For Ms. Brodie's AP Euro test on 10/6/11 at North Shore Highschool
Terms : Hide Images
| 222168576 | Renaissance | the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world. | 0 | |
| 222168577 | Jacob Burckhardt | Italians were "firstborn among sons of modern Europe" Developed the revival of antiquity, perfected the concept of the individual, defined the era with secularism. Offered an interpretation of the Renaisssance that illustrates the "Rebirth" of Western Civillization out of the slums of the "Dark Ages". | 1 | |
| 222168578 | Leon Battista Alberti | "Men can do all things if they will." idea of the universal man, a scholar and an architect. | 2 | |
| 222168579 | Hanseatic League | Cities in Northern Germany that form a commercial alliance. They become more powerful than the Italian merchants, who were hit by the plague. They declined when their port city, Bruges, declined. | 3 | |
| 222168580 | House of Medici | A bank in Florence, ran by the Medici family. Branches into Rome, London, Bruges, Venice, Milan, etc. They are the bankers for the Papacy, but they decline at the end of the 15th Century because of unpaid loans. | 4 | |
| 222168581 | Castiglione's Book of the Courtier | Popular, fundamental handbook with ideals expected of aristocrats. There were 3 main characteristics. One was having fundamental native endowments including character, grace, talent, and noble birth. Another was having achievements, especially in military exercises. This meant being physically fit and being able to be a soldier. The last was to have a classical education- to play an instrument, draw, or paint. Castiglione took the Renaissance ideal of a well-developed personality and turned it into those three characteristics. The aim of a noble, he said, was to serve as a prince in an effective and honest way. | 5 | |
| 222168582 | Condottieri | Soldiers that were hired by Italian city-states. | 6 | |
| 222168583 | Francisco Sforza | A strong condottieri who turned on his employers and conquered Milan in 1477. He worked to create a very strong, centralized government. | 7 | |
| 222168584 | Cosimo d' Medici | Took control of the oligarchy that had manipulated the "republican" government of Florence, in a time when it was the center of the cultural Renaissance. | 8 | |
| 222168585 | The Papal States | Lands under political control of the Popes in central Italy. Consists of Urbino, Bologna and Ferrara. The Popes of this time put much effort into keeping control of these lands. | 9 | |
| 222168586 | Isabella d'Este | First lady of the World, she was an example for women to break away from traditional roles, and even founded a school for young women. She ruled Mantua, was well educated and a big patron of the arts. Daughter of the duke of Ferrara. | 10 | |
| 222168587 | Peace of Lodi and Balance of Power | A peace treaty signed by the states of Italy in 1454. Initiated a forty-year period of peace in Italy. | 11 | |
| 222168588 | 1527 Sack of Rome | The conquering of Rome by King Charles I (Spain) in 1527. Thereafter, the Spaniards ruled over Italy. | 12 | |
| 222168589 | Machivelli's "The Prince" | A book written by Machivelli about how a prince should rule. Said that princes should keep their morals separate from their political control. Also stated that a prince should be feared and loved, almost equally. | 13 | |
| 222168590 | Civic Humanism | Humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society and government. Began in Florence. | 14 | |
| 222168591 | Petrarch | Known as the Father of Humanism, he was peeved by the lack of Classical learning during the Middle Ages. An author and a scholar of the Early Renaissance that used Cicero and Virgil as models for oration and poetry. | 15 | |
| 222168592 | Leonardo Bruni's "The New Cicero" | A biography on Cicero, in which Bruni wrote excitedly about the fusion of politics and literature that Cicero possessed. | 16 | |
| 222168593 | Lorenzo Valla | A papal secretary who wrote "The Elegances of the Latin Language," a book that tried to restore Latin to what it was in Classical times, rather than what it became during the Middle Ages. | 17 | |
| 222168594 | Marcilio Ficino and Neoplatonism | He was hired to translate the works of Plato for Medici. He created a new theory that was a combination of Christianity and Platonism and called it neoplatonism. It stated that there were levels of material (plants to God) and that humans rest in the middle. We should strive to get to the top level. The other part was that people were basically bound together by love. | 18 | |
| 222168595 | Renaissance hermeticism | Came from manuscript translated by Cosimo de' Medici; stressed occult sciences and stressed philosophical beliefs of pantheism (divinity embodied in all aspects of nature). | 19 | |
| 222168596 | Pico della Mirandola's "Oration" | A book written by one of the most famous magi of the Hermetic movement, a pupil of Ficino; it combined the works of many philosophers in search of truth; focused on human potential. | 20 | |
| 222168597 | Liberal Studies | The free arts. Includes philosophy, rhetoric, math, astronomy, music, grammar, and more. Humanist education that can enriches Renaissance men. | 21 | |
| 222168598 | Guicciardini | A historian who's works marked the beginning of modern analytical historiography. His works, "History of Florence" and "History of Italy" both were supported with many documentary sources. | 22 | |
