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| 5644259361 | 100 Years War | War between England and France from 1337 to 1453. Finally France won. It was started by Edward III of England to claim the French throne. It brought about new styles of warfare. | 0 | |
| 5644259362 | Black Death | The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. | 1 | |
| 5644265189 | Renaissance (Origins/Definitions) | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600. | 2 | |
| 5644265190 | Donatello | (1386-1466) Italian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David. | 3 | |
| 5644265191 | Michelangelo | (1475-1564) AItalian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. | 4 | |
| 5644268956 | Leonardo da Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). | 5 | |
| 5644271975 | Machiavelli | Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." | 6 | |
| 5644274226 | Northern Renaissance | An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance | 7 | |
| 5644277792 | Erasmus/Christian Humanism | 8 | ||
| 5644277793 | Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation. | 9 | |
| 5644281441 | Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 10 | |
| 5644281442 | Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. | 11 | |
| 5644283600 | Peace of Augsburg (1555) | -Ended religious warfare between Germany and the Holy Roman Empire -Lutheranism = acceptable religion -German princes chose religion for their state | 12 | |
| 5644283601 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) French theologian. Developed Calvinism | 13 | |
| 5644287890 | Henry VIII & Anglicanism | Broke England from Catholic Church due to marital issues with Pope. Founded Anglicanism | 14 | |
| 5644289925 | Elizabeth I | (1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch who brought religious toleration for Catholics and Anglicans | 15 | |
| 5644289926 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | 16 | |
| 5644289927 | Huguenots | French Calvinists. Later massacred in 1572 | 17 | |
| 5644292037 | Counter Reformation | Reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church in 16th-century Europe in response to the Protestant Reformation. | 18 | |
| 5647085772 | Ignatius Loyola & Jesuits | Leader of militant Catholics. Served as military for church | 19 | |
| 5644301436 | Council of Trent (1545-1563) | A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers (Indulgences...) | 20 | |
| 5647112728 | Role of Bible (Protestants vs Catholics) | Protestant - Individual interpretation Catholic - Strict Papal interpretation | 21 | |
| 5644378902 | Transubstantiation vs Consubstantiation | Trans- Bread & Wine --> Body and Blood Cons- Bread & Wine = symbolic Large argument, led to reformation | 22 | |
| 5647118655 | Wars of Religion (1560-1648) | Wars that were strongly influenced by the religious change of the period and the conflict and rivalry that it produced. Ended generally positive result for Protestants, with treaties granting them recognition, independence or privileges. | 23 | |
| 5644381777 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (August 24, 1572 ) | Massacre of around 3,000 Huguenots in Paris | 24 | |
| 5644381778 | Edict of Nantes | Henry IV grants granted liberty of conscience and public worship to the Huguenots | 25 | |
| 5644384436 | "Bloody" Mary | Oldest daughter of Henry VIII. Queen of England from 1553-58. Known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England. Married Spain's Philip II. | 26 | |
| 5644390731 | 30 Years War | (1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Hapsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire. | 27 | |
| 5644390732 | Dante | (1265-1321) Italian poet and Renaissance writer. His greatest work is The Divine Comedy. | 28 | |
| 5644390733 | Petrarch | (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. First two centuries of the Roman Empire = peak of human civilization. | 29 | |
| 5644393097 | Boccaccio | (1313-1375) Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual, and worldly society. | 30 | |
| 5644393098 | Raphael | (1483-1520) Worked in Florence and Rome. Well-known for Madonnas (humanized portrayals of the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus). Painted frescoes in Vatican Palace. The School of Athens & The Triumph of Religion - reflect artist's strong interest in classical antiquity and Christian religion. | 31 | |
| 5644393099 | Lorenzo Valla | Renaissance Humanist who used his knowledge of Latin to show that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery. Contributed to the continual decline of the prestige of the Church with educated people. | 32 | |
| 5644396806 | Jan van Eyck | (1390-1441) Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting. | 33 | |
| 5644396807 | Albrecht Dürer | Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles). | 34 | |
| 5644396949 | Thomas More | English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded, He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote UTOPIA, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. | 35 | |
| 5644400664 | Babylonian Captivity | The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism. | 36 | |
| 5644402665 | Spread of Lutheranism | Conversion of German states, outside of Germany and Scandinavia there was no conversion but ideas. Spread through conflict. | 37 | |
