Important terms
Terms : Hide Images
| 147310913 | Louis Napoleon | 1848 comes to power, believes government has two jobs: 1. represent people, 2. help people economically. Hates old traditional system, govt. was too greedy | |
| 147310914 | Nationalism | the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals | |
| 147310915 | 3 Methods to Unification of Italy | 1. Centralized Democratic Republic- universal male suffrage(pushed by Mazzini), 2. Confederation- states almost have equal power of govt. Pope runs confederation(pushed by Gioberti), 3. Autocratic Kingdom- Islands of Sardinia and Piedmont (industrialized islands) | |
| 147310916 | Victor Emmanuel | First King of Italy, who was originally king of Sardinia. King of a untied Italy. Takes the Piedmont from Austria | |
| 147310917 | Cavour | statesmen and leader of Sardinia under king Victor Emmanuel; worked to consolidate Sardinia as a liberal constitutional state by making secret alliance with Napoleon III and goading Austria into attacking them; resigned when Sardinia only received Lombardy after peace in July 1859 (France took rest); retook position in 1869 and enlarged Sardinia to include all of Italy except Venetia and Papal States | |
| 147310918 | Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882), leader of the Red Shirts | |
| 147310919 | Dual Revolution | a revolution that combined both economic and political changes that reinforced each other to create a stronger impact; spread all throughout Europe during the nineteenth century. An example of this would be the growth of the industrial middle class encouraging the drive for representative government and the demands of the French sans-culottes inspiring many socialist thinkers in 1793 and 1794. | |
| 147310920 | Authoritarianism | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | |
| 147310921 | Gioberti | A Catholic priest who thought Italy should be a federation of existing states under the pope. | |
| 147310922 | Kingdom of Two Sicilies | State in southern Italy which only joined the rest of Italy after a revolution. | |
| 147310923 | Zollverein | Prussian economic union, removed tariff barriers between German states, in step toward political unity | |
| 147310924 | William I | 1861-1888 The Leader of Prussia who wanted military expansion, and hired Bismarck to further his goals | |
| 147310925 | Otto Von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) | |
| 147310926 | Blood and Iron | "Blood and Iron" was the speech that Otto Von Bismarck gave with the belief that a strong industry and military was needed in a country to have success. The blood represented the military while the iron represented the industry of Germany. | |
| 147310927 | Schleswig-Holstein | two German states dominated by Denmark 1864: want to make Danish | |
| 147310928 | Indemnity Bill | (1867-The bill passed by the German Reichstag that legitimated Bismarck's unconstitutional collection of taxes to modernize the army in 1863 | |
| 147310929 | Franco- Prussian War | 1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor. | |
| 147310930 | Crimean War | This conflict of 1853 to 1856, arising out of a dispute with France over who should protect certain Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire, brought crisis. Because the fighting was concentrated in the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea, Russia's transportation network of rivers and wagons failed to supply the distant Russian armies adequately. France and Great Britain, aided by Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire, inflicted a humiliating defeat on Russia. | |
| 147310931 | Reconstruction | the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union | |
| 147310932 | Sergei Witte | A highly influential policy maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He was the author of the October Manifesto and was the Prime Minister of the Russian Empire. He was heavily involved in economics of Russia and pursued an ambitious program of railway construction. | |
| 147310933 | Fredrich List | German journalist who thought that modern industry was very important in eliminating poverty and helping the community overall. He wanted to build railroads and eliminate tariffs within Germany to defend the nation. "To promote industry was to defend the nation." p.06 | |
| 147310934 | Bloody Sunday | In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar. Possibly the start of the Revolution. | |
| 147310935 | Alexander II | (r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated. | |
| 147310936 | Fundamental Laws | Issued by the Russian Government in 1906. The tsar retained great power. The Duma was elected by universal male suffrage. The Upper House could pass laws but the Tsar had veto power. | |
| 147310937 | Kulturkampf | (cultural struggles) An exetreme church state conflict waged by Bismark in Germany during the 1870's in response to a perceived threat to German political unity from the Roman Catholic church. | |
| 147310938 | Paris Commune | The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government | |
| 147310939 | William II | This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him, and ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway | |
| 147310940 | Alfred Dreyfus | French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason in 1894 raised issues of anti-semitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906 (1859-1935) | |
| 147310941 | Benjamin Disraeli | British statesman who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881) | |
