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| 8607804982 | Absolutism | The idea that a monarch holds all power and governs by divine right. The monarch only has to answer to God |  | 0 |
| 8607804983 | Divine Right Theory of Rule | Belief that God placed each ruler on the throne and therefore they owe their authority to no kne |  | 1 |
| 8607804984 | Cardinal Richelieu | Regent for Louis XIII, set in place the cornerstone of French absolutism. Attempted to break the power of nobility by creating the intendant system |  | 2 |
| 8607804985 | Intendants | Created under Richelieu. These were administrative officials who were hired from the merchant or banking classes to oversee the 33 districts of France and check the power of the local nobles | 3 | |
| 8607804986 | Corvee | Labor tax created under Richelieu placed on peasants so whenever infrastructure improvement was need, peasants could be used as free labor | 4 | |
| 8607804988 | Fronde | A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's . Key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles Palace | 5 | |
| 8607804989 | Louis XIV | Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France for 42 years however his many wars bankrupted the country. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. Created Estate System Colbertism Revoked Edict of Nantes Made Catholicism mandatory |  | 6 |
| 8607804990 | War of Spanish Succession | The powers of Europe fought against a possible unity of France and Spanish, which would then upset the balance of power. It was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. | 7 | |
| 8607804991 | Treaty of Utrecht | Prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire | 8 | |
| 8607804992 | Versailles | Beautiful but excessive palace in Baroque style that was built by Louis XIV that bankrupts the country. This controls the nobles because they are distracted by living there and Louis can easily keep an eye on them. Nobles become indebted to Louis through gambling |  | 9 |
| 8607804993 | Mercantilism | economic policy in France developed by Jean Baptiste Colbert. Inward looking policy. prioritizes exports and imposes trade tariffs on imports. Controls manufacture and guilds to regulate domestic French production to be sold abroad. Laissez faire policies with the colonies that gives them a sense of autonomy. | 10 | |
| 8607804996 | Jacques Boussuet | Catholic bishop who advocates for absolutism. He says that monarch's power derives from God and the king represents God on earth | 11 | |
| 8607804997 | Jean Bodin | French political philosopher who was a strong proponent of absolutism during the reign of Louis XIV. Believed that all laws and government were decreed by the king. | 12 | |
| 8607805000 | James I | Son of Mary Queen of Scots, Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. Loves art and the theatre. Publishes a version of the Bible | 13 | |
| 8607805002 | Charles I | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 | 14 | |
| 8607805003 | Gunpowder Plot | Occurred in 1605 when Guy Fawkes hired a group of men to blow up Parliament when the protestant King James I and the rest of the protestants Parliament members were inside. He did it solely because he wanted a Catholic England |  | 15 |
| 8607805004 | Petition of Rights | Limited the power of Charles I of England. He signed it so that he could get money for his war with Spain a) could not declare martial law during peacetime b) could not collect taxes without Parliamentary approval c) no trial without Jury d) No quartering of soldiers | 16 | |
| 8607805005 | Ship Money | Tax imposed to all costal cities in England. This is expanded to all cities but is not approved by parliament. Charles I also revives old feudal taxes | 17 | |
| 8607805006 | Long Parliament | Parliament that meets for a longer period of time during Charles I's reign. Insists that Charles must sign the Petition of Rights, eradicate the Star Chamber Court and end religious unity. Charles I refuses which starts the English Civil War | 18 | |
| 8607805007 | Oliver Cromwell | General of the Roundheads who helps them win. He is a Radical Puritan. He becomes the monarch of England after Charles I is executed Puritan unity in England First holocaust against Irish revolt Raises taxes which causes the wealthy to move to France |  | 19 |
| 8607805008 | Pride's Purge | Parliament got rid of everyone who supported the monarchy so the Rump Parliament was left | 20 | |
