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| 9203610194 | Why was it hard for the working class to participate in British government prior to mid-1800s | There are restrictions on public office because you must have 200 acres to vote. Also those in parliament have no salary meaning that only the independently wealthy can become politicians | 0 | |
| 9203610195 | House of Lords | the upper house of the British parliament consisting of the aristocracy. They can veto legislation | 1 | |
| 9203610196 | Corn Laws 1815 | The Corn laws stopped foreign imports of corn which increased the price of Britich corn. This affected the poor massivly because they had to pay much more. | 2 | |
| 9203610197 | Irish Potato Famine | Because of the corn laws, the Irish can only afford to farm potatoes which causes Ireland's population to double so that 1/3 of the population is dependent on the potato by 1841. However, a potato blight soon comes that can wipe out an entire crop in 48 hours. This leads to the starvation of around one million people. The Irish government begs the British government to repeal the corn laws so the people can afford to eat. Millions of Irish immigrate to the US however they are faced with oppression and violence | 3 | |
| 9203610198 | Robert Peel | Britain's conservative prime minister from 1834 to 1835, and from 1841 to 1846. Peel oversaw the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, partially due to the ongoing Irish Famine. | 4 | |
| 9203610199 | Opium Wars | The British Empire pushes opium onto the Chinese so 30% of the country becomes addicted. The Chines governments threatens to cut off trade with Britain so England goes to war in order to open up Chinese ports. England wins and gains Hong Kong and Beijing as British lands. Now British law applies to these places. | 5 | |
| 9203610200 | Bobbies | First professional police force created under Robert Peel. They are from the working class and are paid very well with huge benefits so they are very loyal. They deter crime using night sticks. They are well liked | 6 | |
| 9203610201 | 1832 Reform Bill (GB) | This allows some members of the upper middle class to vote by lowering the property right requirement to vote, also abolished rotten boroughs | 7 | |
| 9203610202 | Chartism | A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons. | 8 | |
| 9203610203 | London Working Man's Association | A group of labor unions that wrote the People's Charter which advocated for Universal male suffrage, no child labor, 10 hour working day, 6 day workweek, salaries for parliamentary positions, and no pregnant women working | 9 | |
| 9203610204 | Mines Act of 1842 | English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten. | 10 | |
| 9203610205 | Ten hours Act of 1847 | restricts the working hours of women and children in British factories to effectively 10 hours per day. | 11 | |
| 9203610206 | 1833 Factory Act | Children under 9 could not work in textile mills. | 12 | |
| 9203610207 | Child Labor Laws | Laws passed over many decades, beginning in the 1830s, by state and federal governments, forbidding the employment of children and young teenagers, except at certain carefully specified jobs. | 13 | |
| 9203610208 | 2nd Industrial Revolution | Complex technological processes allow for an explosion of technological improvements. New technologies allow Belgium, France and Germany to catch up to British production. Continental railroad systems are implemented which enhances continental trade and industry. | 14 | |
| 9203610209 | Bessemer Process | This is the use of air pockets to create a cheaper and more durable steel. This is so effective that the amount of steel produced in England jumps from 125,00 tons in 1860 to 32 million tons in 1913 | 15 | |
| 9203610211 | Electricity | The first public power plant was created in 1881 which means that production increased because people could work by electric light. Also allows the working class to have a nightlife in relative safety | 16 | |
| 9203610212 | Daimler | Internal combustion engine that is attached to a carriage in order to create the 1st car | 17 | |
| 9203610214 | Urban Planning | The second industrial revolution allows for a physical space of class because people can now travel by electric street car. | 18 | |
| 9203610215 | Electric Street Car | This allows the middle class to live outside the city and create suburbs. | 19 | |
| 9203610216 | Psychology | People look for meaningful experiences and value in psychology to replace a decline in religious ideology. | 20 | |
| 9203610217 | Global Community | During this time, new inventions that come out of the military such as the automobile, airplane, telephone and radio connect the world. The Atlantic Cable allows England to communicate with its colonies and airplanes cut the time of travel in half, however only the wealthiest can travel by air | 21 | |
| 9203610218 | Public Education Act 1870 | Set the framework for schooling of all children between the ages of 5 and 12 in England | 22 | |
