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| 86184093 | The Praise of Folly | In this, Humanists denounced corruption in the church | |
| 86184094 | Pluralism | here high ranking clerics held multiple offices; out of this often came absenteeism. | |
| 86184095 | Absenteeism | the inability to be present and do the job of the multiple offices one held | |
| 86184096 | Benifice | office | |
| 86184097 | Martin Luther | (1483-1546) German university professor/ Augustinian Friar; born at Eisleben in Saxony and was the second son of a successful copper miner/mine owner; sent to school and then later the University of Erfurt, where he earned a master's degree at the age of 21 with distinction; his father intended for him to pursue a career in law, but after a particularly bad thunderstorm declared he would become a friar; Becomes an Augustinian friar at Erfurt in 1505; ordained a priest in 1507; served as a professor of the scriptures from 1512-1546[his death] ay the University of Wittenberg; _____ became very anxious that he wasn't doing enough to achieve salvation, so _____ eventually, after being spurred along by his mentor, John Staupitz, gained a new understanding of the Pauline letters—"faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone" or sola fide, sola gratia, sola Scriptura, meaning that God's word is only revealed in the scripture; at this time, there was also significant corruption in the church, a prime example being indulgences. These were basically paid tickets out, or less time spent, of purgatory; _____'s dissatisfaction on this led him to write "Ninety Five Theses on The Power of Indulgences", in the form of a letter to Archbishop Albert of Canterbury; after his death, it was reported in his biography that these theses were nailed to the door of the church at Wittenberg Castle on October, 31, 1517. With the advent of the printing press around this time, these theses were translated into many languages and spread around Europe, essentially spurring along the Religious Reformations. | |
| 86184098 | Indulgence | Initially, Purgatory was said to be like a wating room for heaven, but as time went on, the Catholic Church began describing Purgatory as a darker and more painful place. So when Leo X wants to build St. Peter's Basilica and he strikes a deal with Archbishop Albert of Mainz, Leo X decides that Albert should sell the indulgences to repay his debt to Leo. These indulgences were essentially "bought freedom" from a chunk of time their soul would have to spend in Purgatory. | |
| 86184099 | Pope Leo X | member of the Medici family, and Pope at the same time as Martin Luther was questioning the church; began spending HUGE sums of money to build extravagant chapels and tombs, primarily, St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; In exchange for giving Archbishop Albert of Mainz a papal dispensation allowing him to be Archbishop in multiple places, Albert was to sell indulgences to pay of the 100,000 duckett cost of the dispensation | |
| 86184100 | Archbishop Albert of Mainz | wanted to be Archbishop in multiple areas, gets a dispensation from Pope Leo X and then begins selling Indulgences to pay Leo back | |
| 86184101 | Johann Tetzel | (friar from the Dominican order) the brilliant salesman responsible for the sale of Indulgences; essentially the billy mays of Indulgence sales, he came up with many slogans such as, "As soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." | |
| 86184102 | Penance | a religious act such as praying or fasting, that forgave one's sins | |
| 86184103 | Purgatory | neither heaven nor hell, souls waited here to make amends for whatever earthly sins they committed | |
| 86184104 | Johann Eck | church representative who had a scholarly debate with Luther over his ideas | |
| 86184105 | Diet of Worms | Diet held by the young Charles V, in which he summoned Luther to appear and recant his ideas, after which Luther basically says that he does not accept the Papal authority and that anything that would go against the scripture, he would simply have nothing to do with and would not recant anything he had previously said. | |
| 86184106 | Protestant | the word ______ comes from the small group of Reforming German princes who gathered at the Diet of Speyer in 1529 and "protested" the decisions of the Catholic church. At first _______ meant "Lutheran", but as multiple sects emerged, it became a general term for all non-Catholic Western Europeans; believe the church is a "priesthood of all believers" | |
| 86184107 | Ulrich Zwingli | (1484-1531) the most important early reformer besides Luther, was this Swiss humanist, priest, and admirer of Erasmus; In Zurich in 1519, he announced the he would NOT preach from the church's prescribed readings, but from Erasmus's New Testament, going right through the New Testament from "A to Z" or from Matthew to Revelation; convinced that Christian life rested on scripture, which were the pure words of God and the sole base of religious truth; His gradual reforms of the Church in Zurich (where he spent the duration of his life) were strongly supported by the city authorities, who resented the privileges of the clergy. | |
