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| 776469268 | Quadruple Alliance | Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia | |
| 776469269 | Ideology | A social/political philosophy such as conservatism or liberalism | |
| 776469271 | Louis XVIII | The Bourbon monarchy returned to France in 1814 with the restoration of this younger brother of Louis XVI | |
| 776469273 | Klemens von Metternich | This Austrian prince dominated the Congress of Vienna and was influenced by the principles of legitimacy and intervention | |
| 776469275 | Legitimacy | This "principle" advocated restoring legitimate monarchs to the thrones of Europe who would preserve traditional institutions and values | |
| 776469277 | Balance of Power | Diplomatic principle of ensuring that no one country could dominate Europe; this principle was evident in the deliberations at the Congress of Vienna | |
| 776469279 | Germanic Confederation | Created by the Congress of Vienna, it replaced Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine and was made up of 38 states, the two most powerful of which were Austria and Prussia | |
| 776469281 | Indemnity | Payments paid by losers of war to the victors; besides having to pay these payments, the Congress of Vienna stipulated that the borders of France would be pushed back to their 1790 levels and that France would have to accept an army of occupation for five years | |
| 776469283 | Burke | This "father" of conservatism wrote the influential Reflections on the Revolution in France; in it, among other things, he argued that the state was a partnership between past, present, and future generations and that change should only occur gradually | |
| 776469285 | Conservatism | An ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted abrupt change; this ideology tended to receive support from hereditary monarchs, government bureaucracies, the landholding aristocracy, and traditional religious institutions | |
| 776469287 | Concert of Europe | An agreement by the four (and later five) major powers of Europe to periodically meet to discuss their interests and ensure the maintenance of peace and the conservative status quo in Europe | |
| 776469289 | Intervention | This "principle" advocated the great powers of Europe sending armies into countries where there were revolutions so as to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones; significantly, this principle was not agreed to by the British, which in part helps explain the breakdown of the Concert of Europe | |
| 776469292 | Bolivar | Nicknamed the "Liberator" this Venezuelan freedom fighter, along with Argentine José de San Martín, helped free most of Latin America from Spanish/Portuguese control | |
| 776469294 | Monroe Doctrine | Promulgated in 1823, it guaranteed the independence of the newly free Latin American states and warned the European powers to stay out of the New World; importantly, the British (navy) supported it largely for selfish economic reasons | |
| 776469296 | Greek Revolt | Until 1830 in post-Napoleonic Europe, it was the only successful revolution due to the supported of the great powers based on the principle of legitimacy and intervention (with a twist of Eurocentrism too) | |
| 776469297 | Adrianople | The peace treaty that ended the Greek Revolt and left the fate of Greece to be decided by the European great powers | |
| 776469299 | Corn | Series of laws passed by Parliament in 1815 that put excessive tariffs on foreign grains; generally supported by landowners and vociferously opposed by groups such as the urban working class who had to pay significantly higher prices because of limited supply and lack of foreign competition | |
| 776469301 | Suffrage | The right to vote | |
| 776469302 | Whigs | Tories and _____ dominted British politics in the early 19th century | |
| 776469305 | Burschenschaften | German nationalist and liberal movement largely led by university students and professors; their motto was "Honor, Liberty, Fatherland" | |
| 776469307 | Karlsbad Decrees | Series of laws passed by the diet of the Germanic Confederation that tried to suppress the Burschenschaften | |
| 776469309 | Multinational | The Austrian Empire was a _____ state, a collection of different peoples under the Habsburg emperor, who provided a common bond | |
| 776469311 | Magyars | Ethnic name for Hungarians, who were the key minority clamoring for self-determination in the multiethnic Austrian Empire | |
| 776469313 | Decembrist | Name of the revolt, led by the Northern Uniton, during the early days of the reign of Nicholas I of Russia, which was crushed by forces loyal to Nicholas | |
| 776469315 | Policeman of Europe | Nickname of tsar Nicholas I, given his enthusiasm for crushing possible revolutionary activity in Russia and abroad | |
| 776469318 | Liberalism | Ideology (largely adopted by the industrial middle class) that championed the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible; strains of this ideology included political and economic | |
| 776469320 | Classical Economics | Synonymous with economic liberalism, the ideology that championed laissez-faire | |
| 776469322 | Political | Type of liberalism whose adherents generally supported protection of civil liberties or the basic rights of all people, which included equality before the law; freedom of religion, assembly, speech, and press; and freedom from arbitrary arrest—all of which should be guaranteed in written constitution | |
