NOT destroy | |
| 778484807 | Luther (1483-1546) | protestant reformer whose criticsm of indulgences helped spark ref.; advocated salvation by faith &authroity of bible&priesthood of all believers; believed christn wmn shd strive to bcum models of wifely obediene and chrstn charity; relied on state churches | |
| 778484808 | Calvin (1509-1564) | the elect; protestant reformer who wrote the institutes of the chrstn religion; believed in the absolute omnipotence of god, the weakness of humanity, and the doctrine of predestination; established geneva as a mdoel chrstn commty; theocracy; influenced followers who were known as huguenots in fr, presbyterians in scotland, and puritans in eng; advocated tht each local congregation have a ruling body composed of ministers and laymen who carefully supervised the moral conduct of the faithful | |
| 778484809 | Montaigne (1533-1592) | fr ren writer who developed the essay; knwn for skeptical attitude and willingness to lok at all sides of an issue | |
| 778484810 | Copernicus (1473-1543) | astronomer; wrote On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres; helped launch scientific rev. by chllnging widespread belief in geocentric thry tht earth=center of universe; offered new heliocentric universe which earth and otra planetas revolve around the sun | |
| 778484811 | Kepler (1571-1630) | began career as assistant to danish astronomer to Brahe; formulated 3 laws of planetary motion; proved planetary orbits are ELLIPTICAL rather than circular | |
| 778484812 | Galilei (1564-1642) | it scientist who contributed to sci method by conducting controlled experiments; used telescope, formulated laws of motion, popularize new sci ideas; condemned by inquisition fo radvocating helio thry | |
| 778484813 | Newton (1642-1727) | eng scientist and mathmatician who wrote the principia; viewed universe as vast machine governed by the universal laws of gravity adn inertia; mechanistic view of universe (strongly influenced by deism (god =watchmaker) | |
| 778484814 | Bacon (1561-1626) | eng politican and writer; formalized empirical method into general thry of inductive reasoning (based on observation) | |
| 778484815 | Descartes (1596-1650) | fr philosopher and mathmatician; used DEductive reasoning from self evident principles to reach sci laws | |
| 778484816 | Hobbes (1588-1679) | eng philosopher who wrote leviathon; viewed human beings as naturally self centered adn prone to violence; feared dangers of arachy more than dangers of tyranny; argued tht monarchs have absolute and unlmtd political authority; u give up ur rites for safety; agreemtn btwn ppl and govt = social contract | |
| 778484817 | Locke (1632-1704) | humans=rational beings who learned from experience; tabula rasa=blank slate; thry of natural rights, ppl are born with basic rights to life liberty and property; govts r formed to protect natura rights; right to rebel | |
| 778484818 | Voltaire (1694-1778) | "crush the infamous thing"(the catholic church); against organized religion | |
| 778484819 | Rousseau (1712-1778) | wrote social contract and emile; popular sovereignty; law is expression of general will; stressed emotions | |
| 785238830 | Adam Smith (1723-1790) | scottish econmoist who wrote an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nation; opposed mercantilist policies; advocated free trade and the invisble hand of competition | |
| 785238831 | Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-17970 | british writer, philosopher, and feminist who wrote a vindication of the rights of woman; argued that women are not naturally inferior to men; maintained that women deserve the same fundamental rights as men | |
| 785238832 | Edmund Burke (1729-1797) | english conservative leader who wrote reflections on the revolution in france; denounced the radicalism and violence of the french revolution; favored gradual and orderly change | |
| 785238833 | John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) | english utilitarian (what is best for most people) and essayist best known for writing on liberty and teh subjection of women; advocated women's rights and endorsed universal suffrage | |
| 785238834 | Karl Marx (1818-1883) | scientific socialist who coauthored the communist manifesto; believed that teh history of class conflict is best understood through the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis (hegel ideas); contended that a class struggle btwn the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would lead "to the dictatorship of the proletariat" which in turn would be a transitional phase leading to a classless society | |
| 785238835 | Darwin (1809-1882) | br biologist who wrote the origin of species; challeneged the idea of special cration by proposoing a revolutionary theory of biological evolution; concluded that every living planet and animal takes part in a constant struggle for existence in which on the fittest survive; argued that the fittest are determined by a process of natural selection | |
| 785238836 | Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) | austrian psychologist who formulated groundbreaking theories of human personality; theorized that the human psyche contains three distinct parts; a) the id, which is the center of unconscious sexual and aggresive drives b) the superego which is the center of moral values and c0 the ego which is the center of pragmatic reason; argued that human behavior is often irrational (impulses) | |
| 785238837 | Einstein (1879-1955) | german physicist whose theory of special relativity undermined newtonian physics; challenged traditional concepts of time space and motion; contribbuted to the view that humans live in a universe with uncertainties; added to the feeling fo uncertainty in the postwar world | |
| 785238838 | Nietzche 91844-1900) | german philosopher whose writings influenced existentialism; expressed contempt for middle class morality saying it led to a false and shallow existence; rejected reason and embraced the irrational; believed that the will to power of a few heroic supermen could successfully reorder the world | |
| 785238839 | Albrt Camus (1913-1960) and jean-paul sartre (1905-1980) | french existentialist philosophers and writers; questioned the efficacy of reason and sceince to understand the human situation; believed that god, reason, and progress and myths and that human live in a hostile world alone and isolated | |
| 785238840 | the peace of augsburg 1555 | ended the religious civil war btwn roman catholics and lutherans in the german states; gave each german prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either roman catholic or lutheran; failed to provide for the recognition of calvinists or other religious groups | |
| 785238841 | the council of trent 1545-1563 | reformed catholic church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine; preserved the papacy as the center of christianity; confirmed all seven existing sacraments; reaffirmed latin as teh language of worship; forbade clerical marriage | |
| 785238842 | the edict of nantes 1598 | issued by henry iv of france; granted religious toleration to french protestants; marked teh first formal recognition by a european national monarchy that two religions could coexist in the same country; revoked by louis xiv in 16855 | |
| 785238843 | the peace of westphalia, 1648 | ... |
