people places things and ideas of AP Euro
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| 536516431 | Castiglione | -Italien courtier -Wrote the Courtier which explained how to be a gentleman -believed upperclassmen should be jack of all trades | |
| 536516432 | Christian Humanists | -people who took humanism and applied it to religion -instead of going back to look at Greco-Roman ideas they went back to the scriptures and the early church -happened during the northern renaissance -changed how people viewed religion | |
| 536516433 | Court of Star Chamber | -court of the renaissance -used controversial ways of obtaining information - allowed equality in the court of law | |
| 536516434 | Leonardo da Vinci | -the first renaissance man -Scientist, artist, architect, inventor -Mona Lisa, Virtruvian Man - Genius | |
| 536516435 | Donatello | -florentine Sculptor - used balance, self awareness, and human diversity in his sculptures -Humanism: portrayed people in a Greco-Roman style -Individualism: personalities in his sculptures - non religious | |
| 536516436 | Erasmus | -Northern Christian Humanist - Adressed problems in the Catholic Church - believed to fix the church leaders had to be fixed -inspired many influential people like Martin Luther | |
| 536516437 | Ferdinand and Isabella | -Rulers of Aragona and Castile respective -marriage united the kingdoms and they conquered much of spain -made Catholicism the religion and forced Jews and Muslims out | |
| 536516438 | Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) | -The most corrupt popes in history -gained the Papacy through bribes and deception -with help from his son he conquered the Papal States -Very Large Patron of the Arts | |
| 536516439 | Gutenberg | -German man who invented printing press -allowed info to become widespread -increased literacy in Europe | |
| 536516440 | Humanism | - when people go back to look at classics to understand human nature -increased education -encouraged individualism | |
| 536516441 | Inquisition | -led by Ferdinand and Isabella -sought out Jewish converts and punished them if they held on to Jewish principals -proved the church still had influence | |
| 536516442 | Isabella d'Este | -cultural and political leader in Milan -Fashion icon -convinced King Louis not to conquer Mantua -Saved 200 refugees from Milan -EDUCATED | |
| 536516443 | Jacob Burkhardt | -Swiss historian -First person to label the renaissance the Renaissance --concluded that middle ages was dominated by Theology and renaissance was ruled by rationalism | |
| 536516444 | Jan Van Eyk | -Flemish painter during the renaissance -paintings were religious -perfected oil based paintings used detail and realism | |
| 536516445 | Peter Brueghel, the elder | -renaissance painter known for large landscapes and lives of peasants -some paintings merged humanism and Christianity -celebrated the world in a secular way | |
| 536516446 | The Medici Family | -dominated florence in the 14th and 15th centuries -controlled elections and officials -used banking to become even more wealthy -strong patrons of art and architecture | |
| 536516447 | Niccolo Machiavelli | -Florentine Bureaucrat during the renaissance -wrote the political treatise the Prince -talked about how to gain and maintain power using and ends justify the means view | |
| 536516448 | Michelangelo | -Italian architect, sculptor, painter during the renaissance - sculpted David, and designed the dome on Saint Peter's -painted the Sistine Chapel | |
| 536516449 | Tomas More | -Lawyer and Christian Humanist during the Northern Renaissance -Wrote Utopia and was the first to describe Utopia as a perfect society -councilor to King Henry VIII of england, and was lord Chancellor | |
| 536516450 | Northern Renaissance | -stemmed from the Italian Renaissance -Combined Humanism and Individualism with Christianity -thinkers of the northern renaissance pushed for social reform | |
| 536516451 | Fugger Family | -wealth and powerful German family in the 15th and 16th century -made $ through banking and international trade -owned a lot of property | |
| 536516452 | Frank Petrarch | -Florentine humanist during the renaissance -Father of Humanism -made people realize they were living in a new great era, separate from the middle ages or the Dark Ages as he called it | |
| 536516453 | Raphael Sanzio | -Italien painter during the Renaissance -created a school for young artist - created the School at Athens - his works show the changing artistic style | |