| 8607805009 | Rump Parliament | 50/500 original parliament who did not support the King. They vote to have Charles I executed and he is | 21 | |
| 8607805010 | Navigation Act | Allows English ships to stop any ship they want to | 22 | |
| 8607805012 | Charles II | Becomes leader of England after Cromwell. Restores a constitutional government. He does not punish Cromwell supporters except for the Rump Parliament. The Restoration. Did little to challenge Parliament. | 23 | |
| 8607805015 | Claridon Code | Passed under Charles II This bans Puritans from government | 24 | |
| 8607805016 | Test Act | This prevents Catholics from taking political office. This is done to protect the government from retaliation from French Catholics | 25 | |
| 8607805017 | Whigs vs Tories | First moment in modern western civilization in which political parties are allowed to exist and debate over political policy. Name the two parties in England | 26 | |
| 8607805018 | James II | Is only monarch for a short time because he tries to reinstate absolutism. Parliament says no, so he goes to the Netherlands and lives without power. This is significant because itis someone in power willingly giving up their power without conflict | 27 | |
| 8607805019 | William of Orange and Mary Stuart | Only co-rulers in British history. They are protestants from the Netherlands who were crowned following the Glorious Revolution. |  | 28 |
| 8607805020 | Bill of Rights | This is the basis to every single parliament or congress in the world today 1. Parliamentary Supremacy 2. No taxation without Parliamentary approval 3. Free Debate 4. Free Elections 5. Cannot declare war without Parliamentary approval 6. Trial by Jury 7. No unreasonable bail 8. Parliament must meet frequently | 29 | |
| 8607805021 | Toleration Act | True and honest toleration. You may openly practice religion but that doesn't mean your community won't punish you | 30 | |
| 8607805023 | Glorious Revolution | Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. | 31 | |
| 8607805024 | George I | A German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers | 32 | |
| 8607805025 | George III | English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances. | 33 | |
| 8607805026 | Ivan III | "Ivan the Great" The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia. | 34 | |
| 8607805027 | Ivan IV | "Ivan the Terrible" Russian ruler; cruel and tyranical; murdered nobility; extremely paranoid (killed his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of "czar" | 35 | |
| 8607805028 | Time of Troubles | During which the Russian nobles elected series of tsars a tried to demand their liberties. Contending factions and civil war. Finally in 1613 national assembly elected a 17 year old boy as tsar - start of Romanov dynasty. | 36 | |
| 8607805029 | Peter the Great | Becomes the Czar at 18 years old after Ivan the Terrible. He tours Western European countries and reforms the government off of the absolutism ideas in the rest of Europe. Mandatory 25 year conscription in the army Makes himself head of the church Women are not allowed to leave the home All sons of noble families must go to western university |  | 37 |
| 8607805031 | Table of Ranks | Peter the Great declares that every noble person Russia has to participate in the government. This checks the power of the nobles because it forces them to become government workers | 38 | |
| 8607805032 | St. Petersburg | Peter the Great sees Paris and he wants a grand city for the wealthy in Russia so he builds this huge city in 10 years by forcing 50,000 surfs to work for free and forcing their families to send them food |  | 39 |
| 8607805035 | Marie Theresa of Austria | Hapsburg leader that ruled as an absolute monarch. She failed recapture Silesia from Frederick the Great, but exanded her kingdom and made it more powerful. | 40 | |
| 8607805036 | Fredrick William I | Solidified autocratic rule in Prussia by doubling the size of the military | 41 | |
| 8607805037 | French Estate System | You are legally appropriated into which estate (class) you are a part of. The way of dividing French society. | 42 | |
| 8607805038 | 1st Estate | 1% of the Population. Bishops and Cardinals (not priests) that come from the noble class. Legally exempt from paying taxes. Receive tithes | 43 | |
| 8607805039 | 2nd Estate | 2% of the population. The aristocratic class, have easy legal loopholes out of taxation | 44 | |
