Sources: CliffsAP European History, Cracking the AP European Exam (TPR)
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| 64191616 | Renaissance | When was the modern notion of individualism born? | |
| 64191617 | Renaissance | meaning "rebirth" | |
| 64205878 | Italy | place where Renaissance began | |
| 64205879 | Northern Renaissance | the more religious Renaissance movement | |
| 64205880 | Northern Renaissance | the foundation movement for the Protestant Reformation | |
| 64205881 | oligarchy | the ruling form of government during Renaissance Italy | |
| 64205882 | popolo | discontented peasants who staged a violent struggle against Florentine government, known as the Ciompi revolt | |
| 64205883 | Sforza family | mercenary family that ruled Milan during the Renaissance | |
| 64205884 | Medici family | behind-the-scene rulers of Florence, established wealth through banking | |
| 64205885 | Florence, Milan, Venice, Papal States, Kingdom of Naples | five dominant city-states during the medieval ages | |
| 64205886 | Florence | the most dominant of Italian cities which became known as the symbol of the Renaissance | |
| 64205887 | Quattrocento | historical term for the Golden Age of the Renaissance | |
| 64205888 | Humanism | the central idea that defined the Renaissance; a literary movement which began in Italy during the 14th c. | |
| 64205889 | secularism | the idea of concerning oneself with worldly things more than religious ones i.e. money, materialism, pleasures | |
| 64205890 | Humanism | philosophers who glorified the individual and believed that man was the measure of all things and had unlimited potential | |
| 64205891 | Renaissance Man | the well-rounded education that the Humanists supported led to this type of person | |
| 64205892 | Petrarch | "father of Humanism", sought out classical texts of works done by people such as Cicero | |
| 64205893 | Pico della Mirandola | wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man" | |
| 64205894 | "The Courtier" | a book that sought to describe the ideal man of the age, knowing several languages, familiar with classical literature, and skilled in the arts. defined today as a "Renaissance man" | |
| 64205895 | Lorenzo Valla | proved that the "Donation of Constantine" was a forged document | |
| 64205896 | Leonardo Bruni | proponent of women's education, wrote "The History of the Florentine Peoples" | |
| 64205897 | Giovanni Boccaccio | author of "The Decameron" which is considered the best prose piece of the Renaissance | |
| 64205898 | Christine de Pisan | an Italian feminist who wrote "The City of Ladies" saying that women have to carve out their own space or move to a "City of Ladies" in order for their abilities to be allowed to flourish | |
| 64205899 | High Renaissance | the time period during which Rome replaced Florence as the great center of artistic patronage, especially from popes | |
| 64205900 | Leonardo da Vinci | a Renaissance man, painter of the "Mona Lisa" | |
| 64205901 | Raphael | painter of "The School of Athens" | |
| 64205902 | Michelangelo | sculpted "David", worked on the Sistine Chapel, and painted the "Final Judgment" | |
| 64205903 | Johannes Gutenberg | German inventor of the printing press | |
| 64205904 | Thomas More | author of "Utopia" and was decapitated by Henry VIII for not supporting the break from the Catholic Church | |
| 64205905 | Northern Humanists | focused on broad programs of social reform based on Christian ideals, not secularism or individualism | |
| 64205906 | Desiderius Erasmus | greatest of the N. Humanists, wrote "In Praise of Folly" which satirized what he felt were problems in the Church, translated the New Testament into Latin | |
| 64205907 | Geoffrey Chaucer | author of "Canterbury Tales" | |
| 64205908 | Shakespeare | the genius of the Elizabethan Renaissance, author of such plays as "Hamlet" and "Macbeth" | |
| 64205909 | Protestant Reformation | the break from the Catholic Church, led by Martin Luther, that was one of the greatest revolutions of the time | |
| 64205910 | Rabelais | French classicist, wrote "Gargantua" and "Pantagruel" | |
| 64205911 | Michel Eyqem de Montaigne | introduced the essay as a literary form to Europe | |
| 64205912 | Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote "The Prince" which is a virtual instruction manual for a prince/ruler on the manner in which he should rule. Rulers should rule by methods that ignore right/wrong. "The ends justify the means." | |
| 64205913 | Jean Bodin | wrote "The Six Books on the State" which outlined the first systematic & clear conception that absolute sovereignty resides in the nation regardless of the forms of government. The "state" was an absolute sovereign that tolerated no rival legal authority above it except God. Contributed to the rise of absolutism in Europe | |
| 64205914 | Hundred Years' War | series of wars fought between France and England (1337-1453) | |
| 64205915 | War of the Roses | conflict between the House of York (white rose) and the House of Lancaster (red rose) | |
| 64205916 | Henry Tudor | also known as Henry VII, victor of the War of the Roses, Lancasterian | |
| 64205917 | Star Chamber | established by Henry VII, this was a court to check Aristocratic power | |
| 64205918 | Reconquista | effort by the Spanish rulers Ferdinand V of Aragon and Isabella of Castile to rid the Iberian peninsula from Moorish presence and solidify a Christian kingdom of Spain | |
| 64205919 | hermandades | local police force in Spain during the Reconquista and thereafter to strengthen royal justice | |
| 64205920 | Spanish Inquisition | Revived by Ferdinand V and Isabella to persecute heretics such as Jews, ultimately led to the expulsion of all Jews from Spain | |
| 64205921 | marranos or conversos | Jewish converts in Spain | |
| 64205922 | Frans Hals | painted portraits of everyday life that captured the spirit of the Dutch people, seen in "The Laughing Cavalier" | |
| 64205923 | Albrecht Durer | famous for his metal and wood engravings, did "Praying Hands" | |
| 64205924 | simony | the practice of selling church offices to the highest bidders. also the practice of holding multiple positions | |
