Terms : Hide Images
| 96251883 | Port of Malacca | Lay to the east on the South China Sea; became a great commercial entrepot in the 15th century; to ¬¬¬¬________ came Chinese porcelains, silks, and camphor ( used in the manufacture of many medications, including those to reduce fevers), pepper, cloves, nutmeg, and raw materials such as sappanwood and sandalwood from the Moluccas, etc. | |
| 96251884 | Entrepot | A port in which goods are shipped for temporary storage while awaiting redistribution to other places | |
| 96251885 | Admiral Zheng He | Led seven expeditions between 1405-1433 to achieve the emperor, Yongle's, diplomatic, political, geographical, and commercial goals. | |
| 96251886 | Mansa Musa | successor to Sundiata Keita (founder of the kingdom of Mali); used his vast wealth to invest in the building of new mosques and religious schools, making Timbuktu a renowned center of culture and learning; under his rule, the rights of Muslim women were also much higher in terms of social acceptability and freedom | |
| 96251887 | Mohammad II | (r. 1451-1481) Sultan who captured Constantinople in May 1453, sending shockwaves through Europe; the city was renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. | |
| 96251888 | Suleiman I | Also known as ________ the "magnificent", pressed NW into the Balkans and by the early sixteenth century controlled the sea trade on the eastern Mediterranean. | |
| 96251889 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (r. 1394-1460) Led Portugal to phenomenal success in the Spice Trade. Like many voyagers and monarchs, his motivations for exploration ran the gambit from a desire to please God, to a desire for Glory; supported exploration greatly, although he himself never set foot on any of these voyages. | |
| 96251890 | General History of the Indies | Written in 1547 by Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo; gave a detailed, eyewitness account of plants, animals, and peoples (of the Americas). | |
| 96251891 | Galley | The traditional narrow, open boats, propelled largely by manpower (slaves or convicts primarily); these ships were well-suited for the placid, thoroughly traveled sea lanes of the Mediterranean, but little else. | |
| 96251892 | Caravel | A small, light, three-masted sailing ship; somewhat slower than a Galley, but held more cargo. Its triangular sails and sternpost rudder made it much easier to maneuver; being equipped with cannons also played a huge role in its success | |
| 96251893 | Ptolemy's Geography | re-introduced to Europeans by Arab scholars in 1410, this book helped make great strides in cartography and navigation during this time period. | |
| 96251894 | Nocturnal | An instrument used in determining the hour of night at sea by finding the progress of certain stars around the polestar. | |
| 96251895 | King John II | (r. 1481-1495) Under him, the Portuguese established trading posts and forts on the gold-rich Guinea coast and penetrated into the African continent all the way to Timbuktu. | |
| 96251896 | Vasco da Gama | commanded a fleet of four ships in search of a sea route to the Indian Ocean trade. ¬¬¬¬¬________'s ships rounded the Cape and sailed up the east coast of Africa. Although he failed to forge any trading alliances with local powers, he had proved the possibility of lucrative trade with the East via the Cape route. | |
| 96251897 | King Manuel | (r. 1495-1521) dispatched thirteen ships under the command of Pedro Alvares Cabral, assisted by Diaz, to set up trading posts in India. | |
| 96251898 | Alphonso de Albuquerque | appointed as governor of India by the Portuguese crown. | |
| 96251899 | Christopher Columbus | (1451-1506) Genoese mariner; "discovered" the Americas in 1492 after finally receiving the financial support and good will of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. | |
| 96251900 | Santa Fe capitulations | named Columbus viceroy over any territory he might discover and gave him one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey. | |
| 96251901 | Amerigo Vespucci | wrote the letter "The New World" based on his discoveries on the coast of modern-day Venezuela. | |
| 96251902 | Treaty of Tordesillas | (1494) gave Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and Portugal everything to the east. | |
| 96251903 | Ferdinand Magellan | (1480-1521) Portuguese mariner; commissioned by Charles V to find a direct route to the spices of the Moluccas off the southeast coast of Asia. | |
| 96251904 | John Cabot | Genoese merchant living in London; sailed for Brazil but discovered Newfoundland. The next year he returned and explored the New England coast, perhaps going as far south as Delaware | |
| 96251905 | Hernando Cortes | (1485-1547) crossed from Hispaniola to mainland Mexico with six hundred men, seventeen horses, and ten cannon. The conquest of Aztec Mexico had begun. | |
