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| 58507710 | Auguste Comte | Positivism, a philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science. Wrote The Positive Philosophy. | 0 | |
| 58507711 | Charles Darwin | Published On the Origin of Species, The Descent of Man, Newton of Biology, worked with Alfred Russel, had the idea of natural selection and Social Darwinism. | 1 | |
| 58507712 | On the Origin of Species | Formulates the principle of natural selection, explains how species had changed or evolved over time. | 2 | |
| 58507713 | The Descent of Man | Applies the principle of evolution by natural selection to human beings. Humans changed the way they did in response to the requirements of survival. | 3 | |
| 58507714 | Natural Selection | Only the fittest organisms in an environment can survive long enough to reproduce. | 4 | |
| 58507715 | Gregor Mendel | Austrian monk, worked on heredity, worked with genetics with peas. | 5 | |
| 58507716 | Herbert Spencer | British philosopher, society progresses through competition, advocate of evolution, believes protecting the weak results in human kind losing. | 6 | |
| 58507717 | Social Darwinism | The term for evolutionary ethics and similar concepts applied to humans. | 7 | |
| 58507718 | Thomas Henry Huxley | The great defender of Darwin, declared the physical process of evolution was at odds with human ethical development. Was a critic of social Darwinism. | 8 | |
| 58507719 | William Roentgen | Xray. | 9 | |
| 58507720 | Albert Einstein | Had his first epoch making papers on relativity. | 10 | |
| 58507721 | Relativity | Time and space exist as a combined continuum, time and space depend on the observer as well as the things being measured. | 11 | |
| 58507722 | Werner Heisenberg | Created uncertainty principle, physics. | 12 | |
| 58507723 | Uncertainty principle | The idea that subatomic particles behave randomly rather than of exact determinable cause and effect. | 13 | |
| 58507724 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian physiologist, worked with hypnosis, thought sexual matters were significant in his patient's problems, worked with dreams, wrote The Interpretation of Dreams. | 14 | |
| 58507725 | Interpretation of Dreams | Concludes that dreams allow unconscious wishes, desires, and drives that had been excluded from everyday conscious life. | 15 | |
| 58507726 | Id | Internal Desire | 16 | |
| 58507727 | ego | What emerges when superego moderates Id | 17 | |
| 58507728 | superego | Societies expectations etc. | 18 | |
| 58507729 | Carl Jung | A swiss whom for many years Freud regarded as his most promising student. Questioned the primacy of sexual drives in forming personality and in contributing to mental disorder. Human subconscious contains inherited memories. | 19 | |
| 58507730 | Collective unconsciousness | Part of the unconscious mind that describe how the structure of the psyche autonomously organizes experience. | 20 | |
| 58507731 | David Strauss | Published the Life of Jesus, questioned historical evidence about Jesus. Critical of religion. | 21 | |
| 58507732 | The Life of Jesus | questioned historical evidence about Jesus | 22 | |
| 58507733 | Charles Lyell's geology | Suggests that the earth is much older than the biblical records. | 23 | |
| 58507734 | Friedrich Nietzche | Wrote The Birth of Tragedy, national aspects of human nature are as important and noble as rational characteristics. Criticized democracy and Christianity. Embodied heroism and greatness. | 24 | |
| 58507735 | Thus spake Zarathustra | Written by Nietzche, criticized democracy and Christianity. Announced death of God and proclaimed the coming of the Overman who would embody heroism and greatness. | 25 | |
| 58507736 | Ubermensch | Another word for the Overman, who would embody heroism and greatness, had to do with Nietzche. Interpreted as some mode of superman or super race. | 26 | |
| 58507737 | Beyond Good and Evil | Ideas of not what is good and what is evil, but what the sources of judgment of what is good and what is evil. Morality is a human convention, has no independent existence at all. | 27 | |
| 58507738 | Increasing State Education | Compulsory free education provided by the state by the end of the 19th century. | 28 | |
| 58507739 | Pius IX | Issued Syllabus of Errors, which set the Catholic Church squarely against contemporary science, philosophy, and politics. | 29 | |
| 58507740 | Papal Infability | The First Vatican Council made this. It means that the pope is always right on spiritual matters. | 30 | |
| 58507741 | Leo XIII Rerum Novarum | Defends private property, religious education, religious control of marriage laws, condemns socialism and marxism. Employers should treat their employees justly. | 31 | |
| 58507742 | Max Weber | Social theorist, impressed by role of reason in human society. Saw bureaucratization as feature of modern social life. Opposed Marx's concept of development, where Marx reasons capitalism driving force in social life. Noneconomic factors might account for major developments in human history. Wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. | 32 | |
| 58507743 | Beaucratization | Corporations and government lead to a bigger beaucracy. howver u spell it. Involves division of labor as each individual fit into a particular role in much larger organizations. | 33 | |
| 58507744 | The Protestant Ethic and the spirit of Capitalism | Written by Weber, traced much of the rational character of capitalist to the religious doctrines of Puritanism. Worked to assure that they stood among the elect of God. | 34 | |
| 58507745 | Georges Sorel | Wrote Reflections on Violence, people do not pursue rationally perceived goals but are led to action by collectively shared ideals. Revolutionary syndicalism. | 35 | |
| 58507746 | Reflections on Violence | written by Sorel, warns about trends of conservatives and parliamentary socialists who could ally against capitalism. People do not pursue rationally perceived goals but are led to action by collectively shared ideals. | 36 | |
| 58507747 | Arthur de Gobineau | reactionary french diplomat, enunciated first theory of race as major determinant of human history. Wrote Essay on the Inequality of the human races. | 37 | |
| 58507748 | Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races | Troubles of western civilization as the result of long degeneration of Aryan race. Gets diluted through cross breeding. | 38 | |
| 58507749 | Houston Chamberlain | Wrote Foundations of the Nineteenth Century. Anti-Semetic. | 39 | |
| 58507750 | Foundations of the Nineteenth Century. | Biological determinism through race, through genetics human race could be improved and develop a superior race. Racism like nationalism. Race is greater than individual kind of like nationalism. | 40 |
