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| 366277773 | Alexander II | (1855-1881)-Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government. | |
| 366277774 | Alexander III | (1881-1894-Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia. | |
| 366277775 | Boyar | Russian noble. | |
| 366277776 | Catherine the Great | (1762-1796)-An "enlightened despot" of Russia whose policies of reform were aborted under pressure of rebellion by serfs. | |
| 366277777 | Church Statute of 1721 | A Holy Synod that replaced the office of patriarch. All of its members (lay and religious) had to swear allegiance to the czar. | |
| 366277778 | Crimean War | (1853-1856)-Conflict ostensibly waged to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris (1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. | |
| 366277779 | Decembrist Revolt | The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained. | |
| 366277780 | Duma | Russian national legislature. | |
| 366277781 | Emancipation Edict | (1861-The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectively responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years. | |
| 366277782 | Father Gapon | Leader of the factory workers who assembled before the czar's palace to petition him on January 1905 (Bloody Sunday). | |
| 366277783 | Ivan the Great | (1462-1505 )The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing he nobles, and attaining absolute power. | |
| 366277784 | Ivan the Terrible | (1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. | |
| 366277785 | Kulak | An independent and propertied Russian farmer. | |
| 366277786 | Mir | Village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the government. | |
| 366277787 | Nicholas II | (1894-1917)-The last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure of World War 1. | |
| 366277788 | Sofia Perovskiai | The first woman to be executed for a political crime in Russia. She was a member of a militant movement that assassinated Czar Alexander II in 1881. | |
| 366277789 | Pugechev | (1726-1775)-Head of the bloody peasant revolt in 1773 that convinced Catherine the Great to throw her support to the nobles and cease internal reforms. | |
| 366277790 | Michael Romanov | (1613-16##) In 1613 an assembly of nobels chose Michael as the new czar. For the next 300 years the Romanov family ruled in Russia. | |
| 366277791 | Peter Stolypin | (1862-1911)-Russian minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved education for enterprising peasants. | |
| 366277792 | Sergei Witte | (1849-1915 )-Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad. | |
| 366277793 | Zemstovo | A type of local government with powers to tax and make laws; essentially, a training ground for democracy, dominated by the property-owning class when established in 1864. |