| 96251906 | Tenochtitlan | (now Mexico City) capital of the sophisticated Aztec empire ruled by Montezuma II; larger than any European city of the time, the capital was the heart of a civilization with advanced mathematics, astronomy, and engineering, with a complex social system, and with oral poetry and historical traditions. | |
| 96251907 | Montezuma II | (r. 1502-1520) ruler of Tenochtitlan at the time of Cortes's arrival. | |
| 96251908 | Virocha | the Inca's creator-god | |
| 96251909 | Francisco Pizarro | (ca 1475-1541) a conquistador of modest Spanish origins, landed on the northern coast of Peru on May 13, 1352, the same day Atauhualpa won the decisive battle | |
| 96251910 | Encomienda System | where the Crown granted the conquerors the right to employ groups of Amerindians as agricultural or mining laborers or as tribute payers. | |
| 96251911 | Sugar | taken in ancient times to India, where farmers learned to preserve cane juice as granules that could be stored and shipped; from there it traveled to China and the Mediterranean, where islands like Crete, Sicily, and Cyprus had the necessary warm and wet climate; with the influx of ______ plantations grew in number, as did the number of slaves used to work these plantations | |
| 96251912 | Columbian Exchange | the migration of peoples, which in turn led to an exchange of fauna and flora—of animals and plants, and disease. | |
| 96251913 | Dutch East India Company | established in 1602 with the stated intention of capturing the spice trade from the Portuguese | |
| 96251914 | Pope Sixtus V | (1585-1590) promised to pay Phillip II one million gold ducats the moment Spanish troops landed in England—all of this occurring after Sixtus learned of the death of Mary Queen of Scots. | |
| 96251915 | Spanish Armada | also known as "la felicissima armada", or the "most fortunate fleet."; met and English fleet in the Channel, but the English ships were much smaller and faster, many of which had greater firing power than the Spanish; needless to say, the _______was decimated, due to inferior ships, terrible storms, etc; less than half returned to Spain unharmed. | |
| 96251916 | Phillip III | (Spanish) (r. 1598-1621) agreed to a truce, in effect recognizing the independence of the United Provinces. | |
| 96251917 | Skepticism | a school of thought founded on doubt that total certainty or definitive knowledge is ever attainable. The _____ic is cautious and critical and suspends judgement. | |
| 96251918 | Michel de Montaigne | (1533-1592) descended from a bourgeois family that had made a fortune selling salted herring and wine and in 1477 had purchased the title and property of Montaigne in Gascony; ______ received a classical education, studied law, and secured a judicial appointment in 1554; he later developed a new literary genre called the "essay" which comes from the French word essayer, which means "to test or try"—to express his thoughts and ideas. | |
| 96251919 | Popular Revolts | increased pressures of taxation and warfare turned bread riots into these armed uprisings | |
| 96251920 | Leviathan | written by Thomas Hobbes, expressed a theoretical justification for absolute monarchical authority, arguing that any limits on divisions of government power would lead only to paralysis or civil war. | |
| 96251921 | Edict of Nantes | issued by Henry IV, and allowed Huguenots to have the right of free worship, by allowing them to build 150 fortified towns where they could worship in safety | |
| 96251922 | Louis XIII | (r. 1610-1643) son of Marie de' Medici and Henry IV; came to power as a child, so his mother, Marie de' Medici, became his regent; Marie appointed Richelieu to the council of ministers at this time | |
| 96251923 | Intendants | royal commissioners who painstakingly collected information from local communities for Paris and delivered royal orders from the newer judicial nobility called the noblesse de robe | |
| 96251924 | Noblesse de robe | "robe nobility"; the new judicial nobility who came about during the rule of Louis XIII. | |
| 96251925 | Marie de' Medici | mother of Louis XIII; became regent while her son was a child; appointed Cardinal Richelieu to the council of ministers | |
| 96251926 | Fronde | means "slingshot" or "catapult", and a _____eur was a street urchin who threw mud at the passing carriages of the rich; this term began to be applied to the groups of people that opposed the policies of the government; this began among the noblesse de robe, the robe nobility, when the judges of the Parisian high law court (the Parlement) rejected Anne and Marzarin's proposal to raise new revenues by rescinding judicial salaries. The arrest of several magistrates sparked a popular riot in the capital, whose inhabitants had suffered to meet the costs of war. With the boy king, Anne of Austria fled the capital for safety. Essentially traditional and conservative, the magistrates agreed to a compromise with the government that largely favored their demands (SEE NOTES FOR WHOLE STORY). | |