| 776469324 | Limited | Kind of suffrage most political liberals endorsed by the mid-19th century | |
| 776469326 | John Stuart Mill | This important proponent of liberalism in the 19th century also favored equal political rights for women | |
| 776469328 | Nationalism | This ideology arose out of an awareness of being part of a community that had common institutions, traditions, language, and customs; perhaps the most radical of early 19th century ideologies | |
| 776469330 | Utopian Socialists | Derisive nickname for those intellectuals and political theorists that were against private property and the competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism; these individuals—like Fourier, Owen, Blanc, Saint-Simon, and Tristan—thought that by eliminating these things and creating new systems of social organization, a better environment for humanity could be achieved | |
| 776469332 | July Revolution | The attempt under Charles X of France to bring back elements of the ancien régime sparked this liberal uprising in the summer of1830 | |
| 776469334 | Reform Act | This 1832 law passed in Parliament increased the number of male voters in Britain, which was one key reason Britain avoided a revolution in the mid-19th century; it essentially gave suffrage and political representation to the upper middle class | |
| 776469336 | Anti-Corn Law League | Group that favored repeal of the protectionist Corn Laws; this group was successful with their repeal in 1846 | |
| 776469338 | Poor | 1834 Parliamentarian law based on the theory that giving aid to the poor and unemployed only encouraged laziness and increased the number of paupers | |
| 776469340 | June Days | The name of the workers' revolt inspired by closing of the national workshops in France in June 1848 | |
| 776469341 | Second Republic | It came to power with the ratification of a new constitution on November 4, 1848 | |
| 776469343 | Nephew | The president of the Second Republic of France was Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the _____ of Napoleon Bonaparte | |
| 776469345 | Sneezes | "When France _____, Europe catches a cold"—Metternich | |
| 776469347 | Franz Joseph I | Last of the Habsburg monarchs, who ruled the Austrian Empire from 1848-1916 | |
| 776469349 | Frankfurt Assembly | This pan-German parliament had met in 1848 to prepare Germany for unification; it failed when it had no way of compelling German territorial rulers to accept the constitution they had drawn up | |
| 776469351 | Kossuth | He was the driving force behind Hungarian nationalism | |
| 776469353 | Mazzini | This nationalist's Young Italy group led the Italian Risorgimento in the early 19th century | |
| 776469355 | Divisions | The unity of the revolutionaries in had made the 1848 revolutions possible, but _____ soon shattered their ranks | |
| 776469357 | Police | The first major contribution of the nineteenth century to the development of a disciplined or ordered society in Europe was a regular system of _____ | |
| 776469359 | Bobbies | French police officers were known as serjents; British police officers were known as _____ | |
| 776469361 | Solitary Confinement | _____ ____, it was believed, forced prisoners back on their own consciences, led to greater remorse, and increased the possibility that they would change their evil ways | |
| 776469363 | Romanticism | The new intellectual and cultural movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century to challenge the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason in discovering truth; adherents of this movement typically tried to balance the use of reason by stressing the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing | |
| 776469364 | Poetry | The literary form most revered by Romantics as it was considered the direct expression of one's soul | |
| 776469366 | Grimm | Well-known German brothers whose interest in German historical consciousness led them to collect and publish local fairy tales; their work is thought to have contributed to German nationalism | |
| 776469368 | Dare to be | The motto of Romanticism; what Goethe urged to his contemporaries | |
| 776469370 | Delacroix | Well-known Romantic painter perhaps best known for his Liberty Leading the People | |
| 776469372 | Beethoven | His music served as a bridge between the classical and romantic styles | |
| 776469374 | Chateaubriand | His Genius of Christianity has been called the "Bible of Romanticism" | |
| 776469376 | Carlyle | Romantic historian who stressed that historical events were largely determined by "heroes" such as Luther and Napoleon | |
| 776469378 | Mary Shelley | An example of Gothic literature would be her Frankenstein | |
| 776469380 | Gothic | Architectural style that re-emerged in the Romantic age | |
| 776469382 | Materialism | The worship of nature also led Wordsworth and other Romantic poets to critique the mechanistic _____ of eighteenth-century science, which, they believed, had reduced nature to a cold object of study | |
| 776469383 | Friedrich | German Romantic landscape painter whose works convey a feeling of mystery and mysticism | |
| 776469384 | Turner | Prolific English Romantic painter who many see as a forerunner of the impressionistic style | |
| 776469385 | Program music | The attempt to use the moods and sound effects of instrumental music to depict the actions and emotions inherent in a story, an event, or even a personal experience; Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique is an example |
