For AP Euro quiz, be able to...
1. Analyze the causes of the Protestant Reformation.
2. Compare and contrast doctrines and practices of Lutheranism and Calvinism with those of Catholicism.
3. Analyze to what extent Renaissance humanism resulted in the Reformation.
4. Compare and contrast English Reformation with Luther's reformation in Germany
5. Analyze impact of Protestant Reformation on European politics and society in the sixteenth century. Be sure to consider Germany, England, France and the Netherlands.
6. Analyze to what extent to which the Catholic Church was successful in achieving its goals during the Counter-Reformation?
7. Analyze how Baroque art and architecture reflected ideals of the Catholic Reformation?
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| 5652124260 | Jan Huss | Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague. After John Wycliffe, the theorist of the ecclesiastical Reformation, he is considered the first Church reformer, as he lived before Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. Key predecessor to Protestant movement of sixteenth century; teachings were strongly influential in the the approval of a reformist Bohemian denomination and later on Martin Luther. Burned at stake of heresy; followers known as Hussites rebelled after his 1415 death against Roman Catholic rulers and defeated five consecutive papal crusades between 1420 and 1431. A century later, 90% of Czech inhabitants were non-Catholic. |  | 0 |
| 5652124261 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor and advocate of Catholicism. Eventually retired to monastery. Resented by German princes. |  | 1 |
| 5652124262 | Johann Tetzel | Roman Catholic German Dominican friar and preacher who became Grand Commissioner for indulgences in Germany. Known for granting indulgences for money; also came up with phrase "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." |  | 2 |
| 5652124263 | Frederick of Saxony | Elector of Saxony from 1486 to his death. Son of Ernest, elector of Saxony and his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Albert III, Duke of Bavaria. Notable for being one of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther, Lutheranism, and the Protestant Reformation although he had little personal contact with Luther himself. |  | 3 |
| 5652124264 | John Calvin | Influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation who was the principal figure in the development of the Christian theology later called Calvinism. Originally trained as a humanist lawyer, he broke from the Church around 1530. Fled France to escape religious violence, eventually reaching Geneva, where he established a theocracy. Eventually forced out of city. |  | 4 |
| 5652124265 | Elizabeth I | Childless Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Established Protestant Church with Elizabethan Settlement, evolving into Church of England. Became famous for virginity. Remembered for moderation. Considered illegitimate by Catholic Church. Period famous for flourishing of English drama (Shakespeare, Marlowe, etc). Rival was Mary, Queen of Scots, whom she imprisoned and executed in 1587. |  | 5 |
| 5652124266 | Mary Tudor | Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 whose execution by Protestants earned her the nickname "Bloody Mary". She was the only child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who survived to adulthood. Half-brother Edward VI (son of Jane Seymour)had succeeded father, but fell mortally ill in 1553, when he attempted to remove Mary from line of succession because of religious differences. Remembered for restoration of Roman Catholicism after short-lived Protestant era of her half-brother. Later reversed by successor, Elizabeth I. |  | 6 |
| 5652124267 | Pope Paul III | Pope who comes to power following the sack of Rome in 1527, era when Catholic Church was rife with uncertainties. During his pontificate, new Catholic religious orders and societies, such as the Jesuits, Barnabites, and Congregation of Oratory gained popular following. Formed Council of Trent, significant patron of arts, but also denounced Copernicus' work "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres". |  | 7 |
| 5652124268 | Catherine of Aragon | First wife of Henry VIII whom he eventually divorces. |  | 8 |
| 5652124269 | Anne Boleyn | Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 who was the second wife of Henry VIII. Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. |  | 9 |
| 5652124270 | Ignatius of Loyola | Spanish knight who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), becoming its first Superior General in 1541. Emerged as religious leader during Counter-Reformation and was absolutely loyal to the Pope. Wounded at the Battle of Pamplona in 1521, undergoing spiritual conversion in recovery. Soon abandons military life for labor for God. Sees vision of Virgin Mary and infant Jesus in 1522, begins to pray seven hours a day and writes "Spiritual Exercises". Gained approval for Jesuits from Pope Paul III. Now officially a saint. |  | 10 |