| 96251927 | Noblesse d'epee | "sword nobility" who were also angered by the increasing powers of central government; a law had been passed that forbade dueling—this really pissed them off | |
| 96251928 | Louis XIV | (r. 1643-1715) longest ruling ruler in European history; known as the "Sun King" because he shed light on all in his domain; larger than life ruler, people thought he was huge, although he was only around 5"6; His mother was Anne of Austria; fervently believed in the divine right of kings to rule; very hard working king; built the palace of Versailles outside of Paris. This was a huge palace that he used to make the statement, "I am here, and am imposing my power over nature." Versailles was used also to keep the most powerful nobles in check and under Louis's supervision; he sought glory above almost all else, which brought about many wars and defeat late in his life. | |
| 96251929 | Divine Right of Kings | God had established kings as his rulers on earth, and they were answerable ultimately to God alone. Though kings were divinely anointed and shared in the sacred nature of divinity, they could not simply do as they pleased. They had to obey God's laws and rule for the good of the people. | |
| 96251930 | Absolute monarchy | ... | |
| 96251931 | Mercantilism | a collection of governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities, especially commercial activities, by and for the state. In seventeenth and eighteenth-century economic theory, a nation's international power was thought to be based on its wealth, specifically its gold supply. | |
| 96251932 | Estates | (provincial) representative bodies of clergy, nobles, and commoners, which held the authority to negotiate with the Crown over taxes. In provinces without ______, the king held direct control over taxation through his intendants. | |
| 96251933 | Francois le Tellier | later known as marquis de Louvois; appointed by Louis XIV as secretary of state for war in 1666; he created a professional army that was modern in the sense that the French state, rather than private nobles, employed the soldiers; he also utilized several methods in recruiting troops: 1) dragooning, in which press gangs seized men off the streets, 2) conscription, and after 1688, 3) lottery. | |
| 96251934 | Treaty of Nijmegen | (1678) here, Louis gained additional Flemish towns and all of Franche-Comte. | |
| 96251935 | War of the Spanish Succession | war that lasted from 1701-1713; In 1700, childless Spanish king Charles II (r. 1665-1700) died, opening a struggle for control of Spain and its colonies. His will bequeathed the Spanish crown to Phillip of Anjou, Louis XIV's grandson. This testament violated a prior treaty by which the European powers had agreed to divide the Spanish possessions between the king of France and the Holy Roman emperor, both brothers-in-law of Charles II. Claiming that he was following both Spanish national and French dynastic interests, Louis broke the treaty and accepted the will. In response to this, in 1701, the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians formed a grand alliance against Louis XIV. The allied powers united to prevent France from becoming too strong in Europe and to check France's expanding commercial power in North America. | |
| 96251936 | Peace of Utrect | Signed in 1713, ended the War of the Spanish Succession; applied the principle of partition; it had IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL CONSEQUENCES: It represented the balance of power principle in operation, setting limits on the extent to which any one power—in this case, France—could expand. | |
| 96251937 | Servicios | Spanish national taxes | |
| 96251938 | Phillip III | expelled converted muslims, known as Moriscos, from Spain in 1609(around 300,000 people); this satisfied his catholic conscience, but wrecked much of the productivity in Spain by expelling some of its most talented workers/merchants. | |
| 96251939 | Thirty Years War | ... | |
| 96251940 | John IV | (r. 1640-1656) under this ruler, the Portuguese succeeded in regaining independence from Hapsburg rule. | |
| 96251941 | Treaty of the Pyrenees | (1659) ended the French-Spanish conflict; Spain was compelled to surrender extensive territories to France; this treaty marked the decline of Spain as a great power. | |
| 96251942 | Don Quixote | written by Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616), this novel of a character living in a military dream world filled with glory, and beautiful maidens; this book represented a more negative Spanish view around this time | |
