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| 4993245808 | Henry VII of England | The first Tudor king; he greatly reduced the influence of the nobility through numerous acts such as the abolition of private armies and the establishment of the Star Chamber | 0 | |
| 4993249256 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Marriage unified Spain, reconquista, Spanish Inquisition | 1 | |
| 4993250505 | Louix XI | First of the Valois kings that dealt ruthlessly with nobles, built a large army, increased taxes and heavily controlled the clergy. He did also actively promote economic growth by encouraging industries and immigration; His main goal was to preserve and consolidate France; aka the "Spider King." | 2 | |
| 4993252219 | John Wycliffe | Believed scripture alone is our authority,clergy has no special powers, read the bible for yourself (translated it into English), his followers called Lollards | 3 | |
| 4993253613 | Martin V | elected by the Council of Constance, ended the Great Schism, concentrated on Italian problems- excluded universal Christian interests, disregarded need for reform | 4 | |
| 4993255337 | Dante Alighieri | (1265-1321) A poet from Florence, wrote The Divine Comedy, helped to define the vernacular of what is now Italian | 5 | |
| 4993256512 | Geoffrey Chaucer | poet whose many works show the influence of Dante. Wrote in vernacular language. Author of the Canterbury Tales | 6 | |
| 4993257032 | Pico della Mirandola | (1463-1494) An Italian humanist and writer, wrote On the Dignity of Man, which that man was made in the image of God before the fall, believed that there are no limits to what man can accomplish | 7 | |
| 4993262166 | Giovanni Boccaccio | (1313-1375) An Italian poet and writer, wrote The Decameron-a collection of short stories that portrayed a worldly society, became supporter of Petrarch's ideas. | 8 | |
| 4993263358 | Petrarch | (1304-1374) Italian scholar, poet, humanist who proclaimed a revival of the classical Greco-Roman tradition he felt had for centuries lain buried under the rubble of the Middle Ages; first developed the idea of Dark Ages and coined phrased Babylonian Captivity referring to Pope in Avignon. | 9 | |
| 4993266080 | Leonardo Bruni | (1369-1444) First modern historian. Huge civic humanist. First to divide history into antiquity, medieval, and modern. "History of the Florentine People". Translates many Greek and other works into Latin. | 10 | |
| 4993267130 | Machiavelli | He wrote a document on how political leaders should act and rules to follow. He said, "It is better to be feared than loved," and "The ends justify the means." Author of The Prince | 11 | |
| 4993268798 | Castiglione | He described the ideal gentleman of the Renaissance adept in all areas:social, intellectual, and physical; author of The Courtier. | 12 | |
| 4993270205 | Medici family | leading banking family who controlled the government of Florence; operated banks in Italy, Flanders, and London | 13 | |
| 4993270970 | Donatello | (1386-1466) Revived free-standing sculptures; created bronze statue of David; an apprentice in the workshop of Lorenzo Ghiberti, and assisted him in creating the famous bronze doors of the Baptistry of Florence. | 14 | |
| 4993272034 | Brunelleschi | (1377-1446) Architect, painter, and hold 1st industrial patent (for cranes he invented when building the massive dome of Cathedral of Florence. | 15 | |
| 4993272813 | Da Vinci and key works | (1452-1519) A painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist from Florence, experimented with new techniques and perspectives, The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa, designed flying machines and tanks | 16 | |
| 4993274563 | Michelangelo and key works | (1474-1564) Sculptor (David, Pieta, Moses), painter (Sistine Chapel, Last Judgement), Architect (St. Peter's Basilica Dome, Laurentian Library), Poet | 17 | |
| 4993275958 | Raphael Sanzio and key works | (1483-1520) Italian painter; School of Athens. Rival to Michelangelo. | 18 | |
| 4993280451 | Johan Gutenberg | German inventor of the printing press; published the Gutenberg Bible of 1454, the first book in the West printed from interchangeable movable type, which exhibited a beauty and craftsmanship that bore witness to the printer's years of experimentation. | 19 | |
| 4993281611 | Thomas More | (1478-1536) civic humanist; Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England. He wrote Utopia (1516) which mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect (Utopian) society located on an imaginary island. More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society's ills. In order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good. In Utopia war, poverty, and religious intolerance do not exist. | 20 | |
| 4993285597 | Desiderius Erasmus | (1456-1536) A Dutch Humanist and writer, widely respected; wrote In Praise of Folly which was a bestseller; Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament. Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, | 21 | |
| 4993286879 | Jan Van Eyck | (c. 1395-1441)Flemish painter who included great detail in his works and religious symbolism. He pioneered modern techniques of oil painting. He mixed his pigments with linseed oil in place of the egg yolk of earlier centuries. His oil paints dried more slowly and gave pictures a superior luster. His technique was quickly copied by Italian painters. | 22 | |
| 4993289282 | Albrecht Durer | (1471-1528) German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s. He was the foremost Northern Renaissance artist, and specialized in the woodcut technique and also copper engravings. He mastered proportions, perspective, realism, and modeling. | 23 | |
| 4993290352 | Isabella d'Este | a powerful and well-educated political figure, humanitarian, patron of the arts, and mother of seven | 24 | |
| 4993291767 | Christine de Pisan- | A wealthy woman who chronicled the accomplishments of great women of history. Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), was extremely well-educated in France, and was possibly Europe's first feminist. | 25 | |
| 4993293365 | El Greco | (1541-1614)Greek artist (Mannerist) who did most of his greatest work in Spain; Burial of Count Orgaz (1586-88) and Toledo (1597) are two important examples of his work | 26 |