| 536516454 | Renaissance | -rebirth of art, culture, and intellect started in Italy -beginning of Humanism, Secularism, and Individualism -change in art music and literature | |
| 536516455 | Secularism | -people of the renaissance became more concerned with the matieral world -main concern was present life on earth contrary to the middle ages which was the opposite - | |
| 536516456 | The Papal States | -one of the 5 powers of the Italian Peninsula during the renaissance -unified by Rodrigo Borgia and his son Cesare | |
| 536516457 | War of the Roses | -English civil wars between houses York and Lancaster from 1455-1471 -Yorks were white roses Lancaster's were red roses - hurt trade aggriculture and production -the York Edward III ended it and began to reconstruct the monarchy | |
| 536516458 | Mannerism | -artistic style used by Michelangelo and Titan -distorted figures, exaggerated masculinity, and heightened color -considered negative for a while as people liked realism | |
| 536516459 | Cesare Borgia | -son of Pope Alex VI and made gonfaloniere -a cruel leader and a liar Italy was scared of him, and when his dad died they wanted revenge on him | |
| 536516460 | William Shakespeare | -popular writer in England during the Renaissance -incorporated humanism, and individualism into his work -had a superior understanding of the wester world and language, as well as the human condition | |
| 536516461 | Indulgences | - a document signed by a church official that you could buy in place of penance -you could buy your way into heaven | |
| 536516462 | Diet of Worms | -an assembly of the Holy Roman Empire called by Charles V -Here Luther was asked to recant his opinions -He refused | |
| 536516463 | Martin Luther | - Augustinian friar, monk, and professor -wrote the 95 theses -attacked the corruption of the Catholic Church - ignited the reformation | |
| 536516464 | Ulrich Zwingli | -Swiss Humanist, priest, and Protestant -believed in the sole authority of the scriptures -helped to turn Zurich into a Theocracy | |
| 536516465 | Anabaptists | -left wing protestants -believed only on adult baptism -hated by Catholics and other Protestants | |
| 536516466 | Peasants' Revolt of 1525 | -peasants revolted against secular leaders -interpreted Luther's ideas and believed he meant total freedom when he meant spiritual freedom -Luther sympathized with the peasants but agreed with nobility | |
| 536516467 | Charles V | -gained a great amount of land very quickly at a young age from a series of deaths -devout Catholic and didn't want to sign the Augsburg Confession but he was forced to -dived up his land between his bro and son and left | |
| 536516468 | Peace of Augsburg | -Charles V officially recognized Lutheranism in1555 -North Germany became Protestant while the south stayed Catholic -power was taken away from the Church and given to Land rulers, and religious wars were ended in Germany | |
| 536516469 | Mennonites Quakers Unitarians | -divisions of Anabaptism -Mennonites believed that faith comes from the scriptures -Quakers believed in waiting for God rather than following a corrupt church -Unitarians rejected the trinity | |
| 536516470 | Henry VIII | -Second of the Tudor Dynasty and a super Catholic -Wanted an annulment because his wife couldn't give him a son -broke away from the Catholic Church and started the Church of England to do this | |
| 536516471 | Supremacy Act | -Stated that the King was the head of the English Church -rejected Papal Authority and rearranged Church Power -led to conflicts between Church and State | |
| 536516472 | Mary Tudor | - daughter of Henry VIII ruled from 1553-1558 -restored Catholicism in England -called Bloody Mary because of how she killed Protestants | |
| 536516473 | Puritans | -protestants who wanted to Purify the English Church from Catholic ways - focused on preaching and independent Churches | |
| 536516474 | Queen Elizabeth I | -daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn -Queen of England from 1564-1603 and was the Virgin Queen -United the Church of England by accepting Protestants and Catholics | |
| 536516475 | John Calvin | -Created Calvinism which was a strict form of Lutheranism -Theocracy in Geneva -Had the greatest effect on the reformation | |
| 536516476 | Geneva | -the city that was a church -theocracy dominated by Calvinism -Central Hub of Calvinism | |
