AP EURO 6th
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| 618686264 | Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. | |
| 618686265 | Anabaptists | A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. | |
| 618686266 | Act of Supremacy | Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king. | |
| 618686267 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America | |
| 618686268 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic | |
| 618686269 | Huguenots | French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America. | |
| 618686270 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Six week nation wide slaughter of Huguenots. Occurred when Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine's dughter to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre. | |
| 618686271 | Edict of Nantes | 1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants | |
| 618686272 | Union of Brussels | Catholic and Protestant provinces joined in an alliance that tolerated religious differences but had political unity. It was the Netherland's unified opposition to Spain. | |
| 618686273 | Perpetual Edict | Don John of the Spanish forces had to sign this when the Union of Brussels defeated his forces. It provided for the full removal of Spanish troops from Dutch soil. | |
| 618686274 | Counter-Reformation | the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) | |
| 618686275 | junkers | The nobility and the landowning classes' known as the "Junkers" dominated The Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia. Frederick William I grab for power brought him into considerable conflict with the Junkers. In his early years, he even threatened to destroy them; yet, in the end, the Prussian nobility was not destroyed-but enlisted-into the army. Responding to the combination of threats and opportunities, the Junkers became the officer caste. The Great Elector weakened the powers of the Junkers (572-575) | |
| 618686276 | Estate general | the medieval French parliament. It consisted of three separate groups, or 'estates": clergy,novility, and commoners. it lastmet in 1789 at the outbreak of the French revolution. | |
| 618686277 | Mongol yoke | Describes the ruthless Mongol rule over the Slavs for about 200 years after the conquest of Chinggis Khan. The Mongols used existing Slavic princes as servants and tax collectors. Good princes were rewarded with heredity. Alexander Nevsky began the process of making the princes more powerful, and it was finished by Ivan III, who overthrew the Mongols and became Russia's first tzar | |
| 618686278 | Orthodox | In agreement with established or generally accepted beliefs or ways of doing things | |
| 618686279 | scientific revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | |
| 618686280 | Tycho Brahe | Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data. | |
| 618686281 | Johannes Kepler | Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy | |
| 618686282 | Sir Isaac Newton | 1643-1727. English physicist, mathmetician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. Published work in 1687 describing universal gravitation, and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics. | |
| 618686283 | Francis Bacon | English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific methodRene Descartes | |
| 618686284 | Rene Descartes | 17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism | |
| 618686285 | Hobbes | English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign. | |
| 618686286 | The Leviathan | Hobbs famous work supporting the monarchy. Thought he states that sovereignty comes from the people, they transferred it to the king by contract but not by divine right. This view pleased no one. | |
| 618686287 | Agricultural Revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering | |
| 618686288 | Crop Rotation | Instituted by Charles (Turnip) Townsend, using wheat, turnips barley and clover. Developed by scientific farmers, with the idea that a farmer can rotate the crops planted in certain fields each year to make sure that they are replenishing the nutrients of that field, as well as supplying animal fodder. Additional fodder increases the amount of livestock raised, allowing a year-round supply of meat. Increased amount of manure available for fertilization | |
| 618686289 | Family Economy | centered on the idea that the family was the basic unit of people's consumption. Almost everyone who was a serf or merchant lived in a family because it was impossible to support oneself on one's own. Because of this every member of the household would have a job essential to keeping the family alive. Serfs would have their various jobs centered on farming and field work while merchants would center on the running of a shop. Existed in PRE-INDUSTRIAL Europe | |
| 618686290 | Industrial Revolution | begun about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments. Created new demands for commercial goods sparked by marketing and a more flexible sum of money to be spent on goods. Was a rather slow revolution, but had a lasting impact. | |
| 618686291 | Putting-out system | system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England | |