| 9203610219 | Public Education in Britain and France | In Britain, public education was set up as a way to satisfy the working class and prevent revolution. In France, it was set up as a way to indoctrinate people about the wonderful French Revolution | 23 | |
| 9203610220 | Petite Bourgeoisie | A new social class that emerges during this time which consists of highly educated professionals that are not paid well, for example, teachers, nurses, accountants and clerks. They have a little bit of money to spend. lower middle class which aspire to become the high middle class | 24 | |
| 9203610221 | Institutionalization of the Middle Class | Once the middle class gains the right to vote, they move to protect those rights and not help other gain that right. They become supporters of the establishment, for example they are the #1 class to work in government | 25 | |
| 9203610223 | Organized Sports | Appear for the first time as a leisure activity. Government invest in these activities for men as an extension of nationalism and as military training as a way to keep young men fit | 26 | |
| 9203610224 | Leisure Time | Thanks to the invention of the weekend, the working class is guaranteed a day and a half off. It is now harder to tell class by clothing due to department stores so distinctions are made through jewelry and technology. Drinking is also on the decline | 27 | |
| 9203610225 | Georges Seurat | Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.. Uses pointilism, shows people of all social classes engaging in Leisure time |  | 28 |
| 9203610226 | Private Education | Public education is terrible due to low funding so for the first time, we see parents sacrifice for children to receive private education that is much better | 29 | |
| 9203610227 | Declining Birth Rate | Medicine and contraceptive methods improve during this time so women can choose to have less children. Due to this, a huge shift appears in the way that children are viewed, it is now normal for money to go to the kids | 30 | |
| 9203610228 | Upper Class Panic | The upper class invest in unconventional and abstract art and dining as a way to define themselves apart from the lower classes. They say that only the refined mind can understand and appreciate it | 31 | |
| 9203610229 | Great Cholera Epidemics of the 1830s and 1840s | Huge cholera outbreaks kill 10,000s of people in London with no discernible pattern | 32 | |
| 9203610231 | Themes River | During this time, it is basically an open sewer because of chemical runoff. It reeks poisonous gasses and spontaneously combusts | 33 | |
| 9203610233 | Edwin Chadwick | Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population. This was a public health official in England who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses. | 34 | |
| 9203610235 | Public Health Act 1848 | In England, First piece of western legislation to regulate the health standards of businesses. Gives the government to shut down unhealthy businesses | 35 | |
| 9203610236 | 1858 Medical Act | Requires that doctors be certified in order to practice medicine | 36 | |
| 9203610237 | Louis Pastuer | Frenchman who uses his discovery of the bacterial theory to promote his idea of the pasteurization of milk | 37 | |
| 9203610238 | British Public Housing | These are used very controversially by the British government in order to control diseases. Supplementary to the family's income | 38 | |
| 9203610240 | Revisionist Marxist | Developed by Eduard Bernstein and it says that a Marxist revolution will not happen however, societies will increasingly move towards communism. | 39 | |
| 9203610241 | Contagious Diseases Act | This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault | 40 | |
| 9203610242 | Emiline Pankhurst | A suffragette who says that men only respond to violence so the suffragette movement must become increasingly violent | 41 | |
| 9203610244 | Cult of Domesticity | This is a movement amongst middle class women 1. Virtue: Code for virginity. Cannot express sexual desire 2. Motherhood: You are a servant to your children and husband 3. Religion: The strong religious figure in the family 4. Charity: Women form savior societies 5. Refuge and Privacy: Create the home as a safe place for your husband and children to relax 6. Moderated Sexuality: Results in the total and complete objectification of women | 42 | |
| 9203610248 | Agricultural Revolution | A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically | 43 | |
| 9203610249 | Seed Drill | This allows commercial farms to know exactly how many seeds need to be planted | 44 | |
| 9203610251 | Enclosure Acts | in favor of wealthy landowners, fenced off large amounts of farmland that had once been common property, impoverished many farmers and forced them to move into the city. This allows for commercial farming | 45 | |
| 9203610252 | Protection of Intellectual Property | Britain did not allow any of their machines or mechanics of those machines to leave the island until 1840 Rights to keep trade secrets confidential and to have employees bring business to their employer first. | 46 | |
