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| 9728537708 | Renaissance | period from 1400 - 1600 that witnessed a transformation of cultural & intellectual values from primarily Christian to classical or secular. | 0 | |
| 9728539734 | Humanists | Renaissance scholars of classical Greek & Roman works of literature and thought who were advocates of liberal arts education & the importance of the individual | 1 | |
| 9728547413 | Medicis | Wealthy merchant family of bankers who controlled the Italian city-state of Florence during the Renaissance era. Their subsidization of the arts, especially under Lorenzo, supported the flowering of the Renaissance. | 2 | |
| 9728552395 | Baldassare Castiglione | Wrote The Book of the Courtier which presented the image of the "Renaissance Man" who was versed in liberal arts & social graces as contrasted to the more unrefined knights in the Middle Ages. | 3 | |
| 9728558070 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Wrote The Prince which described his view of realistic government with a strong leader concerned only with political power and success. "better to be feared rather than loved by the masses." | 4 | |
| 9728560414 | Renaissance Art- | used perspective and math for a realistic portrayal of nature and the human body | 5 | |
| 9728564229 | Michelangelo | painter who also experimented in poetry, architecture, and sculpture. His most famous works are David & the Sistine Chapel. | 6 | |
| 9728567415 | Leonardo da Vinci | Renaissance sculptor, scientist, engineer, architect, & painter. Famous works: The Last Supper & Mona Lisa. | 7 | |
| 9728571153 | Raphael | Known for his Madonnas and his School of Athens that showed ancient philosophers with Renaissance artists. | 8 | |
| 9728575508 | Brunelleschi | architect who created the largest dome built in Europe in a cathedral in Florence. | 9 | |
| 9728579424 | Northern Renaissance Art | focused less on perspective and the human body and more on detail | 10 | |
| 9728584604 | Van Eyck Brothers | Flemish painters from the Northern Renaissance who applied great attention to detail in their work, particularly in their capturing of human facial expressions. | 11 | |
| 9728592102 | Johannes Gutenberg | (1450) European inventor of the printing press which allowed books to be printed quickly & economically. This spread the Renaissance & Reformation ideas throughout Europe. | 12 | |
| 9728597570 | Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch scholar who wrote The Praise of Folly. The book criticized the Church's superstition & ignorance. Erasmus is credited with "laying the egg that Luther hatched." | 13 | |
| 9728600947 | 95 Theses | Martin Luther's list of complaints and reforms. He accused Johann Tetzel of wrongdoing in his selling of indulgences and asking people to pay for false promises of exoneration of their sins. Luther's protests spread throughout Europe, igniting the Reformation. | 14 | |
| 9728604552 | Priesthood of All Believers | Luther's revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the Bible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church's position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so. | 15 | |
| 9728620296 | John Calvin | Swiss leader of Protestantism & advocate of predestination | 16 | |
| 9728608719 | Justification of Faith Alone | Luther's ideas revolved around this central tenet that people were led to salvation only through inner faith in God, rather than by participating in worldly rituals and good deeds. | 17 | |
| 9728616800 | Diet of Worms | Special imperial council in Worms, Germany, to which Martin Luther was summoned after his excommunication 1521. Luther was ordered to abandon his revolutionary ideas, which he refused to do, so he was banished (excommunicated) from the empire | 18 | |
| 9728627851 | Schmalkaldic League | alliance of German princes which results in war with the Catholics led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V | 19 | |
| 9728640761 | Council of Trent | These meetings did not reform church doctrines but they did end several corrupt practices criticized by Reformers within the Church and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine. | 20 | |
| 9728632528 | Peace of Augsburg | (1555) - ends the Schmalkaldic War and grants German princes the right to chose the religion for their territory | 21 | |
| 9728636875 | Henry VIII | broke with the Church forming the Church of England so he could annul his marriage. The First Act of Supremacy (1534) made the King the head of the English Church (Anglican Church). | 22 | |
| 9728644415 | Jesuits | A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola & committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation. | 23 | |
| 9728648936 | Index of Forbidden Books | The Index forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith or morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas. | 24 | |
| 9788241914 | Mercantilism | A new economic theory based on the idea that a country's wealth was measured by the amount of gold & silver it possessed. This led to fierce competition for metallic riches through exploration & imperialism | 25 | |
