the terms that were missing from the other quizlets i made
Terms : Hide Images
| 120956125 | anne boleyn | Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her. | |
| 120956126 | st bartholomew's day massacre | Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, 1572. | |
| 120956127 | paris is worth a mass | The reason Henry IV gave when he converted to Catholicism | |
| 120956128 | council of troubles | Established by Duke of Alva. He executed over one thousand people (Protestants), many of them wealthy, and took their property as a way to stop the Dutch Revolt. | |
| 120956129 | 1598 | edict of nantes was in ____ | |
| 120956130 | defenstration | __________ of prague was when the ambassador was thrown out of the window | |
| 120956131 | bohemian phase | The first phase of the Thirty Years' War , Frederick IV vs. Ferdinand II; Defenestration of Prague is included in this phase | |
| 120956132 | danish phase | The second phase of the Thirty Years' War in which the Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein won a series of major victories against the Protestants. | |
| 120956133 | swedish phase | The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts. | |
| 120956134 | french-swedish phase | France enters war on Swedish/Protestant side; Spanish defeat-->Peace of Westphalia | |
| 120956135 | wallenstein | (Danish Phase) He was a catholic noble who replace Frederic IV and he also led the Imperial forces of Bohemia | |
| 120956136 | gustavus adolphus | Lutheran king with his centralized/disciplined protestant army --> Marches in and turns war around | |
| 120956137 | in defense against the 7 sacraments | Henry the viii wrote __________ | |
| 120956138 | italian scientist | vesalius | |
| 120956139 | copernicus | This scientist helped develop the sun-centered theory of the Universe (denounced by church) | |
| 120956140 | on the revolutions of heavenly orbs | book by copernicus about heliocentric universe | |
| 120956141 | heliocentric | the belief that the sun is the center of the universe | |
| 120956142 | montaigne | The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay. | |
| 120956143 | tycho brahe | Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data. | |
| 120956144 | kepler-planetary motion | all the planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical not circular orbits; the Sun is not the exact center of each orbit. | |
| 120956145 | galileo | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate and the law of inertia; made discoveries like seeing rocks and craters on the moon, Invented the experimental method, formulated the law of inertia, provided evidence for the Copernican theory | |
| 120956146 | francis bacon | English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. | |
| 120956147 | novum organum | Bacon, attacked scholastic belief that most truth was already discovered and only needed explanations | |
| 120956148 | empiricism | the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment | |
| 120956149 | inductive method | method of acquiring knowledge Promoted by Bacon in early 17th century in Novum Organum (Proceed from the specific/particular to the general) | |
| 120956150 | descarte | Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures. | |
| 120956151 | discourse on method | Written by Descartes --> "I think therefore I am." Separation of mind and matter | |
| 120956152 | harvey | English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood | |
| 120956153 | baroque art | demonstrating the glory and power of Catholic church- emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement , spaciousness and unity of a certain theme | |
| 120956154 | caravaggio | Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light | |
| 120956155 | peter paul reubens | flemish painter | |
| 120956156 | baroque | this architecture was stucco, fancy columns, try to brighten everything up | |
| 120956157 | siglo de oro | name for the Spanish Golden Age: a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise and decline of the Spanish Hapsburg dynasty | |
| 120956158 | marlowe | English poet and playwright who introduced blank verse as a form of dramatic expression | |
| 120956159 | elizabethan era | is associated with Queen Elizabeth I's reign and is often considered to be the golden age in English history; authors include Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Spenser | |
| 120956160 | dutch golden age | Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration --> led to a stronger economy. dutch east and west india companies dominated over-seas trading. ruled by a confederation. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry | |
| 120956161 | protestant work ethic | Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group | |
| 120956162 | price revolution | increase in prices (food most subject to increases = wheat) in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver --> causes economic collapse in Spain, hurt domestic industries that were unable to export goods | |
| 120956163 | commercial revolution | This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe | |
| 120956164 | witchcraft | the practice of sorcery or magic, that was once a part of traditional village culture but was denounced as heresy by the catholic church in the middle ages | |
| 120956165 | divine right | Bishop bousette believed that Louis was king by _________ and that nobody should question God's decisions | |
| 120956166 | Louis xiv | sun king | |
| 120956167 | I am the state | l'etat c'est moi | |
| 120956168 | versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. | |
| 120956169 | revoked the edict of nantes | absolutism attempted to control religion and he hated the division so religious unity was essential -->Louis XIV __________ (liberty of Huguenots) = destruction of churches, the closing of schools, the catholic baptism of the Huguenots, and the exile of the Huguenot pastors who had refused to renounce their faith --> conversions (many were forced) /fled | |