| 86184108 | Transubstantiation | (catholic belief) the belief that during communion, the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ | |
| 86184109 | The Colloquy of Marburg | (1529) helped Protestants agree on just about everything but the debate over Transubstantiation | |
| 86184110 | King Christian III | (r. 1523-1560) King of Denmark-Norway, the first area outside the empire to officially accept the Reformation | |
| 86184111 | Gustavus Vasa | (r. 1523-1560) came to the throne of Sweden during a civil war with Denmark, also took over control of church personnel and income, and Protestant ideas spread, although the Swedish did not officially accept Lutheran theology until later in the century | |
| 86184112 | German Peasant's War of 1525 | The rebellion sparked because of crop failures in 1523 and 1524, as well as nobles who had been seizing village common lands which had traditionally been used by all, and who were now imposing new rents on manorial properties. Initially, Martin Luther sided with these peasants, saying that the nobles should treat them better, but when the peasants took up arms under banners proclaiming protestant messages, Luther implored the nobles to crush the rebellion—and thus, the rebellion was crushed. Not surprisingly, the reformation lost much of its popular appeal after this. | |
| 86184113 | Katharina von Bora | (1499-1532) a former nun, who eventually marries Martin Luther | |
| 86184114 | Anna Reinhart | (1491-1538) a Zurich widow who eventually marries Ulrich Zwingli | |
| 86184115 | Golden Bull of 1356 | a decree issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV (named after the golden seal attatched to it) established the process in which the emperor was elected; there were seven electors: 1) Archbishop of Mainz, 2) Archbishop of Trier, 3) Archbishop of Cologne, 4) the Margrave of Brandenburg, 5) the Duke of Saxony, 6) the Count Palatine of the Rhine, and 7) the King of Bohemia (modern day Czech Republic). | |
| 86184116 | Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick III | a Hapsburg who was the ruler of most of Austria, acquired little territory, but a LOT of money with his marriage to Princess Eleanor of Portugal in 1452. | |
| 86184117 | Maximilian | son of Fredrick III, married Mary of Burgundy in 1477, the heiress who inherited the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and the country of Burgundy (modern day Eastern France) | |
| 86184118 | Phillip of Burgandy | son of Maximilian and Mary, marries Joanna of Castile (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella) | |
| 86184119 | Charles V | son of Phillip of Burgandy and Joanna of Castile; when he becomes emperor, he inherits (by a series of freak deaths by his mother's siblings) Spain, Spanish ruled Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and the New World conquests in North and South America. (When Cortez conquers the Aztecs in 1519, this brings Charles V TONS of gold and silver). From his father's side, he inherits the Hapsburg lands in Austria, southern Germany, the Low countries, and Franche-Comte in east-central France; vigorous defender of Catholicism. | |
| 86184120 | Gattinara | Charles V's grand chancellor | |
| 86184121 | Augsburg Confession | an Imperial Diet in 1530, called by Charles V in hopes to halt the spread of religious division, where the Protestant princes presented a Lutheran statement of faith to the Emperor. The___________ remained an authoritative statement of belief for many Lutheran churches for centuries. | |
| 86184122 | The Peace of Augsburg | the treaty made in 1555 after years of religious warfare | |
| 86184123 | Henry VII | Also known as Henry Tudor, takes the thrown of England from York, and starts the Tudor dynasty; has a weak lineage claim to the thrown; makes the big mistake of marrying Richard III's ex wife in attempts to unite with the Yorks; Has the major problem that his nobles have bigger armies than him, so he basically had no authority over them until he creates the court of Star Chamber, which was a court inside his palace. Even though he had no major army, if a noble refused to go to court, he could still take the noble's land and give it to other equally powerful vassals. Once one appeared in court, Henry VII threatened them, but basically forced them to give up their armies, but allowed them to keep pretty much all of their land; also makes super crazy deal with Ferdinand/King of France/Parliament etc, see notes; dies the richest king in Europe | |
| 86184124 | King Henry VIII | (r. 1509-1547) Son of Henry VII; tremendous athlete(great tennis player/wrestler); probably the most educated king in European history; also very handsome, pursuing lots of women; marries Catherine(his brother Arthur's ex wife) and they live happily for a while until she fails twice to produce a male heir. She does have a daughter, Mary Tudor, but Henry needs a legitimate male heir, or so he feels. Then Henry starts to think that b/c the bible says it is wrong to marry your brother's wife, this is why God hasn't given him a male heir. So he gets Wolsey to got to pope Clement VII to get a papal dispensation so he can get the marriage annulled so he can marry Ann Boleyn. But, because Clement is basically prisoner of Charles V, Catherine's nephew, and Charles V doesn't want his aunt branded a whore and his cousin Mary Tudor branded a bastard. So Clement VII decides to stall...(If he stalled, Henry VIII or Catherine could die). Henry VIII gets impatient, banishes Wolsey, then orders him back so he can be executed, but Wolsey dies on the return journey. Eventually, Ann and henry have a daughter, but their son is still born...So Ann is screwed and is later executed; Henry also dissolves the monasteries, thus getting a lot of land and money; Getting others to buy this newly freed up land was very important as well, b/c buying land that once belonged to monasteries sort of bound a person to the opposition to monasteries; Henry VIII dies in 1547. | |