| 9788247875 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Agreement between Spain & Portugal to divide the land east and west of the Atlantic Ocean. Spain could explore the New World and Portugal could explore the lands East of Africa. (Line dividing the world down the middle through Brazil) | 26 | |
| 9788252721 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who was the first to circumnavigate the globe proving that the world was round and that the New World was not a part of Asia. | 27 | |
| 9788258842 | Triangle Trade | A pattern of trade in early modern Europe that connected Europe (supplies), Africa (slaves), and the Americas (gold & silver) in an Atlantic economy. | 28 | |
| 9788270298 | Elizabeth I | Queen of England from 1558-1603, developed England into a world power & strengthened Protestantism through the 2nd Act of Supremacy. | 29 | |
| 9788263003 | Columbian Exchange | the reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas. | 30 | |
| 9788278378 | Politique | A ruler who suppresses their religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France) | 31 | |
| 9788286725 | Spanish Armada (1588) | Fleet of 130 ships launched by Spain's Catholic Phillip II to conquer England during the time of Elizabeth I. England was victorious and Spain never again posed a threat to England. | 32 | |
| 9788293701 | Treaty of Westphalia | 1648 treaty ending the Thirty Years' War, (Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire). France gained land. Switzerland & German princes gained independence from Holy Roman Empire | 33 | |
| 9788291110 | Thirty Years War (1618-1648) | Most destructive war to date fought mainly in the Germanic states. Starts off as a conflict between Protestants and Lutherans and ends up a struggle for European control between French Catholic Bourbon family fighting on the side of the Protestants against the Habsburg family of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire | 34 | |
| 9832912402 | Petition of Right | (1628) This stated that the King could not tax without Parliamentary consent. | 35 | |
| 9832920776 | English Civil War | (1641-1651) Puritans versus the Royalists over control of Parliament | 36 | |
| 9832924203 | Charles I | Charles fought with the Puritan Parliament over his war expenses, advancing his divine-right of kings, and marrying a Catholic. He was beheaded at the end of the English Civil War. | 37 | |
| 9832931579 | Oliver Cromwell | Puritan leader of the Roundhead army in the English Civil War who defeated Charles I and established a republic, or commonwealth, in England. He ruled as "Lord Protector." | 38 | |
| 9832934117 | Glorious Revolution | In 1688, Parliament gave the crown to James II's Protestant daughter, Mary II, and her Protestant husband, William III, as joint rulers rather than to James II's Catholic son. It was a bloodless and "glorious" transfer of power. | 39 | |
| 9833025990 | English Bill of Rights | 1689 document declaring Parliament would choose who ruled England, that the ruler could not tax without Parliamentary consent, that the ruler could not suspend Parliament, that the ruler was subject to all laws, that Parliament was to meet frequently, that MPs were guaranteed freedom of speech, and that cruel and unusual punishment was illegal. | 40 | |
| 9833028954 | Peter the Great | Romanov ruler of Russia from 1682-1725. He brought Western European ideas to Russia, improved the Russian army, achieved control of the church, dominated the nobility, and transformed Russia into a major world power. | 41 | |
| 9833031980 | Cardinal Richelieu | Chief minister to Henry IV's weak son, Louis XIII of France. He worked to establish absolute rule by weakening the nobles and Huguenots and employing intendants. | 42 | |
| 9833034570 | Henry IV | First Bourbon king of France, ruled 1589-1610, and converted to Catholicism from Calvinism to bring peace after the French Civil War. He passed the Edict of Nantes and was also assassinated in 1610. | 43 | |
| 9833036995 | Louis XIV | reigned from 1643-1715 - best example of an absolute monarch. (divine right king) Built the palace at Versailles. Issued the Edict of Foutainebleau (1685) which revoked the rights of the Huguenots granted in the Edict of Nantes. | 44 | |
| 9833040083 | Rene Descartes | His Discourse on Method states that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. "I think; therefore, I am." He stressed separation of mind and matter or logical reasoning. | 45 | |
| 9833043892 | Isaac Newton | English scientist and author of works explaining the law of universal gravitation & motion. His work inspired the notion of natural universal laws ordering and arranging life (mechanical view of the universe). | 46 | |
| 9833045733 | Galileo Galilei | Italian scientist who used a telescope. Discovered that not every heavenly body revolves around Earth. After he was put on house arrest he made discoveries in the areas of motion or physics. | 47 | |
| 9833048162 | Johannes Kepler | Mathematician who used models, observations, and mathematics to prove the heliocentric theory developed by Copernicus. | 48 | |
| 9833050511 | Nicolaus Copernicus | The Polish scientist who abandoned the geocentric model (earth centered universe) and advocated the heliocentric theory (sun centered universe). | 49 | |