| 64205925 | indulgences | sold these as pardons, supposedly to reduce the punishment in the hereafter for certain sins. greatly supported by Tetzel | |
| 64205926 | Babylonian Captivity | time period where the papacy was under the influence of the French Monarch, moving the center of the Church to Avignon, named after the period of exile of the Jews in Babylon in the 500s BCE | |
| 64205927 | Great Schism | time when two different popes claimed legitimacy, and both excommunicated the other. a third pope was later added to the mix. | |
| 64205928 | Council of Constance | meeting that ended the Great Schism and elected Martin V as the new pope | |
| 64205929 | John Wycliffe | forerunner of Luther, denied pope's supreme religious authority, translated the Bible into English, and encouraged self-interpretation of the Bible. | |
| 64205930 | Jan Hus | forerunner of Luther, advocated similar ideas of Wycliffe but acted in Bohemia. His execution led to a huge rebellion against the church that was immensely costly to subdue | |
| 64205931 | Martin Luther | German friar who posted the "95 Theses", was against social reform, wanted only religious reform | |
| 64205932 | Lollards | followers of John Wycliffe | |
| 64205933 | Frederick the Elector of Saxony | provided a haven for Luther while he was being chased by the Church | |
| 64205934 | Transubstantiation | the literal transformation of the bread and wine into Christ's body and blood | |
| 64205935 | priesthood of all believers | Luther's belief that people were free from the complete authority of the Church | |
| 64218237 | Schmalkaldic Wars | War between Charles V and Protestant princes. | |
| 64218238 | Peace of Augsburg | signed 1555 to end the Schmalkaldic Wars, recognized Lutheranism as a legitimate religion of state | |
| 64218239 | Anabaptist | denied the idea of infant baptism, believed that baptism should be done only by adults who are fully aware of the decision they are making | |
| 64218240 | Antitrinitarians | Protestants who denied the idea of the Holy Trinity | |
| 64218241 | Ulrich Zwingli | Swiss patriot who had similar ideas to Luther with some important differences: denied all sacraments and Christ wasn't present in Communion, he's present in everything around us | |
| 64218242 | John Calvin | founder of Calvinism, wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" arguing for predestination, no free will | |
| 64218243 | predestination | the idea that ones salvation has already been predetermined by God | |
| 64218244 | Huguenots | French branch of Calvinism | |
| 64218245 | Puritans | English branch of Calvinism | |
| 64218246 | English Reformation | led by King Henry VIII who wanted to marry Anne Boleyn but needed to divorce Catherine of Aragon to do that. Eventually, in order to have his marriage with Anne, he broke with the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England (Anglican Church) | |
| 64218247 | Act of Supremacy | Parliament passed this act to make the king of England instead of the pope the head of the Church of England. He also seized church property while persecuting Protestants as heretics. | |
| 64218248 | Book of Common Prayer | Written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, includes the order for all services of the Church of England | |
| 64218249 | Queen Mary of Scotland | earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" for her persecution of her opponents, mainly Protestants | |
| 64218250 | The Acts of Six Articles | passed in 1539 by Parliament making Catholic beliefs obligatory in England | |
| 64218251 | Edward VI | Henry VIII's successor, introduced Calvinism | |
| 64218252 | Spanish Armada | in 1588, Philip II assembled this fleet to fight against Elizabeth I's fleet but lost greatly. This marks the rise of England's naval supremacy and the decline of Spanish naval power | |
| 64218253 | Counter-Reformation | a movement that included the "Index of Prohibited Books," the Council of Trent and the rise of the Jesuit society | |
| 64218254 | Index of Prohibited Books | this included works by writers such as Erasmus and Galileo, a list of works that were prohibited by the Church during the Counter-Reformation | |
| 64218255 | Council of Trent | the centerpiece of the Counter-Reformation, sought to place the papacy under the control of a church council or parliament. it took steps to address some of the issues that had sparked the Reformation, including placing limits on the selling of church offices. | |
| 64218256 | Jesuits | society begun by Ignatius Loyola, distinguished as a teaching order | |
| 64218257 | Concordat de Bologna | treaty between Francis I and the papacy that recognized the supremacy of the papacy in return for the right to appoint French bishops. Established Catholicism as the state religion in France, but with the spread of Huguenot influence in France, it led to tensions. | |
| 64218258 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | August 24, 1572, a massacre of over 20,000 French Huguenots and led to civil strife between Protestants and Catholics | |
| 64218259 | Henry IV | Calvinist and member of the Bourbon family, became king, said the quote "Paris is worth a Mass" issuing the Edict of Nantes | |
| 64218260 | Edict of Nantes | granted religious and civil freedom to the Protestant minority in France, supported by Henry IV | |
| 64218261 | Thirty Years War | most important and bloodiest of the religious wars. It came after the Peace of Augsburg which didn't recognize Calvinism as a religion. This led to conflict between the Protestant Union (supported by the English, Dutch, French) against the Catholic League (Spain & Hapsburg Empire) | |
| 64218262 | Thirty Years War | War with 4 phases: Bohemian phase; Danish phase; Swedish phase; French phase | |
| 64218263 | Peace of Westphalia | Ended the Thirty Years War in 1648, renewing the Peace of Augsburg, recognized Calvinism, Edict of Restitution revoked, German princes granted sovereignty, papacy denied the right to participate in German religious affairs |