| 86184125 | Thomas Cromwell | becomes an advisor for Henry VIII after the death of his former mentor, Wolsey, advises Henry to become head of the Church so he could more easily maneuver in dealings w/ the church, as well as make a **** ton of money. So essentially Cromwell causes the split between England and the Catholic Church. | |
| 86184126 | The Act in Restraint of Appeals | (1533) declared the king to be the supreme sovereign in England and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy, thus establishing the Crown as the highest legal authority in the land. | |
| 86184127 | The Supremacy Act | (1534) declared the king the supreme head of the Church of England. | |
| 86184128 | Pilgrimage of Grace | massive rebellion against Henry VIII's split with Rome by those loyal to the Catholic church | |
| 86184129 | Edward VI | (r. 1547-1553) son of Henry VIII; very sickly, so his reign did not last very long, but his strong Protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the country | |
| 86184130 | Book of Common Prayer | (1549) prepared by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, the______________ included, together with the psalter, the order for all services of the Church of England. | |
| 86184131 | Mary Tudor | (r. 1553-1558) daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; very catholic, so in this time there is a sharp turn back to Catholicism(she restored Roman Catholicism); Her marriage to her cousin Phillip of Spain, son of Emperor Charles V, was very unpopular in England and when she executed several hundred protestants, her unpopularity only increased; After her death, Mary was succeeded by her sister Elizabeth. | |
| 86184132 | Elizabeth | (r. 1558-1603) [beginning of religious stability in England] When Elizabeth entered the throne, England was torn in half over religion. Catholics wanted a strong Roman Catholic ruler, and some wanted to "purify" the church of all catholic influence. These people are the Puritans; of siding with one or the other, she chose a middle course—she wanted all people to attend the same church so things would stay calm, but she didn't care if they believed what was preached or not; She also required all officials, clergy, and nobles to swear allegiance to her as "the supreme governor of the church of England." She chose the word governor as opposed to "head" to provide a loophole which allowed for English Catholics to remain loyal to her without denying the primacy of the Pope; referring to herself as the head might also be viewed as inappropriate b/c being the "head" of something was traditionally an all male title. | |
| 86184133 | Elizabethan Settlement | required outward conformity to the church of England and uniformity in all cerimonies. | |
| 86184134 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) Born in Noyon, NW France; Although Luther sparked the reformation by accident, Calvin had the greater influence on future Christianity, especially in Canada and the United States; Originally intended to have a career in the clergy, but ______ studied law, which greatly influenced his ideas and thoughts later in his life; In 1533, he had a religious crisis, after which he converted to Protestantism; ______ believed God chose certain people to do his [God] work, and that God had chosen him to reform the church; Accordingly, he accepted the invitation to assist in the reformation of Geneva, in Switzerland; _______ worked tirelessly to create a Christian society in Geneva, which became known as the "city that was a church". Geneva became the model for 16th century Protestant reformers; _______'s ideas on Christianity were embodied in The Institutes of the Christian Religion, published in 1536 and issued in 1559. The pillar of ______'s theology was the total sovereignty and omnipotence of God, and the total weakness of humanity. He said that men and women were both as insignificant as grains of sand before God. He believed that humans did not truly have "free will", because that would lessen the sovereignty of God. He also said that men and women couldn't work to achieve salvation—God, in his infinite wisdom, decided who would be saved and who would be damned at the beginning of time. This concept is called Predestination; _______ had two very important assets: total mastery of the Scriptures, and exceptional eloquence. ________'s method of spreading the Word of God monopolized the strongest contemporary method of communication; preaching; When the Genevan Catechism was published, children and adults memorized questions and answers about Christianity and served as a guide for their daily life. The use of catechisms simplified the Scriptures for many, and allowed more people to grasp Christianity as ________ saw it | |