| 5644402666 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united. Inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Empire . Sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. | 38 | |
| 5644402667 | Zwingli | Leader of Swiss Reformation. Disagreed on Luther's idea of Transubstantiation | 39 | |
| 5644404939 | Anabaptists | A Radical Protestant sect. Believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion. Also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. | 40 | |
| 5644404940 | John Know | Author of A Separate Peace | 41 | |
| 5644404941 | Act of Supremacy | Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534. Creation of Anglicanism. | 42 | |
| 5644408055 | Frances Xavier | A Roman Catholic missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus. He was a student of Ignatius Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits. He was influential in the spreading of Christianity to parts of the world like India and Japan. | 43 | |
| 5644408056 | Henry of Navarre | Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. | 44 | |
| 5644411237 | Revolt of the Netherlands | The people of the Spanish Netherlands attacked against their diminishing privilege, unfair taxes, and endangered Calvinism | 45 | |
| 5644411238 | Mary Queen of Scotts | Catholic queen of Scotland who tried to make England more Catholic; Elizabeth repealed Catholic Laws from her reign; executed, but her death caused the English conflict with Spain. | 46 | |
| 5644428982 | Bohemian Period (30 Years War) | (1618-1625) First Period of Thirty Years' War in which Protestants revolted against Catholic Leaders but were put down by Ferdinand's Army with help of Frederick V. | 47 | |
| 5644432575 | Danish Period (30 Years War) | (1625-1629) Ferdinand (catholic) invaded north Germany which made Protestants fear. Danish King Christian IV led German defense with an alliance of Protestants but was defeated. Ferdinand recovers all secularized church lands and establishes strong, central Hapsburg presence. | 48 | |
| 5644432576 | Swedish Period (30 Years War) | (1630-1635) Swedish Gustavus Adolphus funded France and United Provinces and invaded Germany to defend Protestantism. Swedish stopped Hapsburgs at Battle of Breitenfeld. Gustavus was killed in battle. | 49 | |
| 5644435071 | Treaty of Westphalia (30 Years War) !Hook! | (1648) Ended Thirty Years War. Territorial treaty that set foundation for political boundaries France set as political power of Europe. | 50 | |
| 5644435072 | Growth of State/Exploration | Expansion of nations into empires. Colonies formed in Americas, Asia and Africa. | 51 | |
| 5644438140 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king | 52 | |
| 5644438141 | Oliver Cromwell | English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator (Lord Protector). | 53 | |
| 5646603080 | Cardinal Richelieu | (1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. 3 point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy. | 54 | |
| 5646603081 | Absolutism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator not restricted by any sort of constitution. | 55 | |
| 5646606150 | Motives for Exploration | God = spread religion, converting non-Christians, morally justified other motives Glory = fame (Renaissance state of mind) Gold = trade | 56 | |
| 5646606151 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 57 | |
| 5646619441 | Christopher Columbus | (1451-1506) Italian navigator funded by Spain who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China. | 58 | |
| 5646619442 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 59 | |
| 5646624349 | Hernando Cortes | (1485-1547) Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico. | 60 | |
| 5646632753 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, decided by Pope Alexander VI, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 61 | |
| 5646632754 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics. Occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries that laid the groundwork for modern science. | 62 | |
| 5646635465 | Copernicus & On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres | 1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. Book talks in detail about model and was banned by Catholic church. | 63 | |
| 5646660347 | Galileo | (1564-1642) An Italian astronomer who provided more evidence for ethnocentrism. Invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Made church unhappy, put under house arrest for life. | 64 | |
| 5646660348 | Francis Bacon | (1561-1626) English politician & writer. Formalized the scientific method. | 65 | |
| 5646662137 | Rene Descartes | 17th century French philosopher (Father of Modern Rationalism) 1st principle "i think therefore i am" | 66 | |
| 5646664470 | William Shakespeare | (1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language. Works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. | 67 | |
| 5646664471 | Cervantes | (1547-1616) Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form. | 68 | |
| 5646667074 | Baroque Art & Music | Artistic style in 17th century Italy that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur. | 69 | |
| 5646667075 | Merchantilism | The belief that money equals power, sell more than buy, more export than import. Use of colonies to benefit "mother country." | 70 | |
