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| 13869088068 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 0 | |
| 13869088069 | Mannerism | Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poses and compression of space. | 1 | |
| 13869088070 | Baroque Art | art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit | 2 | |
| 13869088071 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 3 | |
| 13869088072 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 4 | |
| 13869088073 | Ursulines | a nun of an order founded by St. Angela Merici (1470-1540) at Brescia in 1535 for nursing the sick and teaching girls. | 5 | |
| 13869088074 | Hugenots | French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin | 6 | |
| 13869088075 | Council of Trent | A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers. | 7 | |
| 13869088076 | Bartolome de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. | 8 | |
| 13869088077 | Hacienda system | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. | 9 | |
| 13869088078 | Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | A trading system in which goods and humans moved between the colonies, Africa and England. Provided labor on colonial plantations. | 10 | |
| 13869088079 | Spanish Armada | The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships. | 11 | |
| 13869088080 | Thirty Years War | (1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. | 12 | |
| 13869088081 | Counter Reformation | the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) | 13 | |
| 13869088082 | Prester John | In legends popular from 12th to 17th century, a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom was cut off from Europe by Muslim conquests; Genghis Khan or Mansa Musa were originally believed to be this mythical ruler | 14 | |
| 13869088083 | Italian Renaissance | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600 | 15 | |
| 13869088084 | Northern Renaissance | the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature | 16 | |
| 13869088085 | Christine de Pisan | highly educated Renaissance-era woman who was among the first to earn a living as a writer; wrote books, including short stories, novels, and manuals on military techniques (in French); her The Book of The City of Ladies and other works spoke out against men's objections to educating women, and championed formal education for women | 17 | |
| 13869088086 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 18 | |
| 13869088087 | Peace of Augsburg | A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. | 19 | |
| 13869088088 | Habsburg-Valois Wars | rivalry between Charles V and Valois king of France, Francis I that became in conflict after disputed territory in southern France, the Netherlands, the Rhineland, northern Spain and Italy. | 20 | |
| 13869088089 | Conquest of Constantinople | In 1453, the Ottomans used cannons to break down the ancient walls of Constantinople to capture it. They rename the city Istanbul and it becomes a Muslim city. | 21 | |
| 13869088090 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 22 | |
| 13869088091 | Spain's Golden Age | Rule of PHILIP II. Riches from NEW WORLD. Increased POPULATION.--> Triggered INFLATION. Efficient bureaucracy and MILITARY. Ended with Spanish ARMADA DEFEAT. | 23 | |
| 13869088092 | Rene Descartes | 17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism | 24 | |
| 13869088093 | Nicolaus Copernicus | A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system. | 25 | |
| 13869088094 | Francis Bacon | developed the scientific method | 26 | |
| 13869088095 | William Harvey | Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart | 27 | |
| 13869088096 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 28 | |
| 13869088097 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought, commercialism | 29 | |
| 13869088098 | Reasons for European Exploration | God, Glory, Gold | 30 | |
| 13869088099 | Price Revolution | increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver | 31 | |
| 13869088100 | Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants | These articles expressed the qualms that the Swabian Peasants had and their demands for equality and fair treatment by the Church; in wake of recent peasant wars | 32 | |
| 13869088101 | Peasant Revolt of 1524 | Bands of angry peasants that went about the country side raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning feeling that they could defy all injustices and still go to heaven with Luther's teachings. Princes' armies with Luther's support crushed these revolts in Germany and over 100,000 were killed. Because of this, Luther seriously began to questions his efforts if they produced so much death. This was the greatest German peasant rebellion ever | 33 | |
| 13869088102 | French Wars of Religion | (1562-1598) Huguenots vs. Catholics results in Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) taking the throne as Henry IV, caused by calvinism and catholicism. aggressive in trying to win converts to their religion, went over eachothers authority. Known as the HApsburg-Valois Wars. The war started with the ruler Charles V trying to change the religion, but he was too busy fighting his opponents. | 34 | |
| 13869088103 | King Charles I | The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (1650s). | 35 | |
| 13869088104 | Machiavelli | Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." | 36 | |
| 13869088105 | Capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | 37 | |
| 13869088106 | Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of the Witches) | German book published in 1487 outlining the nature and appearance of witches. The image that theauthors create of witches still exist largely untouched today | 38 | |
| 13869088107 | Sack of Rome (1527) | a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States | 39 | |
| 13869088108 | The Colloquy of Marburg | a meeting at Marburg Castle, which attempted to solve a dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper | 40 | |
| 13869088109 | The Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. | 41 | |
| 13869088110 | Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. | 42 | |
| 13869088111 | Ulrich Zwingli | (1484-1531) Swiss humanist, priest and disciple of Erasmus. After the Battle of Marignano in Italy in 1515, he became a critic of Swiss mercenary sevice, believing it threatened political sovereignity. By 1518, he became known for opposition against the sale of indulgences. He won people's priest post in Church of Zurich. He believed anything that was not written in Scripture was not to be believed. | 43 | |
| 13869088112 | Henry IV of France | Originally Henry of Navarre. He was a Politique . He became a Catholic because he knew most of France was Catholic. He gave the Huguenots religious liberty. His rule paved the way for French absolutism and helped restore internal peace in France. | 44 | |
| 13869088113 | Philip II of Spain | The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king. | 45 | |
| 13869088114 | Elizabeth I | This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England | 46 | |
| 13869088115 | Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632) | 47 | |
| 13869088116 | The Peace of Westphalia | the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 | 48 | |
| 13869088117 | Thomas Müntzer | This radical early Protestant leader broke from Martin Luther and became a leader of the German Peasants' Revolt, at the end of which he was executed | 49 |