| 86184135 | Michael Servetus | in the mid 16th century, this Spanish humanist became famous for his publications denying the Christian dogma of the Trinity. Arrested in the Inquisition, but escaped to Geneva were he was quickly rearrested. At his trial, stuck to his guns and denied the Trinity, as well as challenging infant baptism, saying that no one could commit a mortal sin under the age of 21. He begged to simply be banished, but was instead burned at the stake | |
| 86184136 | John Knox | (1505-1572) dominated the movement for reform in Scotland; In 1559, set to reforming the church; very passionate preacher, reputation of being completely fearless in his endeavors; was determined to structure the Scottish church after the model of Geneva, where he had studied and worked with Calvin; persuaded the Scottish parliament, which was dominated by reformed minded barons, to enact legislation ending papal authority in 1560; Mass was abolished, and ______established the Presbyterian church of Scotland, named so, because it was run by presbyters (ministers), not bishops; This church was strictly calvanist in its doctrine, and adopted a simple and dignified service of worship, and laid a great emphasis on preaching; His book Book of Common Order (1564) became the liturgical dictionary for the church. | |
| 86184137 | King Sigismund I | (r. 1506-1548) banned Luther's teachings in Poland, and the strong anti-German sentiments of Poles would mean that Luther's teachings would have limited success outside Germanized towns in the region | |
| 86184138 | Szlachta | polish nobility of the 1500's | |
| 86184139 | Jon Laski | 1499-1560) Polish magistrate that converted to Calvinism | |
| 86184140 | Stanislaus Hosius | (1505-1579) attended the Council of Trent, and under him, a systematic Counter-Reformation gained momentum; _______ pressed for reform within the Catholic church, held provincial synods(clerical assemblies), and published a comprehensive and clear statement of Roman Catholic faith and morals; the Jesuits complemented the work of ______by establishing schools for the sons of the Szachta, and by 1650, the identification of Poland and Roman Catholicism was well established | |
| 86184141 | Pope Paul III | (1534-1549) under him, papal reform truly began; he appointed reform-minded cardinals, abbots, and bishops who improved education for the clergy, tried to enforce moral standards among them, and tried to work on the most blatant abuses; under him, pluralism and absenteeism were abolished; He and his successors supported the establishment of new religious orders that preached to the common people, the opening of seminaries to train priests, the end of selling clerical offices, and stricter control over clerical life. | |
| 86184142 | Holy Office | established by Pope Paul III in 1542; the sacred congregation, with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition—a powerful instrument of the catholic reformation; published the Index of Prohibited Books, a catalogue of forbidden readings. | |
| 86184143 | Roman Inquisition | The _______________________ was a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute. Under Cardinal Cardinal Caraffa, it vigorously attacked heresy; operated under the principles of Roman law, meaning that it accepted hearsay evidence, did not always inform the defendant of the charges against them, and sometimes used torture; within the papal states, this effectively destroyed heresy. | |
| 86184144 | The Council of Trent | an ecumenical council that met sporadically from 1545 to 1563 in T___, an imperial city close to Italy. It was called not only to reform the church, but also to secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists were also invited to participate, but they said that unless everything reformed was in accordance with the scriptures, they'd have nothing to do with it. Political issues also played into overshadowing the ____________________. Charles V opposed anything that would further alienate his Lutheran subjects, the French King worked against the reconciliation of Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism—as long as the empire was divided religiously, the empire would be weakened, and a weak and divided empire meant a stronger France; another major thing the ______________________did was REAFFIRM THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS OF TRADITIONAL CATHOLIC TEACHING, thus it rejected Lutheran and Calvinist positions on Transubstantiation and other debated topics; Moreover, it greatly strengthened the Catholic church, in that it re-vitalized their sense of faith and pride for their religion. | |