| 8607805040 | 3rd Estate | 97% of the Population. Broken down into the Bourg, the Sans Cullotes and the peasants. Anyone who is not in the nobility is considered this class. Subject to a great many taxes |  | 45 |
| 8607805041 | Bourgeoisie | Highly educated and wealthy such as doctors, lawyers and management positions. Pay taxes at 6% | 46 | |
| 8607805042 | Sans Culottes | Small Business owners/Working class. Have a living income and work in urban cities. They feel the strains of the economy the most because they have no direct access to food. Pay taxes at 22% |  | 47 |
| 8607805043 | Peasants | Farmers. 85% of the population. Pay taxes at 70% | 48 | |
| 8607805045 | Estates General | The French Style Parliament in that each estate gets one vote. This makes it so that the 1+2 estate always work together in the Parliament. White men who own property can vote no matter what | 49 | |
| 8607805046 | Cahier de doleances | Anyone can send in complaints to be read by the Estates General | 50 | |
| 8607805047 | Louis XVI | French monarch during the French Revolution. |  | 51 |
| 8607805048 | Mary Antoinette | Is extremely fearful of the National Assembly so she has Louis surround his place with 18,000 troops as a precaution, this causes outrage and fear among the 3rd estate | 52 | |
| 8607805050 | Abbey Sieyes | This is a call to arms for the 3rd Estate to identify as the most important estate. This often serves as a foundation for protests in the 3rd estate. Author of What is the Third Estate. | 53 | |
| 8607805051 | National Assembly | When the third estate believes they are locked out of the normal estates general assembly hall they meet in a tennis court and declare legitimate and legal authority. It becomes the leading legislative force in France during the Moderate Phrase | 54 | |
| 8607805052 | Tennis Court Oath | This declares that the 3rd Estate will not leave the tennis court until there is a new constitution for France. They want to abolish feudalism and manorialism |  | 55 |
| 8607805053 | Storming of the Bastille | The working class storms this castle because it represents complete monarchial control, even though it is only an arms depot. The Persians steal guns and amp which shows the National Assembly has power |  | 56 |
| 8607805054 | George Danton | French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the Girondins, but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror |  | 57 |
| 8607805055 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | This is the French Bill of Rights that only applied to white men. This grants a basic rights to white men such as freedom of speech, thoughts, religion, due process, taxation with representation. | 58 | |
| 8607805056 | Declaration of the Rights of Woman | This document, written by Olympe de Gouges wrote in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man, states that Woman deserve the same political rights of men | 59 | |
| 8607805057 | Great Fear | Third Estate rises up against the nobility and destroys feudal residencies which caused some nobility to leave France |  | 60 |
| 8607805058 | August Decrees | Decrees passed by the National Assembly of France in August of 1789 renouncing and abolishing most of the traditional privileges of the nobility and the clergy. | 61 | |
| 8607805059 | Women's March on Versailles | This is the first major, public revolt led by women. These women march to Versailles because they cannot feed their children |  | 62 |
| 8607805060 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. |  | 63 |
| 8607805061 | Constitution of 1791 | This has a separation of powers, voting rights for property owners. This document gives all citizens equal rights (even black citizens in colonies!) | 64 | |
| 8607805063 | Law Maxum | The government controlled the price of bread | 65 | |
| 8607805064 | Flight to Varennes | Louis XVI and his family try to raise a counterrevolutionary army but they are caught and become prisoners of the Parisian mob |  | 66 |
| 8607805065 | Declaration of Pillnitz | This stated that Austria would get involved if France is not returned to its old regime ways | 67 | |
| 8607805066 | Assignats | Currency that the National Assembly prints in excess in order to pay for their debts. This makes the money worthless and causes huge inflation | 68 | |
| 8607805068 | Brunswick Manifesto | Prussia says that if harm comes to the king, the people will be attacked. | 69 | |
| 8607805069 | Storming of the Tuleries | Considered the turning point from the moderate to radical phase of the French Revolution. The working class storms the castle and over a thousand people are killed | 70 | |
