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| 301414901 | Natural philosophy | leaders in changes in the understanding of the natural world called their field... | 0 | |
| 301414902 | Nicholas Copernicus | polish astronomer who theorized that the stars and planets revolved around the sun | 1 | |
| 301414903 | Copernican Hypothesis | state that the stars were stationary and their nightly movement was a result of the earth's rotation; created a universe of larger than previously theorized size, characterized eart as just another planet | 2 | |
| 301414904 | Johannes Kepler | formulated the 3 Laws of Planetary Motion based upon Brahe's work and mathematical calculations | 3 | |
| 301414905 | Galileo Galilei | eleaborated and consolidated the experimental method, formulated the Law of Inertia | 4 | |
| 301414906 | Experimental Method | the conduction of controlled experiments to find out what actually did happen | 5 | |
| 301414907 | Law of Inertia | discovered by Galileo; rest is not the natural state of objects; an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by external force | 6 | |
| 301414908 | Issac Newton | integrated a single explanatory system with the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler along with the physics of Galileo | 7 | |
| 301414909 | Law of Universal Gravitation | every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a mathematical relationship by the force of attraction proportioned with the quantity of matter of the object | 8 | |
| 301414910 | Empiricism | the researcher who wants to learn more about leaves or rocks should not speculate abou the subject but should rather collect a multitude of specimens and then compare and analyze them | 9 | |
| 301414911 | Deductive Reasoning | when you start with the result and work your way back through the causes | 10 | |
| 301414912 | Rationalism | a secular way of viewing things that only allows for what can be proved | 11 | |
| 301414913 | Francis Bacon | believed that knowledge should be attained through empirical experimental researchc not speculative reasoning | 12 | |
| 301414914 | Rene Descartes | discovered the correspondence between geometry and algebra and that geometric spatial figures could be expressed as algebraic equations | 13 | |
| 301414915 | Cartesian Dualism | the view that the world consists of two fundamental entitites "Mind" and "Body | 14 | |
| 301414916 | Enlightenment | the methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life, the scientific method was capable of disovering the laws of human society as well as natur, human beings could create better societies and better people | 15 | |
| 301414917 | Rationalism | secul, critical way of thinking, nothing accepted by faith | 16 | |
| 301414918 | Progress | belief that human beings could ccreate and better society with better people | 17 | |
| 301414919 | Bernard de Fontenelle | wrote science in an easy to read way for a larger audience, wrote Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds | 18 | |
| 301414920 | Pierre Bayle | skeptic, examined the religious beliefs and persecuations of the past, demonstrated that human beliefs had been varied and often mistaken, stated that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt | 19 | |
| 301414921 | Skepticism | a way of looking at things in a critical way which accepts nothing for certain | 20 | |
| 301414922 | Tabula Rasa | Locke's theory that every human being is a born a blank slate | 21 | |
| 301414923 | Philosophes | the philosophers and intellectual men of the Englightenment | 22 | |
| 301414924 | Republic of Letters | an imaginary realm constituted by all members of the educated or enlightened public | 23 | |
| 301414925 | The Persian Letters | a social satir written by Montesquieu that consisted of fictional letter by two Persian travelers who see European customs in a new way | 24 | |
| 301414926 | The Spirit of Laws | a comparitive study of republics, despotisms, and monarchies | 25 | |
| 301414927 | Seperation of Powers | political power is divided and shared by a variety of classes and estates holding unequal rights and privileges preventing despotism | 26 | |
| 301414928 | Voltaire | Enlightened thinker who was published by Barielle Emmilie le Tonellier and wrote to many powerful people including kings and queens | 27 | |
| 301414929 | Denis Diderot | edited the Encyclopedia in order to educate people and change the way of thinking | 28 | |
| 301414930 | D'Alembert | co-edited the Encyclopedia with Diderot | 29 | |
| 301414931 | Encyclopedia | seventeen-volumes that covered a variety of subjects and attempted to change people's way of thinking | 30 | |
| 301414932 | David Hume | religious skeptic, said that the human mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions and that questions cannot be verified by sense experiments | 31 | |