| 536516477 | John Knox | -Scottish man who persuaded the parliament to allow a State Church -created Presbyterianism as the state religion -based off of Calvinism | |
| 536516478 | Index of Prohibited Books | -list of mostly religious books banned byPope Julius III -worked in the Papal States but had little effect elsewhere -showed that the Catholic Church was reforming | |
| 536516479 | Catholic (Counter) Reformation | -Pope Julius III tried to raise moral and educational standards of the church -Catholic Church made a comeback -tried to destroy the corruption of the Church | |
| 536516480 | Council of Trent | -goals were to reconcile with protestants which didn't happen -reaffirmed Catholic doctrine -started the Catholic Reformation Initiated by Pope Julius III | |
| 536516481 | Jesuits | -Catholic Society for men -tried to educate and train Priests | |
| 536516482 | Spanish and Italien Inquisitions | -Spanish inquisition tried to convert Muslims to Christianity -Italian inquisitions accused Jews of killing Christ and put them in Ghettos -initiated by Pope Paul IV | |
| 536516483 | Huguenots | -French Calvinists -set up their own schools, towns, and churches -lots of conflict between them and Catholics | |
| 536516484 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | -Occurred at the wedding of Henry of Navarre, which was supposed to unite the Huguenots and Catholics -led to a civil war where 70,000 protestants were killed | |
| 536516485 | Politiques | -moderates of both Calvinism and Catholicism in France -believed that only a strong monarchy could save France -they saved France | |
| 536516486 | Henry IV | -also called Henry of Navarre was a Politique who became king of France of Henry III was assassinated -set aside religious principals for politics which saved France -Published the Edict of Nantes | |
| 536516487 | Edict of Nantes | -a document published by Henry IV -allowed Huguenots to practice freely in 150 towns -restored internal peace to France | |
| 536516488 | Philip II | -Spanish King son of Charles V who controlled Spain, Naples Sicily, and Portugal -was raised a devout Catholic and hated protestantism -couldn't stop the revolts in the Netherlands | |
| 536516489 | Presbyterianism | -branch of Protestantism with a Calvinism doctrine -developed in Scotland by John Knox -had ministers instead of bishops -state church and members had close ties to Puritans | |
| 536516490 | Pilgrimage of Grace | -Multi Class rebellion in England -angry over King Henry VIII's split from the Catholic Church, and dissolution of the Monastaries | |
| 536516491 | Sulieman I | -Sultan of the Ottoman Turks -defeated the hungarians -controlled sea trade in the eastern Mediterranean | |
| 536516492 | Prince Henry the Navigator | -Prince of Portugal -Finically supported many over seas expeditions -huge patron of exploration | |
| 536516493 | Christopher Columbus | -explorer who sailed for Spain -"discovered" America -believed he had discovered the Indies | |
| 536516494 | Vasco de Gama | -found a sea route to India from the east coast of Africa -set up trade routes but did not set up alliances | |
| 536516495 | Ferdinand Magellan | -Portuguese mariner -first to circumnavigate the world -crossed the Pacific -helped people get an accurate sense of the size of the world | |
| 536516496 | Francisco Pizarro | -Spanish conquistador -Conquered the Inca's -his conquering of the Inca's helped set up new relations between the Old and New Worlds | |
| 536516497 | Hernando Cortes | -Spanish Conquistador -conquered the Aztecs -conquered Mexico | |
| 536516498 | Amerigo Vespucci | -Florentine explorer -first to recognize that the New World was a separate continent -America is named for him | |
| 536516499 | Francis Drake | -English explorer during the reign of Elizabeth I -known for plundering and looting the Spanish which caused tension | |
| 536516500 | Encomienda System | -a right given by the Spanish crown to explorers - allowed them to force natives to work for free -essentially legalized slavery | |
| 536516501 | Bartolome e Las Casas | -Spanish colonist against the cruelty toward amerindians -became a friar -tried unsuccessfully to establish a safe place for amerindians | |
| 536516502 | Columbian Exchange | -series of items traded between the Old and New worlds purposely and accidentally -created trade between America Europe and Asia | |
| 536516503 | Price Revolution | -high inflation rate across Europe -caused by the sharp rise in population -demand for goods could not be met so prices increased | |