| 9203610253 | Credit Mobile | A French investment bank for building railroads | 47 | |
| 9203610254 | Realism | Reflection on the way people are starting to perceive the world around them. Focused on the realistic portrayal of the everyday laborer. Human action is governed by natural law | 48 | |
| 9203610255 | Courbet | "The stone breakers" French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes (1819-1877) |  | 49 |
| 9203610256 | Emile Zola | "Germinal" Journalist who writes a fictional book that is 100% based on the conditions he experienced living for months with a mining family. He questions the theory that the poor class work less than the higher class families because he sees how hard these lower class people work. Realism | 50 | |
| 9203610257 | Charles Dickens | "Oliver" His work is very popular and sympathetic to the poor because he had been poor at one time. Realism | 51 | |
| 9203610258 | Impressionism | An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing | 52 | |
| 9203610259 | Edouard Manet | This artist, although trained within the academic tradition, is considered a predecessor of Impressionism. His Luncheon on the Grass (1863) sent a wave of shock through the Parisian artistic circle - because of its subject matter and innovative approach to painting. |  | 53 |
| 9203610260 | Claude Monet | a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting |  | 54 |
| 9203610262 | Thomas Malthus | "Essay on Population", says that poverty exists because the population increased at a geometric rate while the food supply increased arithmetically. Believed that poverty was a ivine punishment for humankind's lust | 55 | |
| 9203610263 | Malthesian Poor Houses | It is seen as a place of punishment as the food is rotten and they use dirty sheets. The point of these houses is to teach the poor how to become rich | 56 | |
| 9203610265 | James Hargreaves | This was the man who created the spinning jenny which began the actual Industrial Revolution and the beginning of machines doing a man's work | 57 | |
| 9203610267 | iron law of wages | wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth. | 58 | |
| 9203610268 | Jeremy Bentham | British philosopher and economist who advocated for "utilitarianism" which is the greatest good for the greatest number of people. | 59 | |
| 9203610269 | John Stuart Mill | Proposes woman's right to vote and paying women an equal wage. Also proposes inheritance tax in order to equal the playing field. | 60 | |
| 9203610270 | Utopian Socialists | Early nineteenth-century socialists who hoped to replace the overly competitive capitalist structure with planned communities guided by a spirit of cooperation. Leading French utopian socialists such as Charles Fourier and Louis Blanc believed that property should be communally owned. | 61 | |
| 9203610271 | Louis Blanc | Much more practical socialist, believed that the government should regulate workshops and factories to guarantee full employment | 62 | |
| 9203610272 | Robert Owen | Utopian socialist who tries out a new business model in which workers are provided with a school, basic housing needs and a living wage. He is extremely successful and becomes very rich | 63 | |
| 9203610273 | Karl Marx | 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. | 64 | |
| 9203610274 | Charles Darwin | English scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in 'On The Origin of the Species" in 1859. | 65 | |
| 9203610277 | Social Darwinism | This uses the principles of natural selection to explain and justify racial structures in society (slavery and colonialism). Created categories for race for the first time | 66 | |
| 9203610279 | Max Planck | German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. | 67 | |
| 9203610281 | Sigmund Frued | The un-seen reasons behind our reactions all have to do with sex. Everything is sex. It also used imprinting in his psychology which led him to get the results he wanted. Created his theory of the Id, Ego, and Super Ego | 68 | |
| 9203610282 | Albert Einstein | German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. | 69 | |
| 9203610283 | Madame Curie | discovered the power of radium | 70 | |
| 9203610284 | Neils Bohr | Electrons move in a circular orbit at fixec distances from the nucleus, an electron can gain or lose energy by changing its orbit | 71 | |
| 9203610287 | Positivism | Developed by August Comte. This says that science and logic will someday replace the need for theological views | 72 | |
| 9203610288 | Pope Pius IX | Writes the Syllabus of Errors which is a book listing things such as public education and woman's suffrage that he doesn't like | 73 | |
| 9203610289 | Expressionism | art movement of early 20th century that emphasized subjective feelings above objective observations and focused on conveying emotions |  | 74 |
| 9203610291 | Pointillism | A method for applying paint in small dabs of pure color, which create optical mixtures in the eye when seen from several feet away. | | 75 |
| 9203610293 | Picasso | A Spanish painter best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work. "Guernica" |  | 76 |