| 222168599 | Gutenberg | Was the first author to be published with a printing press; Wrote Gutenberg's Bible in 1455. | 23 | |
| 222168600 | Masaccio | A great artist of the Early Renaissance. Had beautiful frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel, which have been referred to as the first masterpiece of Early Renaissance Art. | 24 | |
| 222168601 | Lorenzo the Magnificent | A leading patron of art and scholarship; powerful member of the Medici family. | 25 | |
| 222168602 | Botticelli's "Primavera" | A painting set in the garden of Venus. Very realistic, with well-defined characters. Displays Borricelli's strong interest in Classical antiquity. | 26 | |
| 222168603 | Donatello's "David" | Radiates simplicity and strength that reflected the dignity of humanity. Very reminiscent of the nude statues of antiquity. | 27 | |
| 222168604 | Brunelleschi's dome | On an unfinished cathedral of Florence. Used new building techniques and machinery to build the huge dome. | 28 | |
| 222168605 | High Renaissance | The final stage of Renaissance art, which flourished between 1480 and 1520. Marked by the increasing importance of Rome as a new cultural center of the Italian Renaissance. The three artistic giants were Da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo. | 29 | |
| 222168606 | Leonardo da Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, he filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). | 30 | |
| 222168607 | Raphael | (1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens, which portrays the many scholars and philosophers of classical times. | 31 | |
| 222168608 | Michelangelo | An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, he sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time. | 32 | |
| 222168609 | Michelangelo's "David" | Exalts the beauty of the human body. Also, looks like Classical sculpting made of marble. | 33 | |
| 222168610 | Bramante | This man built the "Tempietto" at a great basilica. Classical elements of architecture, such as columns, and circular structure. | 34 | |
| 222168611 | Vasari's "Lives of the Artists" | A series of short biographies about the artists of the Renaissance, such as Leonardo da Vinci. | 35 | |
| 222168612 | The Northern Renaissance | Inspired through students who had studied in Italy, merchants who had traded there and the Brothers of the Common Life. Although still humanists, these northerners developed a very different culture than their Italian neighbors. The invention of the printing press allowed humanists to spread their viewpoints more freely and widely. | 36 | |
| 222168613 | Jan van Eyck | One of the first artists to use oil paints. Created the painting, "Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride," and painted with many details and much realism. | 37 | |
| 222168614 | Albrecht Durer | A Northern artist that was greatly affected by the Italian art, due to his two trips to Italy. One of his works was the "Adoration of the Magi." He used great details in order to make art that was truly beautiful. | 38 | |
| 222168615 | Madrigals | Musical composition set to a short poem usually about love, written for several voices. Common in Renaissance music. | 39 | |
| 222168616 | "New Monarchies" | The states in the North try to unify under central rule, expand, and become powerful. France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, etc. All have a monochromatic government. | 40 | |
| 222168617 | Louis the XI (The Spider) | Known as "The Spider" for his devious ways. He initiated the taille, a tax on people in France just for living. He did, however, advance the process of building a territorial state. | 41 | |
| 222168618 | Henry VII | Defeated the last Yorkist king in the War of the Roses, making him the king of England. The was the first of the Tudor Dynasty, and he tried to make a territorial monarchy. He abolished "livery and maintenance," which was the wars of the nobility. He also initiated the Court of the Star Chamber, which had no juries and allowed torture to extract confessions. He also used diplomacy, so he didn't need to ask Parliment for funding for war. This made him even more powerful. | 42 | |
| 222168619 | Ferdinand and Isabella | A couple that married to make an alliance. They had a professional royal army, which was one of the best of that time. They also held the Spanish Inquisition, a prosecution against non-Catholics. | 43 | |
| 222168620 | The Spanish Inquisition | Understanding the wealth and power of the Catholic church, Isabella and Ferdinand had an inquisition to get rid of all Jews and Muslims (1492). They would torture people until they admitted that they were not Catholic. While this was a very terrible thing to do, it did unify Spain under Catholicism. | 44 | |
| 222168621 | The Hasburgs | The Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. Gained power by using many marriage alliances. Charles, a Hasburg, through a series of unexpected deaths, becomes the heir of Hasburg, Burgundian and Spanish. | 45 | |
| 222168622 | Ivan III | Broke Russia free of the Mongols. Gave birth to the principality of Moscow. | 46 | |
| 222168623 | Sack of Rome (Year) | 1527 | 47 | |
| 222168624 | Isabella and Ferdinand expel Jews and Muslims (Year) | 1492 | 48 | |
| 222168625 | Seize of Constantinople by Turks; End of Byzantine (Year) | 1453 | 49 |