| 536516504 | Spanish Armada | -Spanish Navy -Very Strong -Sailed to England because Elizabeth was supporting reforms -Defeated | |
| 536516505 | Treaty of Tordesillas | -an imaginary line used to settle disputes of territory between Spain and Portugal -Spain got everything to the west -Portugal got everything to the east | |
| 536516506 | Thomas Hobbes | -English philosopher with a pessimistic view of human nature -wrote Leviathan in which he described the need for an absolute ruler -put pressure on Rulers to become absolute rulers | |
| 536516507 | Duke of Sully | -French Calvinist -Helped Henry IV establish the foundation of economic growth in France -taxed many things -helped France recover after many Religious wars | |
| 536516508 | Parlements | -small judicial bodies in France -made all of the decisions and how quite a bit of power -Louis XIV took power away from them | |
| 536516509 | Cardinal Richelieu | -French politique -became president of the council of ministers -came up with the intendant system -put power above all else -laid foundation for absolutism in France | |
| 536516510 | Intendants | -French middle class and Royal Officers -worked in different French provinces -centralized King's power by reducing the noble's -appointed by Richelieu, and collected taxes | |
| 536516511 | Cardinal Mazarin | -minister of France after Richelieu -increased taxes which led to the Fronde -made France the most powerful monarchy -completed Richelieu's goals | |
| 536516512 | Fronde | -protest in France -People revolted against the increased level of taxation - Started by nobles of the robe -inspired King Louis XIV's hatred of the Nobles | |
| 536516513 | Jean Baptiste-Colbert | -French politician -worked as the minister of finances under the rule of Louis XIV -worked hard and saved them from bankruptcy | |
| 536516514 | Peace of Utrecht | -maintained the balance of power in Europe -ended Louis XIV's expansions -France and Spain could never unite -throne of Spain was given to Louis XIV's grandson | |
| 536516515 | Baroque | -new artistic style during the 1600's in Europe - used exaggerated motion to show emotion -used to glorify the chuch | |
| 536516516 | Versailles | -elegant mansion of King Louis Louis XIV -pleasure prison for nobles who they could be kept in check, they had to follow strict rules -center of political, cultural, and social life of Europe -represented Louis' power | |
| 536516517 | Petition of Right | -formed by English Parliament member in response to Charles I trying to claim absolute monarchy -stated that the King was not above the law and PArliament still had power -led to the English civil war and the death of Charles I -laid the foundations for a constitutional monarchy | |
| 536516518 | Oliver Cromwell | -leader of the New Model Army -claimed power as Protectorate after his forces killed Charles I -inserted his rump parliament into power -essentially a Military dictator | |
| 536516519 | James II | -Catholic son of Charles II -English king who tried to reestablish Catholicism - was forced out and fled to France during the glorious revolution | |
| 536516520 | William and Mary | -joint sovereigns who replaced James II during the glorious revolution -them accepting this role showed that parliament had power -there were strings attached like the bill of rights -constitutionnel monarchy | |
| 536516521 | Glorious Revolution | -1688 Parliament replaced James II with William and Mary -established a constitutional monarchy and bill of rights -Monarchy lost power | |
| 536516522 | John Locke | -stated that it was the government's duty to protect life liberty and property -stated that any Monarch who became a tyrant the people could rebel -wrote the treatise for the Glorious Revolution | |
| 536516523 | Whigs | -parliamentary party opposed to absolutism -overthrew James II -Protestants | |
| 536516524 | Tories | -parliamentary party who opposed the whigs -believed in the old system of selecting monarchs -absolutism | |
| 536516525 | Dutch East India Company | -a large Dutch monopoly used to secure their trading in the Indian Ocean -State within a State -helped the Dutch claim independence from Spain -joint stock company | |
| 536516526 | Albrecht Von Wallenstien | -Protestant Bohemian mercenary -fought for the Hapsburg's in the thirty years war -won many battles against protestant armies | |