| 8607805070 | September Masacre | 12,000 prisoners are moved from one prison to another. A rumor spreads that these prisoners have been collaborating wit the king so they are butchered by the working class | 71 | |
| 8607805072 | Jacobin | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. | 72 | |
| 8607805073 | First Coalition | An alliance of Austria, Great Britain, Netherlands, Prussia and Spain which was organized against Fraance | 73 | |
| 8607805074 | Levee en Masse | National Conscription for the first time in France |  | 74 |
| 8607805075 | National Convention | New representatives are elected and this takes over as the parliamentary system during the radical phase | 75 | |
| 8607805076 | Maximilien Robespierre | He becomes the de facto speaker for the National Convention. He is known as a the champion for the working class. He executes Louis XVI and institutes the first republic in France |  | 76 |
| 8607805079 | Committee of Public Safety | This is set up by Robespierre in order to rule over everything with no checks to its power | 77 | |
| 8607805080 | Reign of Terror | This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed. Over 20,000 people were executed |  | 78 |
| 8607805081 | The Republic of Virtue | An attempt by Robspierre to de-Catholize France | 79 | |
| 8607805082 | Thermidorian Reaction | Robpierre installs an absolutist regime with no representation. However, he realizes he has gone too far so he tries to kill himself in the bathtub, however, he is unsuccessful so he is dragged out of the tub and beheaded bleeding and naked. | 80 | |
| 8607805083 | The Directory | The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic for four years after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power | 81 | |
| 8607805084 | Napoleon | A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean. |  | 82 |
| 8607805085 | Coup d'état of 1799/ 18th Brumaire | When Napoleon returns from his Egyptian Campaign, Abbey Sieyes is so impressed with his efforts that is is given control of a part of the coup against the French Government | 83 | |
| 8607805086 | Consulate | Napoleon establishes himself as the First Consulate for life instead of Sieyes | 84 | |
| 8607805087 | Concordat of 1801 | This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France in which the palpacy renounced claims over church property and Napoleon was allowed to nominated bishops |  | 85 |
| 8607805088 | Code Napoleon | The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France Became a model for codes of law in many European countries |  | 86 |
| 8607805089 | Bank of France | Napoleon establishes this and it is still around today. It collects and distributes taxes fairly, no one is exempt | 87 | |
| 8607805090 | Confederation of the Rhine | Created by Napoleon, it was a loose alliance of German states that ended the Holy Roman Empire after defeating Austria. This abolished feudalism and awakened German nationalism |  | 88 |
| 8607805092 | Emperor of France | Napoleon holds a legitimate election for emperor and overwhelmingly wins the title. He holds a massive coronation and crowns himself in order to slow that he alone has the power to give himself power | 89 | |
| 8607805094 | Jacques-Louis David | An artist who works for Napoleon to create Propaganda -Death of Marat -Napoleon crossing the Alps | 90 | |
| 8607805095 | Napoleon Crossing the Alps | Shows Napoleon as idealistic, brave, a great leader painting by David. Napoleon's victory of the Austrians in Italy. |  | 91 |
| 8607805096 | Death of Marat | Painting by David |  | 92 |
| 8607805101 | Trafalgar | The British barely beat Napoleon in this battle so he cuts off Britain as a trading partner which devastates the French economy |  | 93 |
| 8607805102 | Russian invasion | Russia refuses to accept continental law so France goes to war with them. Russia practices Scorched Earth military strategy so they destroy all of France's supply lines until his supply line is 2,000 miles Because of this 500,000 men die from hypothermia and starvation |  | 94 |
| 8607805103 | The Continental System | After Trafalgar, France destroys all trade with Britain which destroys the French economy. He coerced Russia, Denmark, Prussia, Portugal and France to join him but this is unsuccessful | 95 | |
| 8607805104 | Peninsular Wars | Joseph of Spain who is Napoleon's brother is especially cruel which causes widespread revolt through Portugal and Spain. Britain funds guerrilla warfare. |  | 96 |