| 120956170 | puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | |
| 120956171 | presbyterians | Scottish Calvinists | |
| 120956172 | quakers | English dissenters who broke from Church of England,--> pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity | |
| 120956173 | act of toleration | Act of the English Parliament in 1689 that granted freedom of worship to Protestants who dissented from the Church of England, but not Catholics. Required dissenters to register their meeting locations and could not assemble in private homes. | |
| 120956174 | constitutionalism | The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks | |
| 120956175 | 1698 | bill of rights was signed by william and mary in ____ | |
| 120956176 | tsar | a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917) | |
| 120956177 | procurator | lay official of the Russian church; represented the interests of the tsar and extended control of the tsar over the church. | |
| 120956178 | europeanization | peter the great's attempt to make russia more like the rest of europe | |
| 120956179 | charles ii of sweden | restored the monarchy of england after cromwell became a dictator | |
| 120956180 | boyle | father of modern chemistry | |
| 120956181 | royal society of london | the leading English scientific organization, made up of leading merchants, planters and even theologians, all devoted to the discoveries of scientific ideas. | |
| 120956182 | royal academy of sciences | founded by Louis XIV to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research,one of the earliest academies of sciences. | |
| 120956183 | natural law | a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society | |
| 120956184 | hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings | |
| 120956185 | leviathan | Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. | |
| 120956186 | richard simon | French scholar who contributed to the beginnings of biblical scholarship; questioned the reality of miracles and pointed to errors added in medieval times | |
| 120956187 | newton | This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science | |
| 120956188 | principia | 1687: Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good. | |
| 120956189 | 2 treatises of government | A novel written by John Locke. It was about how people were born good, and were naturally good, and that people had three natural rights, the right to life liberty and property, and how all what the government had to do was protect these rights, and if the government didn't then the people had the right to overthrow the current government and create a new one. | |
| 120956190 | essay concerning human understanding | Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory. | |
| 120956191 | bayle | created historical and critical dictionary in 1697 and pulled out david; attacked bible stories; religious skeptism | |
| 120956192 | maritime | the dutch were a ____ power not a military power | |
| 120956193 | five great farms | tariff union - free trade area | |
| 120956194 | cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. | |
| 120956195 | partitions of poland | Poland divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia; changed the balance of Europe as a whole; Russia, Austria, and Prussia progressed passed France | |
| 120956196 | enlightened despotism | system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment | |
| 120956197 | joseph ii | most aggressive reformer of his era; radical royal reformer of Austria; introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, supported freedom of worship (even Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews); abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash; most of his reforms were undone after his death | |
| 120956198 | fredrick ii | the Great; Prussian king; one of best educated and most cultured monarchs in the 18th century; seemed willing to make enlightened reforms (and he made some) but kept Prussia's serfdom and rigid social structure intact and avoidedany additional reforms; also enlarged Prussian Army; credited with making Prussia a great European power | |
| 120956199 | catherine ii | seized throne from weak husband. Greatly influenced by Western European thinkers, considered freeing serfs, significantly expanded borders to the south and secured a warm-water port on the Black Sea | |
| 120956200 | brienne | Calonne's successor, a member of the Assembly of Notables, who came to realize that Calonne was correct- new taxation had to be allowed | |
| 120956201 | radicals | Those who favor extreme change | |
| 120956202 | reactionaries | extremists who not only oppose change, but generally would like to turn the clock back to the way things were before | |
| 120956203 | august 1792 | Land owned by the Catholic church confiscated by government, Clergy made elected --> Paris mob storms royal palace; commune seizes Assembly; Legislative Assembly falls (date0 | |
| 120956204 | spice trade | The trade of spices from Asia and India to Italian and Muslim merchants who would then trade it to Europeans | |
| 120956205 | hargreaves | English inventor of the spinning jenny | |
| 120956206 | spinning jenny | an early spinning machine with multiple spindles | |
| 120956207 | cartwright | English clergyman who invented the power loom | |
| 120956208 | watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry | |
| 120956209 | whitney | United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin | |
| 120956210 | fredrick iii | elector of palatinate, King of Prussia | |
| 120956211 | prefects | Administrators sent out from Paris to impose the will of the government on the people in the provinces. | |