| 536516527 | Gustavus Adolphus | -King of Sweden during the 30 years war -provided key force in the second stage of the war for the protestants -died in battle | |
| 536516528 | Peace of Westphalia | -ended the thirty years war and ended religious wars in Europe -brought about modern times -reestablished the peace of Augsburg adding Calvinism -disunited the HRE | |
| 536516529 | Junkers | -the nobles and landowning class in Brandenburg and Prussia -gave political power away for total control over peasants and exempt from taxes -their submission allowed Prussia to be united | |
| 536516530 | Frederick William | -King of Prussia -Showed absolutist tendencies by eliminating local government -created a military state that was one of the strongest in Europe | |
| 536516531 | Ivan the Terrible | -first Tsar of Russia -believed in divine right of kings -brutal paranoid -hated the nobles | |
| 536516532 | Michael Romanov | -grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible -ascended to the throne while they were at war with Sweden and Poland -Successfully endend the wars with the Peace of Stolbovo and the Treaty of Deulino | |
| 536516533 | St. Petersburg | -Capitol of Russia founded by Peter the Great -center of Russian Culture and a port city -Nobles were forced to live here | |
| 536516534 | Act of Union | -two acts between Scotland and England -united the two countries into Great Britton | |
| 536516535 | Aristotelean Universe | -Middle Age View -Fit the Religion -10 Spheres where Earth is at the center -Heaven Above Hell Below -Four Imperfect elements | |
| 536516536 | Copernicus | -Polish Clergyman and Astronomer -Believed that the sun was at the center of the universe -His hypothesis was proven correct by Johannes Kepler -Challenged religion | |
| 536516537 | Tyco Brahe | -built an observatory -studied the stars for 20 years -his work proved the Copernican theory but he didn't accept it | |
| 536516538 | Johannes Kepler | -assistant of Brahe -proved mathematically the theory of Copernicus -wrote the three laws of planetary motion that we still use | |
| 536516539 | Galileo | -Italian scientist -improved the telescope, compass, copernican Ideas -came up with the law of inertia -his ideas challenged the church's authority -was put under house arrest | |
| 536516540 | Sir Isaac Newton | -synthesized the work of Galileo, Copernicus, and Kepler -deism -created on theory to explain the order of the universe | |
| 536516541 | Francis Bacon | -scientist who helped to develop an early version of our scientific method -advocated only for inductive reasoning and experimentation -rejected the medieval view of the world | |
| 536516542 | Rene Descartes | -influential scientist -used deductive reasoning and logic -helped develop an early version of the scientific method | |
| 536516543 | Rationalism | -to prove something you need evidence and a reason -faith or religion is not enough -key concept of the enlightenment | |
| 536516544 | Inductive reasoning vs. Deductive reasoning | -inductive= using facts and experiments -deductive= using logic and basic knowledge -both are used in the scientific method | |
| 536516545 | Deism | -belief that God created the universe but doesn't meddle in it -many philosophes believed this | |
| 536516546 | Utilitarianism | -ethical doctrine sating that decisions are only good if they benefit the majority -things are measured by happiness -small groups are unhappy | |
| 536516547 | Philosophes | -Usually French men who formed the foundations of the enlightenment -advocated for the use of reason and logic rather than religion -advocated for political and economic change | |
| 536516548 | Classical Liberalism | -political ideology that advocated for civil liberties and political freedom -limited government -prioritized economic freedom | |
| 536516549 | Baron de Montesquieu | -philosophe who believed that government should be separated into 3 branches | |
| 536516550 | Francois Voltaire | -French philosophe who advocated for reason -hated organized religion -inspired American and French Revolution | |
| 536516551 | Encyclopedia | -written by Denis Diderot -made up of articles trying to get people to make their own choices -banned in France Banned by the Pope | |
| 536516552 | Denis Diderot | -began as a hack writer -his writing made fun of the church -his writings were often burnt -wrote the encyclopedia | |