| 9203610294 | Vincent van Gogh | The Starry Night. Focused on emotions and imaginations by using bold colors and images |  | 77 |
| 9203610295 | Proletariat | Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production | 78 | |
| 9203610296 | Crystal Palace | Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. | 79 | |
| 9203610298 | Congress of Vienna | Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. | 80 | |
| 9203610299 | Principle of Legitimacy | This is a goal of the Congress of Vienna Monarchs from the royal families who had rules before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe. Because of this, most nations in France go back to their pre-napolean leaders such as the Bourbon Family | 81 | |
| 9203610300 | Principle of Compensation | This is a goal of the Congress of Vienna Those who won the Napoleonic Wars should receive a reward in land Because of this Many of he winning countries win land for example Russia wins Finland | 82 | |
| 9203610301 | Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. The goal of the Congress of Vienna is to surpress this because it destroys nations due to the huge number of subsets of people in European countries | 83 | |
| 9203610302 | Liberalism | Loves the free market with little tax revenue. In favor of a constitutional government in order to protect their wealth. They believe in laissez faire economics and Malthusian theory | 84 | |
| 9203610303 | Conservatism | those who went to the Congress of Vienna were politically inclined this way. The believed in a traditional monarchy with a national church and an economy controlled by the nobility. They hate nationalism and liberalism. | 85 | |
| 9203610304 | Confederation of the Rhine | This consists of 37 German states and was created during the Congress of Vienna. It is created in order to prevent Prussia from growing to large | 86 | |
| 9203610305 | Age of Supremacy | Great Britain wins control over South Africa which means that it is now a global power with control over the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans | 87 | |
| 9203610306 | Concert of Europe | This term is used to refer to the Congress of Vienna because it created peace for 100 years and had no punishment on the French which helped decrease tension | 88 | |
| 9203610307 | 1848 Revolutions | "When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold;" the French uprising against the increasingly oppressive Louis-Philippe sparked a wave of revolt (German states, Austria, Russia, Poland, Italy) by the liberal middle and lower classes against conservative governments; overall they failed because of internal class and ethnic divisions among the revolutionaries | 89 | |
| 9203610308 | Age of Metternich | The period from the fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Revolutions of 1848. Because of his immense influence on European politics in these years, they are named after Klemens Von Metternich, chancellor of Habsburg Austria. He was the prototype of conservatism as a leadership style for European ministers. | 90 | |
| 9203610309 | Klemens von Metternich | This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression. He had the most influence in the Congress of Vienna | 91 | |
| 9203610310 | Romanticism | Focus on the unseen supernatural and human emotion. Embracing folklore and a separation from sciences. It is the cultural foundation for Nationalism | 92 | |
| 9203610311 | Grimm Brothers | collected and published local German fairy tales, work is example of Romantic German nationalism. Considered ultimate nationalistic writings because they remove all non-german fairy tales | 93 | |
| 9203610312 | Beethoven | French, purely Romantic composer, transformed the art of music. Used music to convey his feelings of what was going on in the world around him, such as the many French revolutions of that time | 94 | |
| 9203610313 | Mary Shelly | (Frankenstein) Very popular, uses romantic and Christian themes | 95 | |
| 9203610314 | Wagner | Ring of the Nebula, he embraces nationalism and pushes an agenda. Likes the nordic myths and transforms them into German myth in order to represent the the powerful race of German. Creates sutble anti-sematic views that Germans can identify with | 96 | |
| 9203610318 | Delacroix | Lady Liberty Leading Her People, focus on the common man, very dramatic and emotional |  | 97 |
| 9203610319 | Goya | Third of May, Jesus sacrifices himself in the Spanish resistance against Napoleon |  | 98 |
| 9203610320 | J.G. Fichte | German intellectual. A traditional Nationalist. Believes that there is an inate dominance in certain cultural groups which leads to the birth of Eugenics | 99 | |
| 9203610321 | Herder | German Intellectual. His theory of Cultural Identity is that you are related to someone else due to a cultural value that you hold. | 100 | |
| 9203610322 | Hegel | German Intellectual. Suggests that opinions can blend together to create an idealistic view on politics. Nationalism depends on people coming together to synthesize ideology |  | 101 |