| 147310942 | William Gladstone | One of Britain's great liberal leaders, he favored expanding political rights for British men. He served several times during the mid to late 1800s. | |
| 147310943 | Third Reform Bill of 1884 | British bill that granted virtually full male suffrage | |
| 147310944 | Austro-Prussian War of 1866 | June 15-Aug. 23, 1866, between Prussia, allied with Italy, and Austria, seconded by Bavaria, Württemberg, Saxony, Hanover, Baden, and several smaller German states. It was deliberately provoked by Bismarck , over the objections of his king, in order to expel Austria from the German Confederation as a step toward the unification of Germany under Prussian dominance. | |
| 147310945 | Zionist | a Jewish supporter of Zionism | |
| 147310946 | Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. | |
| 147310947 | Edward Bernstein | A revisionist social who advocated the gradual gain of socialism and looked towards Darwin's doctrines as a measure for a change in socialism's tactics | |
| 147310948 | Zionism | a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine | |
| 147310949 | Dual Monarchy | a compromise that Austria and Hungary were seperate states but were both under the same ruler | |
| 147310950 | Pogroms | Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia | |
| 147310951 | Gradualism | The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily | |
| 147310952 | Great War | a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Romania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918 | |
| 147336720 | New Imperialism | Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the col | |
| 147336721 | Globalization | growth to a global or worldwide scale | |
| 147336722 | World Market | The world- or global economy generally refers to the economy, which is based on economies of all of the world's countries, national economies. | |
| 147336723 | Colonial Expansion | time period in which Europe gained claims to land in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas through 1770 | |
| 147336724 | Corn Laws | These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially | |
| 147336725 | Panama Canal | connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, built from 1904 - 1914. | |
| 147336726 | Suez Canal | An important canal to the British in Egypt | |
| 147336727 | Telegraph System | Old system of communication | |
| 147336728 | Berlin Conference | ... | |
| 147336729 | Diminishing Returns | a level of production in which the marginal product of labor decreases as the number of workers increases | |
| 147336730 | Darwinism | n. The doctrine that natural selection has been the prime cause of evolution of higher forms. | |
| 147336731 | Technology and Social Darwinism | a. communication, b. quinine-medicine for malaria,c. machine gun, d. leadership- human factor | |
| 147336732 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | |
| 147336733 | Revisionist | a Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism. | |
| 147336734 | Ethnocentric | centered on a specific ethnic group, usually one's own | |
| 147336735 | White Man's Burden | "Duty" of Europeans to spread Christianity and Western Civilization | |
| 147336736 | J.A. Hobson | writer; argues that if workers were better paid, they could more readily afford to buy the products of industry, and foreign markets would not be necessary. | |
| 147336737 | Russification | the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire | |
| 147336738 | Social Welfare | governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need | |
| 147336739 | Hindu Indian National Congress 1885 | Push for cultural change amongst mass | |
| 147336740 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. (See also Yamagata Aritomo.) (p. 694) | |
| 147336741 | Two sides to China | 1. Westernization- launch 100 day reform to become westernized in 100 days. 2. Replacement of leader Sun Yat-Sen | |
| 147336742 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops | |
| 147336743 | Empires Expand | 1.) Survival- new imperialism; industrialization allows technology to combine with military, 2.) West uses military force to open up areas for trade | |
| 147336744 | Systemic Gap | creates uneven levels makes it impossible for nation to catch up | |
| 147336745 | Coaling Stations | these were refueling stations used by navies' coal-powered steamships. The need for these was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of European and American bases/colonies around the globe. | |
| 147336746 | Manifest Destiny | a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) | |
| 147336747 | Commander Perry | Used US Navy to get Japan to open up to trade | |
| 147336748 | White Fleet | nickname for america's navy as it toured the world showing our military strength | |
| 147336749 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. (p. 652) | |
| 147336750 | Great Migration | Mass movements of populations, move to countries, some return home | |
| 147336751 | Cape Town | city at the southern tip of Africa; became the first permanent European settlement in Africa in 1652; built by Dutch immigrants to supply ships sailing to or from the East Indies. | |
| 147336752 | Afrikaners | South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. (735) | |
| 147336753 | Berlin Conference | Rules to Colonize: 1. Effective Occupation- if you don't, and can't control the area leave it alone 2. Belgium gets Congo 3. Abolishing of African Slave Trade, no selling of populations |