| 96251943 | Viceroyalties | In the sixteenth century, the Spanish Crown divided its new world territories into four ______s; these new administrative divisions consisted of: New Spain, which consisted of Mexico, Central America, and present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, with the capital at Mexico city; Peru, originally all the lands in continentall South America, later reduced to the territory of modern Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and Ecuador, with the viceregal seat at Lima; New Granada, including present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and after 1739, Ecuador, with Bogota as its administrative center; and La Plata, consisting of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, with Buenos Aires as the capital; each of these territories was presided over by a viceroy, or imperial governor, who exercised broad military and civil authority as the direct representative of the sovereign in Madrid. | |
| 96251944 | Audencia | (In Spain) presided over by the viceroy, this was a board of twelve to fifteen judges that served as his advisory council and the highest judicial body. | |
| 96251945 | Charles III | (r. 1759-1788) reform-minded Spanish king who introduced the system of intendants, pioneered by the Bourbon kings of France, to the New World territories; these royal officials possessed broad military, administrative, and financial authority within their intendancies and were responsible not to the viceroy but to the monarchy in Madrid. | |
| 96251946 | Quinto | where the Spanish crown claimed ONE-FIFTH of all precious metals mined in South America | |
| 96251947 | Baroque | period in art and music throughout most of Europe(except Britain and France) characterized by very emotional, thoughtful qualities; name comes from the Portuguese word for "Odd-Shaped Pearl" in reference to what art critics of the time viewed as "overblown" and "unbalanced" | |
| 96251948 | Caravaggio | (southern Baroque painter) painted dramatic religious imagery; rebel and fighter; painted paintings such as "Calling of St. Matthew". This painting was very dramatic/theatrical; Figures jump out at sharp, dramatic angles | |
| 96251949 | Peter Paul Rubens | (southern Baroque painter) from northern Europe; returned to Antwerp, Netherlands, where he establishes his reputation with a series of dramatic religious paintings. These were brilliant, colorful, and very violent; His secular paintings also had these same striking qualities; he liked to paint the human figure; he became involved in international diplomacy; painted a series of paintings on the "life" of Mary de Medici of France; becomes knighted in England later in his life | |
| 96251950 | Bernini | (southern Baroque sculptor) brilliant sculptor; also decorated the papal church of Saint Peters over the course of 50 years; he becomes the most respected architect and sculptor in Europe | |
| 96251951 | Monteverdi | (southern Baroque composer) wrote "Orfeo", the first operatic masterpiece in 1607; he utilizes recitative(sung speech) to make his scenes more dramatic; opera becomes the most popular form of entertainment in Europe after this | |
| 96251952 | Rembrandt | (northern Baroque painter) comes to Amsterdam in 1632; he painted doctors, Amsterdam city guard, etc. These people symbolized power and pride at the time; he uses strong lighting a dark backgrounds to create a greater dramatic effect; begins his career with several dramatic large scale etchings(typical baroque style); but something turned him toward a more inward looking art; he becomes increasingly introspective—doing many selfportraits. | |
| 96251953 | J.S. Bach | (northern Baroque composer) virtuoso organist; great improviser; his music was grand and spacious; composed a large amount of instrumental music; like much baroque art, his music was very lively and spirited; he later performs a cantata in one of the areas major churches, every weekend ( a different one each week); in 1729 Bach's St. Matthews passion(played on easter) is heard; his music expresses a deeply personal religious belief; recreates the life of Christ in his music | |
| 96251954 | Handel | (northern Baroque composer) born in 1685 like bach; more interested in opera; moves to England where he is loved; his music is heard at ceremonies at st. paul's cathedral; wrote "The Water Music"; devotes most of his time to writing operas, written in Italian and performed by Italian singers; at this point the most interesting part of the opera was the Aria where a single singer would improvise their vocal line while expressing a single powerful emotion; Italian opera does not remain popular in England however; To the growing English middle class, Italian opera seems over the top, and foreign; Handel then begins writing Oratorios, which were religious, less theatrical pieces, written in English; Handel wrote the Oratorio "Messiah" about the life of Jesus. It contained "The Voice that Crieth in the Wilderness", "Ev'ry Valley", and "Hallelujah". The "Hallelujah" chorus is still wildly popular in the modern day. | |
| 96251955 | French classicism | the art and literature of the age of Louis XIV; completely expressed the artistic preferences of Louis XIV; most music and art is not very good from this period; plays ARE good from this time period. The most common types of plays were Comedies and Tragedies | |