| 5652124271 | Edward VI | King of England and Ireland from 1537 to 1553. Crowned at the age of nine. Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, became third monarch in the Tudor Dynasty and first Protestant. Reign marked by economic problems and social unrest. Transformation into Church as Protestant institution occurred under Edward VI. Council drew up "Devise for the Succession", attempting to prohibit return to Catholicism. Named Lady Jane Grey heir, but half-sisters succeeded him. |  | 11 |
| 5652124272 | Mary Stuart Queen of Scots | Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567. Only legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, being six days old when she ascended to crown. Married to King Francis II, who died in 1561. Later married first cousin, Henry Stuart, who was found murdered in garden. Next married James Hepburn. Following uprising, forced into imprisonment at Loch Leven Castle. Forced to abdicate in favor James in 1567, her one-year-old son. Eventually found guilty of plot to assassinate Elizabeth, then executed. |  | 12 |
| 5652124273 | Pluralism | Holding of multiple Church offices by one person, usually involving neglect. Sign of disorder in Catholic Church; many practicers also made significant profit off titles. Came about largely through practice of buying Church positions, one of the main faults in the soon-to-be reformed Church. |  | 13 |
| 5652124274 | Nepotism | Act of appointing family members or close friends to position of favor, especially in the Church. Term derived from regular appoint of nephews by Renaissance popes. |  | 14 |
| 5652124275 | Sale of Indulgences | Sale of forgiveness during Renaissance Era. An indulgence is officially defined as "a remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, which the faithful Christian who is duly disposed gains...dispenses and applies with authority the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints". Highly controversial practice viewed as contributing factor to Protestant Reformation. |  | 15 |
| 5652124276 | Clerical Ignorance | Low-level clergy were often extremely under-educated on subjects that they were preaching, leading to discontent amongst many Christians. Many priests were virtually illiterate. | 16 | |
| 5652124277 | Holy Roman Empire | Multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods until its dissolution in 1806. Largest territory of empire was Kingdom of Germany, but also contained Bohemia, Burgundy, and Northern Italy. Founded in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Frankish king Charlemagne Emperor. Term first used in 13th century. Office of HRE was elected. Never achieved true unity, instead was decentralized and featured limited elective monarchy. Power of emperor was limit; certain degree of de facto sovereignty in territories. Dissolved in 1806 after defeat by Napoleon. |  | 17 |
| 5652124278 | Hapsburg-Valois Wars | Frances vs. Hapsburgs. France tried to keep Germany divided. Led to slow unification of German states. Ended by Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, ending Hapbsurg-Valois Wars and giving Spain dominance over France. Involved states of Italy, Papal States, most of Western Europe, Ottoman Empire. Resulted in Hapsburg Spain becoming premier power and reducing power of Italy. |  | 18 |
| 5652124279 | 95 Theses | Document published by Martin Luther in 1517 widely viewed as initial catalyst for Protestant Reformation. Disputation protests against nepotism, simony,usury, pluralism, and sale of indulgences to Wittenburg Church. |  | 19 |
| 5652124280 | "Brotherhood of All Believers" | Fundamental teaching of Martin Luther stating that ordinary Christians share common priesthood. Dismisses medieval view that Christians in present life were divided into "spiritual" and "secular" classes. Put forward doctrine that all baptized Christians are spiritual priests. |  | 20 |
| 5652124281 | Jesuits | Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola. Were always at disposal of pope. They were to go wherever he ordered them to go to save souls. Never accepted bishopric unless ordered by pope. Wore no special habit. No special mortification. Excused from communal prayer and masses. Took three traditional monastic vows; elite take fourth vow of direct obedience to pope on foreign mission. Faith to be spread by preaching, spiritual exercises, etc. Emphasis on education and desire to create spiritual religious order. |  | 21 |
| 5652124282 | Act of Supremacy | 1534 legislation that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, declaring himself the supreme head of the Church of England (Anglican Church). Still legal authority of the Sovereign of UK. Declared he was "only supreme head on earth of Church of England...all honors, duties, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity". |  | 22 |