| 536516553 | David Hume | -Scottish Intellectual who was a religious skeptic -Agreed with John Locke that humans could not understand non-physical happenings | |
| 536516554 | Salons | -private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats -men were usually the ones talking -gave women a place of importance | |
| 536516555 | Rococo | - a popular artistic style developed by elite European women -used soft pastels, details, and starry eyed lovers -added some femininity to the paintings | |
| 536516556 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | -a Swiss man and great thinker -believed that the general will should dictate not the monarch -misogynistic -published the social contract | |
| 536516557 | Immanuel Kant | -German Philosopher -separated science and mortality -believed science could describe nature but not mortality | |
| 536516558 | Frederick the Great | -enlightened despot who expanded Prussia's land -defeated in the 7 years war -freed serfs and created a state education system | |
| 536516559 | Catherine the Great | -enlightened despot of Russia -rose to power through murder -expanded and reformed Russia -her reforms helped the nobles and state not peasants or serfs | |
| 536516560 | Emelian Pugachev | -leader of the peasants in Russia -head of the peasant's rebellion -his army was made up of the lower classes -his army was defeated and he was killed | |
| 536516561 | Maria Theresa | -enlightened despot of Austria -took power from the pope and placed it in the bureaucracy giving her more power -took the power noble had over their serfs away | |
| 536516562 | Joseph II | -son of Maria Theresa -influenced by the philosophes -believed the state had more power when given enough reason | |
| 536516563 | War of Austrian Succession | -France and England fought over India and the New World -Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle preserved the Status Quo -Started because Maria Theresa wanted Silesia | |
| 536516564 | Seven Years' War | -Probably the first world war -Britain and Prussia VS. Russia Austria and France -bloodiest waar in Europe since the 30 years war -spilled into the colonies -Treaty of Versailles ended it | |
| 536516565 | French and Indian War | -fought in North America -Britain and the Colonies VS. France and Native Americans -Contributed to Britain's economic dominance | |
| 536516566 | Wet Nursing | -A woman who nurses another woman's child -popular in France -usually poorer women -led to a high infant mortality rate | |
| 536516567 | Primogeniture | -the right for a firstborn child to inherit all property -men were higher than women regardless of age -whole-blood tromped not whole blood | |
| 536516568 | Infanticide | -the act of killing an infant in its first year -usually committed by poorer women -shows how children of the 18th century could be a burden -laws were made to prevent it | |
| 536516569 | Agricultural Revolution | -selective breeding -new crops and technologies like the seed drill -increase of food production throughout Europe -helped offset famine -17th and 18th centuries | |
| 536516570 | Crop Rotation/Seed Drill | -new ways of growing more food -crop rotation was rotating crops that were grown in each field -this kept the soil rich -Seed Drill was a new invention to plant crops in neat rows -invented by Jethro Tull | |
| 536516571 | Enclosure Acts | -a series of over 3,000 acts passed by the British Parliament -increased landowner's profit -left many peasants jobless -led to the commercialization of agriculture | |
| 536516572 | Bank of England | -a national bank used to fund trade -functioned as the debt managers for the government -lent to the Dutch India Company helping the Dutch economy | |
| 536516573 | Putting Out System | -process where raw materials were turned into finished goods -materials were sent out to the countryside to be worked upon by cottages -created the cottage industry | |
| 536516574 | Richard Arkwright | -invented the water frame to improve spinning speed -later used steam power to power looms -required the factory production of textiles -start of the industrial revolution | |
| 536516575 | Mercantilism | -government controlled economy -used to fund wars and keep absolutists in power -usually in Western-Europe -promoted the hoarding of gold and silvers -the opposite of laissez-faire | |
| 536516576 | Adam Smith | -leading figure of the scottish enlightenment -promoted a laissez-fiare economy -provided the foundations of modern economics -against mercantilism |