| 9203610323 | Pan-Slavism | The ultimate expression of Slavic Nationalism. This is the belief that it is Russian duty to protect any people who speak languages slightly similar to Russian. Allowed Russia to invade countries in order to "protect their Slavic brothers and sisters" | 102 | |
| 9203610324 | The Crimean War | France & Great Britain vs. Russia, most of the fighting was in the Crimean region, utter military incompetence, destroyed the Concert of Europe. Russia invaded Turkey in order to gain Constantanople. Britain and France join together because they have been loaning money to the Ottoman Empire and eventually defeat Russia. This is the beginning of ultra-partisan Nationalism and allyships based off of financial intrests. | 103 | |
| 9203610325 | Florence Nightingale | Advocates the Red Cross to help soldiers on both sides of the war. She starts sterilization which decreases death from infection. | 104 | |
| 9203610326 | Cavour | Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who wants to unify Italy. Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmonteste king. | 105 | |
| 9203610327 | Unification of Italy | Austria owns massive parts of the Austrian peninsula. So, Cavour makes a secret alliance with Napoleon III by promising him parts of Italy so he protects them against an aggravated attack from Austria. The Northern city states agree to unify with Sardinia. In the South Giribaldi helps by unifying Southern States. However, Rome is left un-unified due to conflicts with the Catholic Church. This unification creates class issues with Northern Italy being industrialized and wealthy and Southern Italy being rural and poor | 106 | |
| 9203610328 | Garibaldi | He is supported by Cavour to liberate southern Italy, starting with Sicily | 107 | |
| 9203610330 | Greek War of Independence | First successful Nationalism war Greece, (with help form Britain, France, and Russia) won independence from the Ottoman Empire | 108 | |
| 9203610331 | July Revolution | The July Revolution (also called the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X by radical liberal bourgousie and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne. | 109 | |
| 9203610332 | Decembrist Revolt | The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) in Russia to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained | 110 | |
| 9203610333 | German Dualism | The idea that Prussia and Austria were competing over control of Germany | 111 | |
| 9203610334 | Otto von Bismarck | Was appointed to Prussian Chancellor by William I. He is personally conservative and hates liberalism and socialism but will do whatever he needs in order to win. He wants to unify the german confederation with Prussia through weakening Austria and stressing German nationalism | 112 | |
| 9203610335 | Frankfurt Conference | To unify all of Germany (failed) | 113 | |
| 9203610336 | Zollverein | The name of the free trade zone that German states created prior to their unification. | 114 | |
| 9203610337 | German Confederation | Consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia, the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action. | 115 | |
| 9203610339 | The Austro-Prussian War | It lasted only seven weeks. Austria lost miserably to Prussia who had the advantage of railroads to mass troops. This success lead the Prussians to be less upset about Bismarck ignoring parliaments rejection of the military budget. Austria's loses were minimal and they only had to withdraw from German affairs. | 116 | |
| 9203610340 | North German Confederation | Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, North German Confederation made under rulership of Prussia. Major step towards German unification. | 117 | |
| 9203610341 | The Franco-Prussian War | Significant conflict pitting France against Prussia and its allies. The conflict emerged from tensions regarding the German unification. Ends in French defeat. | 118 | |
| 9203610342 | Treaty of Frankfurt | The end of the Franco-Prussian War, which ceded the territories of Alsace and most of Lorraine to Germany. France also had to pay reparations. Leads to Wilhelm I of Prussia being names king in Versailles, and France's government transitioning to the Third Republic. Creates fierce animosity between French and Germans. | 119 | |
| 9203610343 | kulturekampf | Struggle for culture, Bismarck's term for creating German unity by suppressing Catholics and Socialists. | 120 | |
| 9203610344 | Dual Monarchy | After Austria's defeat by Prussia in 1866, hungarians demanded more freedom. Austria responded in 1867 by forming this monarchy, also called the Austria-Hungary, in which hungarians shared power with Austrians. Under this system, Austria's emperor is also the king of Hungary. They only work together in rimes of war and commerce | 121 | |
| 9203610345 | Napoleon III | He is elected President and then declares himself the emperor of France. In the first half of his reign, he is extremely authoritarian with secret police and censorship. However, in the second half, he becomes much more socialist with redesigning Paris, instating hospitals, distribution free medicine and giving workers the right to strike and organize. His foreign policies, however, lead to his downfall | 122 | |