| 8607805105 | 100 days | Period of time when Napoleon returned to France a year after his exile to Elba and restored himself as emperor for a few months. He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo | 97 | |
| 8607805106 | Battle of Waterloo | this was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler |  | 98 |
| 8607805107 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state. |  | 99 |
| 8607805109 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. |  | 100 |
| 8607805110 | Age of Enlightenment | Weakening of the monarchy coupled with the rise of a powerful and very wealthy nobility. Characterized through Freedom of Expression, Constitutional Government, Religious Toleration, Reason Rationalism and Optimism | 101 | |
| 8607805112 | Natural Law | Created by Isaac Newton. Everything in nature has been discovered. Natural principles are absolute and in science we must learn to understand what has already been discovered | 102 | |
| 8607805113 | Baruch Spinoza | Believed in an impersonal mechanical universe. Denied Free will. one of the first ardent athiests | 103 | |
| 8607805115 | Cesare Beccaria | Considered the father of Humane law. He determines through research that torture does not lead to accurate information and that capital punishment does not deter crime. He believes that punishment should be used to deter crime and reform the criminal and should be quick and fast | 104 | |
| 8607805116 | Laissez-Faire | Hands off government in financial business deals. "To let alone" | 105 | |
| 8607805118 | Coffee Houses | These play a huge role in the Age of Enlightenment. Come from the ottoman empire to Europe. They are extraordinarily expensive so they are a status symbol where aristos can go and talk about ideology. | 106 | |
| 8607805119 | Thomas Hobbes | A British Philosophe who believes that humanity is awful and that Absolutism is the solution to Humanities problems because man has no capacity for self-government Levianthan- A book that says the government is a kind of monster |  | 107 |
| 8607805120 | John Locke | Philosophe who Believes that man is naturally wonderful and friendly. It is our life experiences that determine who we are. Believes in a constitutional monarchy. Life, liberty and property. Author of Two Treatises on Government |  | 108 |
| 8607805121 | Two Treatises on Government | Written by John Locke. This says that men have the Natural Right to life, liberty and property. If the Government fails to protect our natural rights, the people have the power to overthrow the government. | 109 | |
| 8607805122 | Voltaire | Wrote "Candide", French Philosophe who views institutionalized religion as a bad thing. "Ecrasez l'infame"He believes in Freedom of Expression for the aristocracy. Religious Toleration and Free Speech. | 110 | |
| 8607805123 | Baron Montesquieu | "Spirit of Laws". Defined theory of separation powers as well as checks and balances. | 111 | |
| 8607805124 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | People are inherently unequal, creates the noble savage idea, materialism is the root of evil in society, the majority should control a nation. Believed that emotion was as powerful as reason. "Man is born free, but everywhere in chains." | 112 | |
| 8607805125 | Thomas Paine | "Common Sense". Advocated deism and progress and the idea of an improved society through natural laws | 113 | |
| 8607805126 | Social Construct or The General Will | The idea by Rousseau that states that the ideal society can be created if people can work together and create a commune without government | 114 | |
| 8607805127 | Denis Diderot | French Philosophe who loves collecting information so he creates the first Encyclopedia, Encyclopedie. It is oppressed by the french monarchy because it includes information about oner governments in the world. He is saved by Catherine the Great of Russia and is placed in charge of her personal library | 115 | |
| 8607805128 | Philosophe | Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time | 116 | |
| 8607805129 | Mary Woolstoncraft | Highly intelligent woman who responds to Rousseau's view on women by completely shutting down his claims. Author of On the Vindication of the Rights of Women. | 117 | |
| 8607805130 | Madame de Geoffrin | She was a very critical debater in the salon movement in the Enlightenment period that patronized certain works, such as the Encyclopedia | 118 | |