| 5646670046 | Stuart Kings | James I of England was a descendant of Mary Queen of Scots executed by queen Elizabeth. Absolute monarchists. 1st Stuart (James I) introduced the idea of the divine right of kings in England. | 71 | |
| 5646673432 | Levelers, Quakers, Ranters | Levelers - a political movement during the English Civil War (1642-1651) that emphasized popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance Quakers - Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends. Pacifists who avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. Ranters - group of common people who denied the authority of churches, of scripture, of the current ministry and of services, instead calling on men to listen to the divine within them | 72 | |
| 5646673433 | Gustavus Adolphus | (1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles | 73 | |
| 5646676076 | Cardinal Mazarin | Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state lead to the Fronde; ran the government while Louis VIII was still a child. | 74 | |
| 5646676077 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | 75 | |
| 5646679032 | Bartholomew Dias | Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope (Southern tip of Africa) | 76 | |
| 5646679033 | John Cabot | Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) | 77 | |
| 5646679034 | Tycho Brahe | (1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's leading astronomer, collected a mass of data, believed that all planets revolved around the sun and that system revolved around the earth-moon system. | 78 | |
| 5646682215 | Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who used mathematics to prove that the planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun | 79 | |
| 5646682216 | William Harvey | Discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Developed an accurate theory of how the heart and circulatory system operated. | 80 | |
| 5646687438 | Blaise Pascal | French mathematician |  | 81 |
| 5646690719 | John Milton | Wrote Paradise Lost | 82 | |
| 5646693165 | Treaty of Utrecht | (1713)The treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession and stopped Louis XIV's attempts to gain more land for France, defending the balance of power. | 83 | |
| 5646693166 | Maria Theresa | This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs. | 84 | |
| 5646696016 | Frederick the Great | (1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler | 85 | |
| 5646698319 | 7 Years' War | (1756-1763) Britain and Prussia vs France, Austria, Russia. Connected with French Indian war | 86 | |
| 5646698320 | Treaty of Paris (1763) | Ended French and Indian War. French Lost Canada & land east of the Mississippi --> British. New Orleans and west of Mississippi --> Spain | 87 | |
| 5646700606 | Sir Isaac Newton | 1643-1727. English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. Published work in 1687 describing universal gravitation, and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics. | 88 | |
| 5646700607 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | 89 | |
| 5646700608 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 90 | |
| 5646704507 | Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher who believed that society should be based on a genuine social contract by which people surrender some of the individual rights to rule themselves as a society. He said the government, to be moral, must rest on the rational consent of the governed. | 91 | |
| 5646726736 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 92 | |
| 5646739395 | Palace of Versailles | A royal palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles | 93 | |
| 5646742292 | Joseph II | This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom | 94 | |
| 5646742293 | Louis XVI | King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793 (French Revolution). | 95 | |
| 5646745413 | Short/Long Parliament | Short - English parliament that lasted from April 1640 to May 1640. Charles I was forced to call the Short Parliament primarily to obtain money to finance his military struggle with Scotland in the Bishops' Wars. Long - English parliament summoned by Charles I that was in control from 1640 until 1660 | 96 | |
| 5646745414 | Glorious Revolution | Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious. | 97 | |
| 5646750945 | English Bill of Rights | King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people. | 98 | |
| 5646752829 | Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 99 | |
| 5646752830 | St. Petersburg | New Russian capital (was Moscow) NB invaded | 100 | |
| 5646754545 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 101 | |
| 5646757086 | Baroque Architecture/Art/Music | expressed the triumph of the Catholic church and the absolute state. Characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow and dramatic intensity, blend of secular and religious forces. | 102 | |
| 5646757087 | French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. | 103 | |
| 5646763318 | Laissez-faire | Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy. | 104 | |
| 5646771402 | Causes of French Revolution | 1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates | 105 | |
| 5646771403 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. | 106 | |