| 5652124283 | Siege of Münster | Attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish communal sectarian government in German city of Munster. City was under Anabaptist rule from 1534 to 1535. Polygamist colony. Later sacked by Protestant and Catholics. | 23 | |
| 5652124284 | League of Schmalkalden | Defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Although originally started for religious motivations soon after the start of the Protestant Reformation, its members eventually intended for the League to replace the Holy Roman Empire as their source of political allegiance. Actually had substantial military to defend political and religious interests. Named after town in Germany. |  | 24 |
| 5652124285 | Elizabethan Settlement | Outward conformity to Church of England and uniformity in ceremonies but approval of Catholicism in private. Crated by Queen Elizabeth to promote peace in Europe. |  | 25 |
| 5652124286 | German Peasants' Revolts | In late 1524, peasants, craftsmen, and poor soldiers formed bands and pillaged throughout large area of HRE. Several groups met in Swabia during 1525. After series of battles, they were finally suppressed. More than 100,000 rebels and others killed. |  | 26 |
| 5652124287 | Politique | Public figure who placed politics before religion, believing that no religious truth was worth Civil War (examples include Queen Elizabeth and Henry of Navarre). Provided third choice for many European countries- people like Elizabeth I of England could unite country and stabilize it with toleration of religions. |  | 27 |
| 5652124288 | Index of Prohibited Books | Books supporting Protestantism or that were overly critical of Church (e.g. Erasmus) were banned from Catholic nations. Books containing supposed scientific errors also included. Certain rules dictated reading, selling, and pre-emptive censorship of books. |  | 28 |
| 5652124289 | Key Themes of Baroque | Exaggerated motion and clear , easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance and music. Began around 1600 in Rome before spreading around Europe. Encouraged by Church and at Council of Trent that arts should communicate religious themes. Palaces built around entrance of courts, grand stair cases, reception rooms. |  | 29 |
| 5652124290 | The Elevation of the Cross, Peter Paul Rubens | Painted by Flemish Baroque painter who was proponent of extravagant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. Well known for Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and historical paintings of allegorical and mythological subjects. Ran large studio in Antwerp; also classically educated humanist scholar knighted in England and Spain. Painting shows influence of Renaissance and Baroque. Triptych- there frames. Center panel illustrates tension between multitude of finely muscled men attempting to lift cross and seemingly unbearable weight of Christ. Foreshortening is evident in contortion of men. Descent and ascent key themes. Motion, time, and space are illustrated along with struggle to upright cross. Dynamic color and chiaroscuro used. |  | 30 |
| 5652124291 | Council of Trent (1545-1563) | Redefined the doctrines of the Church and defined Catholic dogma. Salvation is by both good works and faith. The seven sacraments are valid. Transubstantiation is affirmed. Religious authority comes from the Bible, traditions, and the writings of the Church Fathers. Individuals cannot interpret the Bible without guidance from the Church. The only valid version of the Bible is the Vulgate. Monasticism with the celibacy of the clergy affirmed. Purgatory exists. Attempted to reform abuses: abuses of indulgences corrected, bishops given greater power, seminaries in each diocese to train priests. |  | 31 |
| 5652124292 | Catholic and Counter Reformations (1545-1563) | Roman Catholic Church response to both the criticisms of the reformers and the spread of Protestantism. |  | 32 |
| 5652124293 | Spanish Inquisition | Designed to encourage a sense of national unity based on Catholicism. Moslem Moors and Jews were driven into exile or forcibly converted. Later adapted to combat Protestantism and enforce orthodoxy. |  | 33 |
| 5652124294 | simony | Sale of church offices. |  | 34 |
| 5652124295 | indulgences | Sold by the Catholic Church to guarantee the remission of sins. |  | 35 |
| 5652124296 | Babylonian Captivity | Occurred in the 14th century when popes, subservient to the French king, took up residence in Avignon and lost prestige in the rest of Christendom. |  | 36 |
| 5652124297 | The Great Schism | Beginning in 1378, when French and anti-French cardinals elected two popes - one whom lived in Rome, the other in Avignon - and lasting over forty years. |  | 37 |