| 9203610346 | Baron Hausmann | German urban planner who redesigns Paris. He gives homes running water, widens streets, instates a sewer system, dramatically increases the number of parks and trees, and rebuilds thousands of old buildings (even though this makes 100,00 people homeless). | 123 | |
| 9203610347 | Maximillian Affair | Napoleon wants to assert himself over to Americas so he tries to take Mexico as a colony for France for no reason. he sends his cousin, Maximillian to declare himself king over the Mexicans and they execute him. | 124 | |
| 9203610348 | The Third Republic | A parliamentary republican democracy that was created following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War. It survived until the invasion of France by the German Third Reich in 1940. It got rid of Universal Male Suffrage and its National Assembly was made up mostly of Monarchists which led to conflict | 125 | |
| 9203610350 | 1875 Constitution | France. This was created after the 1871 Civil War which was between monarchists and the working class which reinstated the monarchy | 126 | |
| 9203610351 | Marshal MacMahon Crisis | The Speaker of the House is trying to pass legislation but the House will not pas it so he does a new election to get new people in the House. However, people freak out so he steps down | 127 | |
| 9203610353 | Dreyfus Affair | A Jewish army officer is convicted of treason by a military court and goes to jail for 20 years. Then, new evidence is found that shows that Major Esterhazy is the guilty party. However, the French army refuses to open the case again. This divides the nation and creates a crisis. The Army, anti-semites, monarchists and catholics feel Dreyfus is guilty. Liberals, Republicans and anti-Catholics believe he is innocent and is only blamed because of Anti-Semitism. Eventually the case is reopened and is found guilty again by the French Army but the French President pardons Dreyfus anyway and cuts all ties the French government has with the Catholic Church by separating church and state. This case is the first movement where Anti-semitism is openly embraced | 128 | |
| 9203610354 | Emile Zola | Wrote "J'Accuse" a paper in Dreyfus' favor, realist writer, violently criticized social situation, strict determinist, famous for animalistic view of working class life, sympathized with socialism | 129 | |
| 9203610355 | Social Welfare State | Government institutions and laws that guarantee all citizens a decent standard of living | 130 | |
| 9203610356 | The Victorian Age | The term is used to describe late nineteenth century society, with its rigid moral standards and its sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people. This period is characterized with Political Stability Material Prosperity (height of the British Empire) Strict Moral Code Power struggle between monarchy and Prime Minister | 131 | |
| 9203610357 | Opium Wars | Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire, caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes. | 132 | |
| 9203610358 | Benjamin Disraeli | Conservative, Aristocratic, Jewish Prime Minister in England. Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class. Added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings. Also gave Queen Victoria the title of Emperess of India which backfires as the British believe they are a democratic empire. He strengthens the public health act and gives the working class the right to strike | 133 | |
| 9203610359 | Suez Canal | Egypt faces sever financial issues so the British buy the canal via hostile takeover. This upsets the French and makes the British very happy | 134 | |
| 9203610360 | Reform Bill of 1867 | This gives working class the right to vote. Disraeli believes that this will make them vote conservative because they gave them their suffrage. This does end up destroying the Liberal and Malthusian party in England. | 135 | |
| 9203610361 | William Gladstone Jr | Realizes the Liberal (Whig) Party must soften to stay in power. However, his social legislation is too little too late for the Liberal Party as he is the last great Liberal Prime Minister. He legalized labor unions, introduced secret ballots and free public education | 136 | |
| 9203610362 | Civil Service Reform Bill | This means that a person must pass a test in order to gain a governmental position. It makes the empire much more efficent | 137 | |
| 9203610363 | Education Act | Provides free education for grades 1-4 and makes it a requirement for children to attend | 138 | |
| 9203610364 | 1884 Reform Bill | Gave farmers the right to vote, which essentially extended the right to vote to all male citizens. | 139 | |
| 9203610365 | National Insurance Act 1911 | Provided sickness and unemployment benefits to workers in Britain | 140 | |
| 9203610366 | Labour Party | The British party that replaced the Liberals in the early twentieth century and championed greater social equality for the working classes through the efforts of labor unions | 141 | |