| 96251956 | Jean-Baptiste Lully | (1632-1687) his orchestral works combined lively animation with the restrained austerity of typical French classicalism. | |
| 96251957 | Marc-Antoine Charpentier | (1634-1704) his solemn religious music entertained Louis at meals. | |
| 96251958 | Moliere | wrote comedies that exposed the hypocrisies and follies of society through brilliant caricature | |
| 96251959 | Racine | wrote tragedies that displayed a common theme of good and evil; these were based of the tragic dramas of greek and roman legend. | |
| 96251960 | Constitutionalism | a state where there is a representative assembly, and there are certain understandings that governments are limited in what they can do. This could either be written down, or simply understood. You can have either a "__________ monarchy" or a _________ state without a monarch called a "Republic". | |
| 96251961 | James I | previously named _____ Stuart; he succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I as the ruler of England; he was well educated, learned, and with thirty five years experience as king of Scotland, politically shrewd as well; however, he was not as interested in displaying the majesty of monarchy as Elizabeth had been; he was devoted to the divine right of kings; he was a poor judge of character; his Scottish accent served as a disadvantage as well; the English house of commons was also very different during the rule of him, and his son Charles I. | |
| 96251962 | Puritans | christians who wished to "purify" the Anglican church from any and all catholic influence | |
| 96251963 | William Laud | (1573-1645) archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Charles I; tried to impose elaborate ritual on all churches; He insisted on complete uniformity of church services and enforced that uniformity through an ecclesiastical court called the "Court of High Comission." | |
| 96251964 | English civil war | (1642-1649) tested whether sovereignty in England was to reside in the king or in Parliament | |
| 96251965 | New Model Army | in 1645, English parliament reorganized its forces into this_________ under the leadership of Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, a member of the House of Commons who had emerged as a military leader during the war. | |
| 96251966 | Commonwealth | a republic government proclaimed after the death of Charles, and thus the end of Kingship. | |
| 96251967 | Protectorate | the rule of Cromwell (1653-1658) which was essentially military dictatorship. | |
| 96251968 | Instrument of Government | the constitution prepared by the army that invested executive power in a lord protector (Cromwell) and a council of state. | |
| 96251969 | Navigation act | (1651) required that English goods be transported on English ships or ships of that particular goods origin | |
| 96251970 | Test Act | (1673) according to this, those who refused to receive the Eucharist of the Church of England could not vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend the universities, or even assemble for meetings. | |
| 96251971 | Glorious Revolution | (1688-1689) called this by the English because of how it replaced one king with another with a minimum of bloodshed. It also represented the DESTRUCTION, once and for all, the idea of a divine right monarchy. | |
| 96251972 | Bill of Rights | the principles of this were formulated in direct response to Stuart Absolutism. These were: a. No standing army during peace time b. No quartering of soldiers c. Law cannot be suspended by the king d. Only protestants can bear arms e. Judges cannot be fired by the king f. Kings cannot arrest someone without due process of law g. The crown canno interfere with parliament in terms of elections and debate(this was ignored by most rulers) h. Kings must be protestant | |
| 96251973 | Second Treatise of Civil Government | the glorious revolution found its best defense in this work by political philosopher, John Locke. Locke (1632-1704) maintained that people set up civil governments to protect life, liberty, and property. A government that oversteps its proper function—protecting the natural rights of life, liberty, and property—becomes a tyranny. | |
| 96251974 | Estates General | a federal assembly which handled matters of foreign affairs, such as war, but DID NOT possess sovereign authority; all issues had to be referred back to the local estates for approval. | |
| 96251975 | Stadholder | the representative appointed by the States General in each province. | |
| 96251976 | The Hague | holland's capital | |
| 96251977 | Dutch East India Company | a joint stock company formed in 1602 by a group of regents. The investors each received a percentage of the profits proportional to the amount of money they had put in; within half a century, the __________________ had cut heavily into Portuguese trading in east asia | |
| 96251978 | King William III of England(William of Orange | marries Mary(not Modena); |