| 5652124298 | Martin Luther (1483-1546) | Condemned the sale of indulgences. Came to believe that the traditional means of attaining salvation were inadequate. Nailed 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenburg church, listing the points of his opposition to the indulgences and inviting debate. He was excommunicated by Leo X in 1520 after he refused to recant. |  | 38 |
| 5652124299 | Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521) | Sent a papal bull to Luther demanding that he recant. When Luther refused, he excommunicated him (1520). |  | 39 |
| 5652124300 | transubstantiation | Belief that while the bread and wine of the Mass maintain their appearance, they are transformed into the Body and Blood of Christ. |  | 40 |
| 5652124301 | consubstantiation | Doctrine that the transformation of the bread and wine was not literal but that God was somehow actually present in more than a symbolic way. |  | 41 |
| 5652124302 | sacraments | baptism, confirmation, Eucharist or communion, matrimony, penance or reconciliation, anointing of the sick, holy orders |  | 42 |
| 5652124303 | salvation by faith alone | Faith alone is enough to go to Heaven. |  | 43 |
| 5652124304 | Diet of Worms (1521) | A tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with the power to outlaw. Luther was called to appear, and the empire outlawed him. Frederick the Wise brought Luther to safety in Wittneberg, where he organized his reformed church, and translated the Bible into the vernacular. |  | 44 |
| 5652124306 | manorialism | The economic social order of medieval feudalism. |  | 45 |
| 5652124307 | Peasant's War (1524-1526) | Demanding abolition from manorialism caused German peasants to use force against landowners. | 46 | |
| 5652124308 | Diet of Speyer (1529) | Refused to recognize the right of the German princes to determine the religion of their subjects. | 47 | |
| 5652124309 | Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) | Establish Protestantism in Switzerland. Killed in a nationwide religious civil war. Argued the God's presence during communion is only symbolic. |  | 48 |
| 5652124311 | Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) | Named "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope for his tract "Defense of the Seven Sacraments" in 1521, only to declare the English Church independent of Rome later on and be excommunicated. He wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon in order to marry Anne Boleyn but had been denied annulment. |  | 49 |
| 5652124312 | Thomas Cranmer | Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533. Granted Henry VIII the divorce of Catherine of Aragon. |  | 50 |
| 5652124313 | theocracy | Government run by the church. |  | 51 |
| 5652124314 | predestination | There is nothing anyone can do to attain salvation. | 52 | |
| 5652124315 | conversion | A mystical encounter with God. |  | 53 |
| 5652124316 | Elect or Saints | A select few saved only by God's love from corrupt humanity and given indications of their status by conversion or by material prosperity. |  | 54 |
| 5652124317 | Puritan or Protestant Ethic | Incentive to avoid poverty as a sign of damnation, and served to justify the rise of capitalism. |  | 55 |
| 5652124318 | Statute of the Six Articles (1539) | Approved by the English Parliament. Seven sacraments upheld, catholic theology was maintained, the authority of the monarch replaced the authority of the pope. | 56 | |
| 5652124320 | Huguenots | French Calvinists. |  | 57 |
| 5652124321 | Puritans and Pilgrims | English Calvinists. Failed in their revolution in the 1600s but established a colony in New England. |  | 58 |
| 5652124322 | Inquisition (1542) | Clerical courts that tried and convicted religious dissenters who were subject to deportation, torture, or death. Controlled by Jesuits in Spain and Italy. |  | 59 |
| 5652124323 | Vulgate | St. Jerome's Latin translation of the Bible approved at the Council of Trent. |  | 60 |
| 5652124324 | Peace of Augsburg (1555) | German princes could choose the religion of their subjects, as long as it was Catholic or Lutheran. "Cuius regio, eius religio." |  | 61 |
| 5652124325 | Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) | Culminations of religious wars of the 16th century. German princes sought autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire. France sought to limit the power of the Hapsburgs. Hapsburgs sought to extend power in Germany. Sweden and Denmark hoped to strengthen their hold in the Baltic region. |  | 62 |
| 5652124326 | Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) | Calvinist Bohemians defenestrated the representatives of Catholic King Matthias and installed Calvinist Frederick V as king. Ferdinand II became Holy Roman Emperor and defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of While Mountain in 1620. Protestant land was given away, and the Spanish consolidated power along the Rhine River. |  | 63 |