| 86184145 | Ursuline Nuns | founded by Angela Merici (1474-1540), attained enormous prestige for the education of women; Merici worked for years among the poor and the sick around her native town of Brescia in N. Italy; She founded the order in 1535 to combat heresy through Christian education; The first women's religious order concentrating exclusively on teaching young girls, the Ursulines sought to re-Christianize society by training future wives and mothers; Because the Council of Trent essentially ended all active ministries for women, Merici had a hard time gaining papal approval; After finally being officially recognized in 1565, the Ursulines spread to France and the New world. Their schools spread from Quebec to New Orleans, where they provided superior education for young women and instilled the spiritual ideals of the Catholic Reformation. | |
| 86184146 | Jesuits | founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556), a former Spanish soldier; played a powerful role in resisting the spread of Protestantism, converting Asians and Latin American Indians to Catholicism, and spreading Christian education throughout Europe; While healing from a severe battle wound, Loyola studied the life of Christ and decided to give up military life; During a year spent in solitude and prayer, he gained insights that went into his book, Spiritual Exercises; This work was intended for study during a four week period of retreat, directing the individual imagination and will to the reform of life and new spiritual piety; The first Jesuits recruited primarily from the wealthy merchant, and professional classes, and saw the Reformation as a pastoral problem, its causes and cures related not to doctrinal issues, but to peoples spiritual condition; The goal of the Jesuits was different than that of Luther or Calvin. Their goal was to "Help souls." | |
| 86184147 | Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis | signed in 1559 and ended the long conflict known as the Hapsburg-Valois war; Spain was essentially the victor, and France was forced to recognize Spanish control over areas like Italy, etc; this treaty did not end religious conflict however—Catholics and Protestants continued to riot and kill each other. | |
| 86200764 | King Francis I | (r. 1515-1547) tried two devices to raise money: 1) Sale of public offices: this ended up being a hereditary deal where people passed on these tax free positions to their kids, and 2) Treaty with the papacy—The Concordat of Bologna. | |
| 86200765 | Concordat of Bologna | treaty in which Francis I agreed to recognize the papacy (send the papacy $$$) in exchange for the ability to appoint all French bishops and abbots; This gave the French monarchy a LOT of money and control over the French church and its offices until the Revolution of 1789; The Concordat of Bologna also explains why France never converted to Protestantism—why it remained firmly Catholic. | |
| 86200766 | Huguenots | French Calvinists who lived in most major cities; by the time of Henry II's death in 1559, perhaps one tenth of the French population was Calvinist | |
| 86200767 | Iconoclasm | the destruction of Church idols, images | |
| 86200768 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | an attack carried out by Catholics on the Calvinists on August 24, 1572; The occasion was the marriage of the King's sister, Margaret of Valois to the Protestant Henry of Navarre, which was intended to bring peace among Catholics and Huguenots, instead Huguenot wedding guests were slaughtered, but Henry of Navarra escaped... | |
| 86200769 | Politiques | French group of moderates who believed that the only thing to stop the trend towards a social collapse was the restoration of a strong monarchy. | |
| 86200770 | Edict of Nantes | Published by Henry IV(Henry of Navarre) in 1598, granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots in 150 fortified towns, such as La Rochelle | |
| 86200771 | Phillip II | son of Charles V; very Spanish, so he wasn't nearly as popular as his father was in areas like the low lands, beligium, Netherlands, etc | |
| 86200772 | Duke of Alva | sent by Phillip II with 20,000 troups to "pacify" Calvinist riots and other disruptions; Alva saw to the "pacification" of these dissidents by ruthlessly exterminating them; he soon set up the Council of BLOOD, his own court, in where on March 3 1568, 1500 men were executed. | |
| 86200773 | Union of Utrecht | (1581)the declaration of independence of the seven northern provinces from Spanish rule. | |
| 86200774 | William of Nassau | (1533-1584) prince of Organge; led the dutch troops to victory many times until he was assassinated by a French assassin loyal to king Phillip II; this was the first assassination by handgun. | |
| 86200775 | Great European Witch Hunt | Witch panic between (approx.) 1560-1682; between 40,000 and 60,000 people (mainly women) were executed after being accused. | |
| 86200776 | Misogyny | Hatred of Women | |
| 86692936 | Larger Catechism | written by luther in 1529; contained brief sermons on the articles of faith | |
| 86692937 | Shorter Catechism | written by luther in 1529; gave concise explanations of the doctrine in question and answer form | |
| 86692938 | Address to the christian nobility of the german nation | Luther's adress to the german nobility in which he implored them to reform the papacy and ecclesiastical institutions | |
| 86692939 | On Secular Government | Luther's adress in which he discussed that all Christians should obey their secular rulers, whom he saw as divinely ordained to maintain order. |