| 9203610368 | Alexander II | The only Progressive Czar. He emancipated Serfs, levied local taxes, operated elementary schools, built roads and bridges, trial by jury, equality before the law. The first political parties in Russia form | 142 | |
| 9203610369 | Mirs | Nobles were forced to give up some of their land. In return they were compensated. The serfs ere given this land and they paid for 50 years with no interest rates in order to own the land | 143 | |
| 9203610370 | Alexander III | Takes away the constitution of Russia and freedom before the law. Instates Pogroms and the Trans-Siberian Railroad | 144 | |
| 9203610371 | Pogroms | These were created by Alexander III as ghettos for Jews. This causes mass migration throughout Europe sparking Anti-sematism | 145 | |
| 9203610372 | Trans-Siberian Railroad | Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia | 146 | |
| 9203610373 | The Congress of Berlin | Bismarck gives slavic nations sovereignty which means Russia can no longer justify its interference. Bismarck gives Serbia a small land-locked country even though they believe they should get the entire Balkan Peninsula. | 147 | |
| 9203610374 | William II | He dismisses Bismarck because he does not like establishment. He does not renew the Reinsurance Treaty and begins to build up its navy which starts an arms race with Britain even though Queen Victoria is his grandmother. France gives him a part of Morocco and he slaughters 100,000 German-Africans to teach them to be obedient. | 148 | |
| 9203610375 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. | 149 | |
| 9203610376 | White Man's Burden | Became the moral justification for European and American imperialism, the idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized | 150 | |
| 9203610377 | Rudyard Kipling | British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism | 151 | |
| 9203610378 | Boer Wars | The Boer Wars was the name given to the South African Wars of 1880-1 and 1899-1902, that were fought between the British and the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa. After the first Boer War William Gladstone granted the Boers self-government in the Transvaal. | 152 | |
| 9203610379 | King Leopold II of Belgium | The king of Belgium who colonized the Congo and sent expeditions into central Africa. He was an extremely cruel and brutal impearialist | 153 | |
| 9203610380 | Sepoy Mutiny | Ultimately unsuccessful, The Muslim and Hindu people rebelled against the disrespect from the British imperialist soldiers. The British East India Company's rule over India ended and Britain became the official ruler of India | 154 | |
| 9203610381 | The Boxer Rebellion | A violent anti-foreigner movement in China between 1899 and 1901. European forces intervened and defeated the uprising. | 155 | |
| 9203610383 | Fashoda Crisis | A World War almost starts between French and British over portions of Africa they want to own. However, the French decide to avert because they are very weak and so they get Morrocco | 156 | |
| 9203610384 | The Conference of Berlin | Bismarck divides up Africa using superficial lines with no basis in actual nationality. Sets up modern global structure | 157 | |
| 9203610385 | Heart of Darkness | Heart of Darkness was a fiction book written by Joseph Conrad in which he describes the journey of the main character up the Congo river . The book itself is important because it helped shed light on the racist vies Europeans had on Africa. Through the main character, Africans are portrayed as primitive barbaric human beings who are uncivilized. The book also helped European powers justify the notion of the white man's burden allowing them to exploit Africa and masking their justification behind the idea of civilizing the African people. | 158 | |
| 9203610386 | J.A. Hobson | In his Imperialism, he contends that the rush to acquire colonies was due to the economic needs of unregulated capitalism. Argued that imperial possessions did not pay off economically for the country as a whole, but rather for the concentrated, wealthy elite. Suggested that the quest for empire diverted attention away from domestic reforms, such as fixing the gap between rich and poor. | 159 | |
| 9203610387 | Giuseppe Mazzini | Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy | 160 | |
| 9203610388 | Carlsbad Decrees | Repressive laws in the German States limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities | 161 | |
| 9203610389 | Prague Conference | Called by Czechs in response to the all-German Frankfurt Conference; developed the notion of Austroslavism (Slavic groups within empire would remain part of empire but also set up autonomous national governments) | 162 | |
| 9203610390 | Liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. | 163 | |
| 9203610391 | Socialism | A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. | 164 | |
| 9203610392 | Anarchism | Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation | 165 |