| 5652124327 | Danish Phase (1625-1630) | Lutheran Christian IV of Denmark entered the war to aid Protestants and annex land. Ferdinand II commissioned Albert of Wallenstein to raise a mercenary army, which defeated the Danes in 1626. |  | 64 |
| 5652124328 | Edict of Restitution (1629) | Restored all the Catholic sates in Germany that had been secularized before the Peace of Augsburg. | 65 | |
| 5652124329 | Swedish Phase (1630-1635) | Catholic regent of France Cardinal Richelieu offered subsidies to encourage Lutheran Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus to enter the war and check Hapsburg power. Decisive victories over Hapsburg forces, Adolphus and Wallenstein dead. Protestant states of Germany made peace with the emperor. |  | 66 |
| 5652124330 | Peace of Prague | Revoked the Edict of Restitution. |  | 67 |
| 5652124331 | The French Phase of the Thirty Years War (1635-1648) | France, Holland, and Savoy entered the war on the Swedish side. Spain supported the Austrian Hapsburgs. French general Henri Turenne defeated the Spanish at Rocroi. | 68 | |
| 5652124332 | The Peace of Westphalia (1648) | Peace of Augsburg reinstated with Calvinism added as an acceptable religion. Edict of Restitution revoked. Switzerland and Holland granted independence. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg received territories. German princes made sovereign rules. |  | 69 |
| 5652124333 | Baroque Art | Intended to create unity where all forms of art in a single expressive purpose could converge toward a single aim - to engage the viewer physically and emotionally. Eccentric or fanciful. Instrument of the Counter Reformation. Artists frequently capitalized on the immediacy of these emotional reactions, and "spiritual" art became an art of sensation. Its effect was to stagger and overpower the senses. |  | 70 |
| 5652124334 | Rembrandt (1606-1669) | Baroque artist known for innovative portraits and use of light. |  | 71 |
| 5652124335 | Vermeer (1632-1675) | Baroque artist known for clear domestic scenes. Dutch Baroque Period |  | 72 |
| 5652124336 | Bernini (1598-1650) | Greatest sculptor of the Baroque era. | 73 | |
| 5652124337 | Bach (1685-1750) | Ultimate Baroque composer. |  | 74 |
| 5652124338 | Rococo Art | Art characterized by elegance, pleasantness, and frivolity. |  | 75 |
| 5652124339 | Catholic Church | Leadership: pope and religious hierarchy Sacraments: seven Clergy: priests - only clergy may interpret scripture Salvation: through faith and works Role of State: pope is Catholic leader of sovereigns Eucharist: Transubstantiation |  | 76 |
| 5652124340 | Anglican Church | Leadership: king and religious hierarchy Sacraments: communion, baptism Clergy: married priests Salvation: through faith and works Role of State: sovereign controls the church |  | 77 |
| 5652124341 | Lutheranism | Sacraments: communion, baptism, absolutism Clergy: ministers and priesthood of all believers Salvation: through faith, justification from forgiveness and good works Role of State: religious choices are up to the individual who owes obedience to lawful ruler Eucharist: consubstantiation |  | 78 |
| 5652124342 | Calvinism | Leadership: ministerial government divinely ordained Sacraments: communion, baptism Clergy: ministers, elders, deacons, people Salvation: through faith, justification is wealth and possible good works, predestination Role of State: religious organization dominates the state and in fact is the state Eucharist: symbolic |  | 79 |
| 5652124343 | Ulrich Zwingli | Taught only 2 Sacraments like Luther communion, baptism Clergy: ministers Salvation: through faith, justification is God's endorsement of the morals of the individual Role of State: religion controls (and should) the state Eucharist: memorial | | 80 |
| 5652124344 | Presbyterian | Sacraments: communion, baptism Clergy: ministers Salvation: through faith |  | 81 |
| 5652124345 | Anabaptists | Leadership: no head Sacraments: lord's supper, adult baptism Clergy: ministers, including women Salvation: through faith Role of State: separation of church and state Appealed to: Peasants Hated by everyone |  | 82 |
| 5652479697 | Henry IV | King of Navarre and France, Founder of the Bourbon Dynasty. Henry became Catholic to settle the Huguenot Wars and become king "Paris is worth a mass" |  | 83 |
| 5652124346 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 after French religious wars, Henry IV gives Huguenots the right to practice their religion (not near Paris though). Evoked by Louis XIV in place of Edict of Fontainebleau which actively went against Huguenots |  | 84 |
| 5652124347 | St. Bartholomew's day massacre | Catholics kill Huguenots in France in a coordinated attack probably inspired by Catherine de Medici |  | 85 |