| 8607805131 | Physiocrats | Economists during the Age of Enlightenment | 119 | |
| 8607805132 | Francois Quesnay | French physiocrat who believes that successful business does not have government regulation on financial matters. This is the beginning of the theory of Laissez Faire. | 120 | |
| 8607805133 | Adam Smith | British Physiocrat who says that limited government regulation is good but that does not mean that business should abuse labor. Believed in the invisible hand and specialization of task | 121 | |
| 8607805135 | Deism | The belief that God is great and created everything but then he took a step back to let it take its course. Believe that Christ is not the son of God | 122 | |
| 8607805138 | John Wesley | The founder of Methodism | 123 | |
| 8607805139 | Methodism | Belief that there is a specific checklist one must complete in order to get to heaven. | 124 | |
| 8607805141 | Enlightened Despotism | A ruler who aimed for the advancement of society by fostering education, aiding the economy and promoting social justice | 125 | |
| 8607805142 | Fredrick II of Prussia | King of Prussia. "Fredrick the Great" He subscribes to Enlightenment in that he limits torture, establishes a 1 year public education system and has a system of religious toleration. He wants to expand the size of Prussia so he takes territory from Austria-Hungary which ignites the French and Indian War | 126 | |
| 8607805143 | Cathrine the Great. | German Princess who took over Russia after killing her husband. She destroys the Table of Ranks system and frees surfs. Aristos revolt against her so she slaughters the uprising and enslaves 20 million surfs. During the Primean War she takes Crimea and a part of Poland | 127 | |
| 8607805144 | Joseph II of Austria | Emperor of Austria-Hungary empire. Bans capital punishment and torture. He makes aristos pay races and makes it so that they are equal in the law. Abolishes surfs (slavery). Establishes a 3 year public education system. He is hated by aristos and loved by peasants so he must create a secret police | 128 | |
| 8607805145 | Rococo Art | Placed emphasis on the carefree life of the aristocracy rather than on grand heroes or pious martyrs |  | 129 |
| 8607805149 | Fredrick Williams I of Prussia | King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms in 1848. | 130 | |
| 8607805150 | Olympe de Gauge | "Declaration of the Rights of Women" French writer who promoted the rights of women during the French Revolution; eventually guillotined for her outspoken ideas | 131 | |
| 8607805151 | Handel | Baroque German composer who spent much of his life in England; best known for his Messiah, a masterpiece even in today's world | 132 | |
| 8607805152 | Bach | Composer who believed music was a means to worship God and lived a quiet life at a church; created the Mass in B Minor | 133 | |
| 8608586111 | Prussia | This quote best describes which country "It is not a state that possesses an army, but an army that possesses a state? | 134 | |
| 8608602029 | Beard Tax | This tax imposed in Russia by Peter the Great, met opposition from the Orthodox Church. |  | 135 |
| 8608619806 | Vermeer | A Dutch painter who used a great deal of light. He enjoyed painting people doing everyday things. |  | 136 |
| 8608637209 | War of Austrian Succession | This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, 1740-1748. It violated the Pragmatic Sanction | 137 | |
| 8608647477 | Enclosure Act | Law passed in England in the late 1700's that converted public lands into private property |  | 138 |
| 8608664945 | England | This country took the lead in the Industrial Revolution due to the supply of natural resources and transportation network. |  | 139 |
| 8608673488 | Canal | This man made body of water, improved trade by allowing ships to transport goods both directions with ease. |  | 140 |
| 8608693397 | Joint Stock Company | The Dutch and British East India Companies are examples of which type of company. |  | 141 |
| 8608698821 | Salons | These informal gatherings in France aided in the dissemination of information during the Enlightenment |  | 142 |
| 8608710654 | Rembrandt van Rijn | greatest Dutch artists of the period; painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants |  | 143 |
| 8608727243 | Columbian Exchange | The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. |  | 144 |
| 8608740518 | Cottage Industry | Business in the home where goods were hand-made prior to the industrial revolution |  | 145 |