| 120956212 | careers open to talent | Napoleon - citizens theoretically were able to raise in government service purely according on their abilities, creation of new imperial nobility to reward most talented generals and officals | |
| 120956213 | coalitions against napoleon | there were seven __________ staring from the Italian campaigns to Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo. These usually included the same great powers, Brittan, Austria, and Russia. | |
| 120956214 | metternich | Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe | |
| 120956215 | economic controls | An attempt to control food prices, as well as an ideal to have smaller community and property ownership. They did not favor an unregulated economy | |
| 120956216 | hegel | Was a German philosopher --> 'three-step process' of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis | |
| 120956217 | hundred days | The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France | |
| 120956218 | bourbons | This French noble family/dynasty was restored to the French throne under a constitutional monarchy after Napoleon | |
| 120956219 | victor hugo | This was a Romantic writer who wrote prose and poetry | |
| 120956220 | babylonian captivity | The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism. | |
| 120956221 | joan of ark | Fights with the French and helps them win the 100 years war (Important because that helps them get stronger monarchy and ends England political claims to the continent) | |
| 120956222 | jacob burckhardt thesis | said the renaissance is rebirth of classical values from ancient greek and rome, Break from the middle ages because during the middle ages people were wearing a veil of common conceptions and religious assumptions and thinking as a group (renaissance = for the first time people saw themselves as individuals) | |
| 120956223 | reconquista | The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims (moors) in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state. | |
| 120956224 | maximilian i | The Holy Roman Emperor that attempted to centralize the administration by creating new institutions common to the entire empire, but he was successful in marriage alliances. | |
| 120956225 | cuius regio, eius religio | Whose region, his religion, Settlement in the peace of Augsburg that allows the German princes the chose weather their principalities are going to be catholic or Lutheran (Not religious tolerance) | |
| 120956226 | socrates | philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method | |
| 120956227 | plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world | |
| 120956228 | aristotle | Greek philosopher - knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | |
| 120956229 | geocentric universe | the idea that planets revolved in perfect circular orbits around the earth in the universe | |
| 120956230 | galen | Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance | |
| 120956231 | thomas aquinas | Greek philosopher- knowledge based on ideal forms outside the material world | |
| 120956232 | virtu | Idea of virtue and that one should live a certain way, Live with dignity - This is how one should live and behave and do these things to be a good prince | |
| 120956233 | lorenzo valla | Humanist expert on language - Interest in historical sources and reading actual sources - He studies these documents and discovers that the donation of Constantine is a forgery which undermines the papacy even further | |
| 120956234 | thomas more | Henry's Lord Chancellor and one of the leaders of the Catholic humanist party in England. He wrote utopia | |
| 120956235 | millenarians | they believe in the christian reign with jesus' return described in utopia | |
| 120956236 | greco-roman sculpture | detailed body - Gods = subject - nude | |
| 120956237 | greco-roman architecture | geometric - comlumns - marble/granite used | |
| 120956238 | medieval architecture | churches = grand buildings - gothic (tall) - pointed arches - flying butresses | |
| 120956239 | medieval sculpture | religious - used stone/wood - unaccurate bodies | |
| 120956240 | dante | wrote the Divine Comedy | |
| 120956241 | boccaccio | Italian poet | |
| 120956242 | book of the courtier | This was a book written by Castiglione. In it, he epitomized the main ideas of Italian humanism. It said a successful man was one who could integrate knowledge of ancient languages and history w/ athletic, musical, and military skills, all while being polite and exhibiting a high moral character | |
| 120956243 | renaissance architecture | Dome, columns, triangular niches, Windows, Arch, courtyard, Basilica, | |
| 120956244 | renaissance sculpture | back to classics - marble, nude, accurate body - michelangelo | |
| 120956245 | renaissance art | art which shows figures both religious or non-religious, more realistic, emphasis on nature, three dimensional with perspective, people are active and show great emotion | |
| 120956246 | mannerism | Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space. | |
| 120956247 | albrecht durer | a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance | |
| 120956248 | portuguese | are the first in asia to begin spice trade | |
| 120956249 | columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China | |
| 120956250 | 1521 | cortez conquered the aztecs in ____ | |
| 121078705 | 1517 | luther's 95 theses date | |
| 121078706 | 1588 | spanish armada defeated | |
| 121078707 | 1648 | pease of westphalia ends the 30 years war in ____ | |
| 121078708 | 1688 | glorious revolution (william and mary) | |
| 121078709 | 1713 | peace of utrecht (ends the war of spanish succession) | |
| 121078710 | 1789 | french revolution beings | |
| 121078711 | 1815 | congress of Vienna |
