A little bit of early Europe, the Renaissance, and the Reformation
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| 379451220 | Benvenuto Cellini | A goldsmith and sculptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise. | |
| 379451221 | Condottiere | A mercenary soldier of a political ruler | |
| 379451222 | Humanism | The recovery and study of classical authors and writings. | |
| 379451223 | Individualism | The emphasis on the unique and creative personally. | |
| 379451224 | New Monarchs | The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means. | |
| 379451225 | Rationalism | The application and use of reason in understanding and explaining events. | |
| 379451226 | Renaissance | The period from 1400 to 1600 that witnessed a transformation of cultural and intellectual values from primarily Christian to classical or secular ones. | |
| 379451227 | Secularism | The emphasis on the here and-now rather than on the spiritual and otherworldly. | |
| 379451228 | Lorenzo Valla | (1407-1457)- A humanist who used historical criticism to discredit an eighth-century document giving the papacy jurisdiction over Western lands. | |
| 379451229 | Virtu | The striving for personal excellence. | |
| 379451230 | Baroque | The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter Reformation. | |
| 379451231 | Brethren of the Common Life | Pious laypeople in sixteenth-century Holland who Initiated a religious revival in their model of Christian living. | |
| 379451232 | John Calvin | A French theologian who established a theocracy In Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. | |
| 379451233 | Charles V | Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands. | |
| 379451234 | Council of Trent | The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants. | |
| 379451235 | Index | A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read. | |
| 379451236 | Indulgence | Papal pardon for remission of sins. | |
| 379451237 | Roman Inquisition | A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution. | |
| 379451238 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | |
| 379451239 | John Knox | Calvinist leader in sixteenth-century Scotland. | |
| 379451240 | Martin Luther | (1483-1546) - German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of the Roman Catholic world. | |
| 379451241 | Sir Thomas More | (1478-1535) - Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VIII for his unwillingness to recognize publicly his king as Supreme Head of the church and clergy of England. | |
| 379451242 | Nepotism | The practice of rewarding relatives with church positions. | |
| 379451243 | Peace of Augsburg | (1555) - Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects. | |
| 379451244 | Pluralism | The holding of several benefices, or church offices. | |
| 379451245 | Simony | The selling of church offices. | |
| 379451246 | Theocracy | A community, such as Calvin's Geneva, in which the state Is subordinate to the church. | |
| 379451247 | Usury | The practice of lending money for interest. | |
| 379451248 | Ursulines | Order of nuns established in 1535, dedicated themselves to the education of girls | |
| 379451249 | Theatins | Founded in 1523, they were a society of priests whose mission was to improve the level of education and discipline among the clergy | |
| 379451250 | Unam Sanctum | Papal bull in 1302 stating the sumpremacy of the pope | |
| 379451251 | Conciliarism | Movement for the power Catholic Church to be regulated by a system of councils | |
| 379451252 | John Wycliffe | English scholar who insisted that the Bible was the only source of Christian doctrine and went as far as translating it into English | |
| 379451253 | John Huss | Bohemian teacher who supported the ideas of Wycliffe as well as the independence of Czechs in Bohemia. | |
| 379451254 | War of Roses | War fought between the Yorks and Lancastrians that ended up with the Tudors ruling England | |
| 379451255 | Spanish Inquisition | The expulsion of any non-Catholics from Spain led by Isabella of Castile in 1480 | |
| 379451256 | Medici | Florentine banking family | |
| 379451257 | Petrarch | The "father of humanism" | |
| 379451258 | Machiavelli | The author of "The Prince" | |
| 379451259 | Desiderius Erasmus | Criticized the Catholic Church in satircal "Praise of Folly" | |
| 379451260 | Ulrich Zwingli | Contemporary of Calvin who founded Protestantism in Zurich | |
| 379451261 | Pope Leo X | The Pope who excommunicated Luther and served during the Reformation | |
| 379451262 | Anabaptism | Sect of Protestantism that advocated a complete seperation of Church and State as well as adult baptism | |
| 379451263 | John of Leyden | Leader of Antibaptists | |
| 379451264 | Henry VIII | Tudor King who wished to seperate from the Catholic Church and create the Church of England | |
| 379451265 | Act of Supremacy | This act put the King of England as the head of the church instead of the pope | |
| 379451266 | 95 Theses | Posted on October 31, 1517 this paper questioned the use of indulgences | |
| 379451267 | Predestination | Calvinist belief that God determines the fate of each person |