| 301414933 | Reading Revolution | the educated public through Europe began to read constant changing text, rapidly, and silently | 32 | |
| 301414934 | Salons | places where intellecutals could go and spread ideas and discover literature, science, and philosophy | 33 | |
| 301414935 | Rococo | style of art that consisted of pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, starry eyed lovers, and cupids | 34 | |
| 301414936 | Public Sphere | an area in social life where people can get together and freely discuss and identify society problems | 35 | |
| 301414937 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | against rationalism and civilization, people are basically good, influenced the early romantic movement | 36 | |
| 301414938 | The Social Contract | written by Rousseau, bouched for governement based on general will and popular soveriegnty | 37 | |
| 301414939 | Immanuel Kant | wrote What is Enlightenment? and believed that people should have courage to use their own understanding | 38 | |
| 301414940 | Supere Aude! | have courage to use your own understanding | 39 | |
| 301414941 | Enlightened Absolutism | the use of Enlightenment as a reason for right to the throne and the idea to make reforms from the monarch not the people | 40 | |
| 301414942 | Frederick the Great | Prussian leader who after the Seven Years War began to spread idea of Enlightenment | 41 | |
| 301414943 | Catherine the Great | russian leader who led a rebellion against her husband Peter the Great, led political and soceity Enlightenment ideas to Russia | 42 | |
| 301414944 | Maria Theresa and Joseph II | attempted to introduce reforms that would make the state stronger and more efficient by limiting the papacy, administrative reforms, and seeking to reform the conditions of the aggricultural population | 43 | |
| 301414945 | Support for Aristotle | his views distinguished between the world of the celestial spheres and that of the eart and supported religious beliefs | 44 | |
| 301414946 | Results of Copernican Hypothesis | destoryed Aristotle's theory of crystal spheres, made the universe larger, made earth just another planet | 45 | |
| 301414947 | Copernican's time period | the Renaissance | 46 | |
| 301414948 | 3 Laws of Planetary Motion | 1)orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical 2)planets do not move at a uniform speed 3)the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun | 47 | |
| 301414949 | Galileo's response to being brought before the Inquisition | recanted and claimed he was in error | 48 | |
| 301414950 | two primary causes of the Scientific Revolution | 1)The Development of the Medieval University 2) The Renaissance | 49 | |
| 301414951 | women's role in the Scientific Revolution | wealthy women often held salons in their households and were able to learn from private tutors and books | 50 | |
| 301414952 | reasons why philosphes thrived in France | French was the international language of the educate classes, after the dath of Louis SIV aboslutism and religious wrthodoxy were weakened | 51 | |
| 301414953 | Deism | the belief in a distant God | 52 | |
| 301414954 | Hereditary Subjugation | peasants wre tied to their lords and their serfs from one generation to the next | 53 | |
| 301414955 | Protestant Union | alliance between Lutheran princes in order to maintain the Augsburg Principles | 54 | |
| 301414956 | Catholic League | Catholic alliance formed to counter the Protestant Union | 55 | |
| 301414957 | Defenstration of Prague | Protestants threw two Catholic officials from castle window in Prague | 56 | |
| 301414958 | Ferdinand of Styria | Catholic King in Bohemia, led the Catholic League in the first stage of the Thirty Years War | 57 | |
| 301414959 | Frederick the Elector of the Palatinate | United Prussia | 58 | |
| 301414960 | Elector | person who could vot for Holy Roman Emperor | 59 | |
| 301414961 | Albert of Wallenstein | leader of the Catholic imperial army, was only trying to improve military, Catholic forces split under his leadership | 60 | |
| 301414962 | Edict of Restitution | all Cathlic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 were restored, only Catholics and Lautherans were allowed to practice their faiths | 61 | |
| 301414963 | Peace of Westphalia | ended the Thirty Years War, recognized teh soverign, indpendent authority of German princes, ind. of the United Provinces of the Netherlands | 62 | |
| 301414964 | Bohemian Estates | the Bohemian respresentative body, largely controlled by protestants | 63 | |
| 301414965 | Pragmatic Sanction | state the Hapsburgs' posessions were never to be divided | 64 | |
| 301414966 | Hohenzollern Family | ruled as the imperial electors of Brandenburg and the dukes of Prussia | 65 | |
| 301414967 | Frederick William | unfied his three provinces )Brandenburg, Prussia, and scattered territories along the Rhine) | 66 | |
| 301414968 | Junkers | Brandenburg nobility and landowning class | 67 | |