| 5646773724 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. | 107 | |
| 5646776636 | Girondins/Jacobs | A moderate republican faction active in the French Revolution from 1791 to 1793. The Girondin Party favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders. | 108 | |
| 5646781707 | Treaty of Paris (1783) | This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. | 109 | |
| 5646781708 | Jean Baptiste Colbert | An economic adviser to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France. | 110 | |
| 5646787868 | John Macadam | Improved transport by building better roads. | 111 | |
| 5646787869 | James Watt | (1736-1819)Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry. | 112 | |
| 5646791143 | Immanuel Kant | Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason. | 113 | |
| 5646791144 | Louis XV | (1710-1774) King of France from age of 5 to death. He damaged the power of France, weakened the treasury, discredited the absolute monarchy, and made it more vulnerable to distrust and destruction. Actions led to French Revolution 15 years after his death. | 114 | |
| 5646793990 | Austrian Hapsburgs | House that created a new empire in eastern and southeastern Europe. | 115 | |
| 5646793991 | The Protectorate | This was the name of the military dictatorship that England took on during the reign of Oliver Cromwell. | 116 | |
| 5646797732 | James II | Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy (1685-1688) | 117 | |
| 5646800348 | Great Northern War | Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea. | 118 | |
| 5646803288 | Suleiman the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 119 | |
| 5646805804 | Rococo | Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France. | 120 | |
| 5646809138 | Civil Constitution of Clergy | A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. | 121 | |
| 5646811589 | Committee for Public Safety | Led by Robespierre and the Jacobin party, it closed churches and promoted the "cult of reason" and said that women could divorce their husbands and inherit their property. It oversaw the reign of terror and the 40,000 executions and imprisonments. | 122 | |
| 5646811590 | The Terror | Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilian Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution. | 123 | |
| 5646811591 | Abbe Sieyes | Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people. | 124 | |
| 5646814766 | Napoleon | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 125 | |
| 5646817967 | NB's Militarism | 126 | ||
| 5646817968 | NB's Reforms | 127 | ||
| 5646821349 | Congress of Vienna | (1815) Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. | 128 | |
| 5646821350 | Talleyrand | French statesman and diplomat noted for his capacity for political survival, who held high office during the French Revolution, under Napoleon, at the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, and under King Louis-Philippe. At Congress of Vienna | 129 | |
| 5646824143 | Industrial Revolution | Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion. | 130 | |
| 5646836640 | Reasons of Ind. in England ???? | 131 | ||
| 5646840631 | Socialization Effects of Industrialization | People run on strict schedule. Migrations from rural to industrial cities. | 132 | |
| 5646840632 | Romanticism | 19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 133 | |
| 5646840633 | Nationalism | A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals. | 134 | |
| 5646842323 | Socialism | A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. | 135 | |
| 5646842324 | Corn Laws | Repealed in 1846. They had imposed a tariff on imported grain and were a symbolic protection of aristocratic landholdings. | 136 | |
| 5646842325 | Revolutions of 1830 | The French Revolution of 1830 occurred because Louis XVIII only granted a small percentage of people the right to vote and Charles X attack of Algeria and as a result, he censored the press and limited the voting rights of the wealthy. | 137 | |
| 5646845807 | Revolutions of 1848 | Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. | 138 | |
| 5646845808 | The Directory | 1785-1799. Five man group. Passed a new constitution in 1795 that was much more conservative. Corrupt and did not help the poor, but remained in power because of military strength. By 1797 it was a dictatorship. | 139 | |
| 5646845809 | Waterloo | The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power. | 140 | |
| 5646847653 | Metternich | Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe. | 141 | |
| 5646847654 | Liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. | 142 | |
| 5646847655 | Adam Smith | Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. | 143 | |
| 5646847656 | Utopianism | The goal to create an ideal society based on cooperation and economic self-sufficiency. | 144 | |
| 5646865845 | Peterloo Massacre | 1819, Calvary attacked a crowd of protesters (working-class men protesting about the rising prices of bread and corn laws) at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. This led Parliament to become more repressive and begin to restrict such meetings. | 145 | |
| 5646868883 | Louis Kossuth | Hungarian statesman who led his people in revolt against the Hapsburg Empire during 1848-1849, Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848. | 146 |