| 618686292 | Charles III of Spain | Bourbon king who attempts to reassert Spain's control of the empire. Abolishes trading monopolies of Seville and Cadiz, diminishing the role of the Council of the Indies and the Casa de Contratacion; therefore, Spanish cities can freely trade with America. Opens South American and Carribean ports, and organizes a fourth viceroyalty in the region of Rio de la Plata, which includes present-day Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia. | |
| 618686293 | Mercantilism | emerged in 18th-century Europe. Governments heavily regulate trade and commerce in hope of increasing national wealth. Bullion is regarded as a measure of a country's wealth. Economic growth is thought of as slow and full of limitations. The colonies exist to provide markets and national resources for the industries of the home country which, in turn, provide protection. | |
| 618686294 | Treaty of Utrecht | (1713) established the boundaries of various empires during the first half of the 18th century. Spain controls much of South America, Central America, and Southwestern America and Florida. Britain controls colonies along North Atlantic coastline. France control Southeastern valleys in North America and trading posts in India. the Dutch controlled Cape Colony in South Africa, West Africa, and trade with Indonesia (Java), as well as trading stations in India and Sri Lanka. | |
| 618686295 | War of the Spanish Succession | (1701-1714) a war over the succession of the Spanish throne after the death of Charles II of Spain involving the nations of France. Results in the Spanish throne going to the French Bourbons, beginning with Philip of Anjou, who later becomes Philip V of Spain. Philip, the previous French heir, does not gain the French throne however. | |
| 618686296 | absoultism | -royal authority is both sacred and absolute [absolute power, nobody can over-rule what you say] but it is not arbitrary power--needs to be moral and ultimately look out for the subjects -in looking out for the good of people, leader needs to provide people with order, stability, and expansion of resources -king is central authority -challenges: nobility is used to having a lot of political power and dont want to give it up, national representative assemblies also want to keep power to set taxes, king wants control of administrative apparatus | |
| 618686297 | autocracy | The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy. (p. 553) | |
| 618686298 | baroque | A style of art that grew out of the revitalized Catholic Church of the late sixteenth century. Its complex, emotional style was used by many rulers, including Louis XIV of France, to glorify their power. It emphasized dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. | |
| 618686299 | taille | an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy | |
| 618686300 | bourgeoisie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. | |
| 618686301 | Napoleon bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | |
| 618686302 | Tsar Alexander I | Ruled Russia during Napoleonic Wars and wanted peace after Napoleon's armied continued winning victories. The young tsar and Napoleon negotiated and he ended up accepting Napoleon's reorganization of Western and Central Europe and promised to enforce Napoleon's economic blockade against British goods | |
| 618686303 | Quadruple Alliance | G.B., Austria, Prussia, and Russia united to defeat France and their Bonapartism, and also to ensure peace after war. After Napoleon, they resotred the Bourbon monarchy to France. | |
| 618686304 | Waterloo | the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians | |
| 618686305 | nationalism | the single most powerful European political ideology of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries | |
| 618686306 | nationalists | people who believed that groups of people from the same ethnicity, language, culture, and history, should be administered by the same government | |
| 618686307 | liberal | the 19th century term for people who wanted toleration, equality, parliamentary monarchy, constitutionalism, and free trade with no tariffs or barriers; the most prominent advocators of privilege based on wealth and property, not birth | |
| 618686308 | conservatism | the government form based in legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches | |
| 618686309 | Six Acts | the 1819 acts that prevented radical leaders from agitation and gave the authorities new powers by banning public meetings and armed groups, tightening laws on libel, increasing newspaper taxes, and allowing for searching of homes | |
| 618686310 | proletarianization | the process by which artisans and factory workers came to participate in a wage-labor force in which their labor became a commodity of the labor marketplace, and lost control over their own trades as they were industrialized | |
| 618686311 | utopian socialists | people who believed in ideal communities, were considered visionary, and often were opposed due to their radical ideas about sexuality and family | |
| 618686312 | anarchists | people who rejected both government and industry, were largely disorganized, and had wide views, but overall thought society should be based on mutualism and the peaceful exchange of goods | |
| 618686313 | socialism | the new "ism" that believed human society should be organized as a community, not individuals, and applauded industry while denying that a free market could adequately produce and distribute goods |