| 301414969 | Boyars | old nobility of Russia | 68 | |
| 301414970 | Service Nobility | new nobles created by tsars to ensure loyalty | 69 | |
| 301414971 | Cossacks | free groups and outlaw armies formed under the harsh rule of Ivan the Terrible | 70 | |
| 301414972 | Tsar | the rightful and holy rulers of Russia, support by Orthodox Christianity | 71 | |
| 301414973 | Romanovs | Russian royal family of tsars that reconsolidated central authority | 72 | |
| 301414974 | Peter the Great | militaristic leader of Russia who continued territorial expansion | 73 | |
| 301414975 | Great Northern War | war between Russia and Sweden | 74 | |
| 301414976 | St. Petersburg | city built by Peter the Great using modern techniques | 75 | |
| 301414977 | Suleiman the Magnificent | sultan of the Ottoman Empire during its peak | 76 | |
| 301414978 | Sultan | a king or sovereign of the Ottoman Empire | 77 | |
| 301414979 | Millet Sytem | the Ottoman Empire divided its minority populations according to religious affiliation | 78 | |
| 301414980 | Serfdom | the system in which serfs worked the lands of their feudal lords | 79 | |
| 301414981 | Who broke the Peace of Augsburg? | Lutherans | 80 | |
| 301414982 | Stages of the Thirty Years War | The Bohemian Stage, The Danish Stage, The Swedish Stage, and the International Stage | 81 | |
| 301414983 | The Bohemian Stage | civil war in England between the Catholic Leaugue and the Protestant Union | 82 | |
| 301414984 | The Danish Stage | Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein | 83 | |
| 301414985 | The Swedish Stage | Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus enters the war in support of the protestants | 84 | |
| 301414986 | The International Stage | France enters war on the Protestant side | 85 | |
| 301414987 | Why were the French against the Hapsburgs in the 30 Years War | Cardinal Richeleui (essentially leading France at the time) feared the growing power of the Hapsburgs | 86 | |
| 301414988 | Geographical issues of Brandenburg | land-locked; sand & swamp | 87 | |
| 301414989 | Absolutists Architecture | rulers built grande palaces to symbolize wealth and power | 88 | |
| 301414990 | St. Petersburg | modern uniform city w/ blocks, stone bridges, and street lighting | 89 | |
| 301414991 | Ottoman Empire | religiously tolerant, safe haven for Jews & Muslims during the Inquistion | 90 | |
| 301414992 | Sieyes | What is the Third Estate? | 91 | |
| 301414993 | Moral Economy | a world in which community need is predominate over competition and profit | 92 | |
| 301414994 | Demography | the makeup of the people of a country | 93 | |
| 301414995 | Sovereignty | supreme power in government | 94 | |
| 301414996 | Popular Revolts | revolts cause by warfare, ended when municipal government integrated into national structure and with military backup | 95 | |
| 301414997 | Henry IV | established the Edict of Nantes, lowered, taxes, introduced the Paulette | 96 | |
| 301414998 | Edict of Nantes | allowed protestant to worship in town throuout Europe, angered some devout Catholics | 97 | |
| 301414999 | Cardinal Richeleiu | 1st minister of French crown, dominated the royal council reshuffling the members and eliminated potential power brokers | 98 | |
| 301415000 | Noblesse de robe | nobility appointed directed by monarch | 99 | |
| 301415001 | La Rochelle | 4th largest of French-Atlantic ports and major commercial center with ties to Holland and England | 100 | |
| 301415002 | Raison D'Etat | "where the interests of the state are concerned, God absolves actions which, if privately comitted, would be a crime." | 101 | |
| 301415003 | Peace of Utrecht | ended the war of Spanish Succession | 102 | |
| 301415004 | Peter Paul Rubens | baroque painter, characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrast, and monumental size | 103 | |
| 301415005 | Molier and Racine | French play-writes famous for dramas and trajedies | 104 | |
| 301415006 | Benedict Spinoza | rational philisopher | 105 | |
| 301415007 | The Oranges | ruling family of the Netherlands | 106 | |
| 301415008 | The Bourbons | ruling family of France | 107 | |
| 301415009 | The Romanavs | ruling family of Russia | 108 | |
| 301415010 | The Hapsburgs | ruling family of Austria | 109 | |
| 301415011 | Fredericks / Frederick-Williams | ruling family of Prussia | 110 | |
| 301415012 | Treaty of Tortesillas | divided land in the new world between Spain and Portugal | 111 | |
| 301415013 | Austria and Prussia continually fought over... | Silesia | 112 | |
| 301415014 | Burkheart | historian | 113 | |
| 301415015 | Marandola | man can be anything | 114 | |
| 301415016 | Erasmus | Praise of Folly | 115 | |
| 301415017 | More | Utopia | 116 | |
| 301415018 | Loyal | founded the Jesuits | 117 | |
| 301415019 | Montaigne | skeptic | 118 | |
| 301415020 | Rousseau | social contract | 119 | |
| 301415021 | Kant | dare to know | 120 |