| 9833053311 | Francis Bacon | Advocated a system of experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting without question traditional Church & ancient beliefs. This led to the development of the scientific method. | 50 | |
| 9833058637 | War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) | War fought to prevent Louis XIV's grandson from taking over Spain. Ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. | 51 | |
| 9833061423 | Treaty of Utrecht | Ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713, recognizing France's Philip V as King of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies. England gained profitable lands in North America from France. | 52 | |
| 9833063485 | Pragmatic Sanction | Charles VI released this sanction urging all constituent Austrian lands to allow his daughter, Maria Theresa, to inherit Austria and other Hapsburg lands. | 53 | |
| 9833064999 | War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) | Initiated by Prussia's acquisition of Silesia; war involved Spain, Prussia, and France against Austria, GB, Netherlands & Russia. | 54 | |
| 9833067820 | Catherine the Great | Romanov ruler of Russia from 1763-96 who supported enlightened additions to Russian culture and expanded Russia's borders | 55 | |
| 9833073854 | Age of Enlightenment | 18th century period of scientific & philosophical innovation in which people investigated human nature & sought to explain reality through rationalism. | 56 | |
| 9833077123 | John Locke | argued that individuals have natural rights of life, political equality, and property that could not be violated by a political leader in a social contract. He believed governments existed only to protect these natural rights, and any government failing to do so should be overthrown. | 57 | |
| 9833080631 | Philosophes | Body of Enlightenment thinkers. Most famous for writing Encyclopedia, a handbook for Enlightenment ideas, edited by Denis Diderot. | 58 | |
| 9833083150 | Montesquieu | Philosophe who wrote Spirit of the Laws in 1748. Described the British model of divided branches of government with checks and balances as the ideal system. | 59 | |
| 9833085453 | Voltaire | Philosophe who wrote Candide, satirizine prejudice, oppressive government, and bigotry. Championed freedom of religion and thought. | 60 | |
| 9833087684 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Philosophe who published the Social Contract. Claimed that people were born good but were corrupted by education, laws, and society. Rousseau advocated a government based on popular sovereignty and proper child rearing. | 61 | |
| 9864109358 | Seven Years' War | War from 1756-63. Began as the "French and Indian War" in North America. Evolved into a war on the European continent | 62 | |
| 9864113134 | Three Estates | Before the 1789 Revolution, "Old Regime" France was divided into three estates: First Estate: Roman Catholic clergy (1%) Second Estate: nobility (2%) Third Estate: all of the rest, including bourgeoisie, city workers, rural peasants, and artisans (97%) | 63 | |
| 9864117361 | Louis XVI | Ruler of France (1774-92) Married Marie Antoinette, and nearly bankrupted France by supporting the American Revolution. Beheaded by the guillotine in January of 1793, on the orders of the National Convention. | 64 | |
| 9864122264 | Marie Antoinette | Daughter of Maria Theresa and wife of Louis XVI. Became the most hated woman in France because of her ostentation and refusal to support reforms. Guillotined in October of 1793. | 65 | |
| 9864125798 | Tennis Court Oath | The 3rd Estate was locked out the Estates General meeting, they declared on May 5, 1789 on a Tennis court in Versailles that they would write a constitution before they would adjourn. | 66 | |
| 9864130895 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | National assembly proclamation that men are born free and equal before the law. Also granted freedom of religion, speech, and the press. Asserted that all men have a right to seek public office and have a fair trial. | 67 | |
| 9864136719 | Joeseph Sieyes | French clergyman and revolutionary, author of What is the Third Estate, which expressed the pains and complaints of the 3rd Estate. | 68 | |
| 9864140845 | Girondins versus Jacobins | Both were political groups in the National Convention. Girondins were republicans who feared Parisian dominance. The Jacobins favored Parisian control. | 69 | |
| 9864146534 | Reign of Terror | Direct by Jacobin Maximillian Robespierre to suppress opposition to the Revolution. Lasted from 1793-1794 & ended with Robespierre's execution by those fearing his fanatical policies. | 70 | |
| 9864154108 | Napoleonic Code | One of Napoleon's most substantial achievements was the Civil Code of 1804, which centralized the disorganized body of French laws, safeguarded property rights, and upheld conservative attitudes toward women and labor | 71 | |
| 9880086608 | agricultural revolution | the application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity which freed up labor, lowered food prices and increased population size. | 72 | |
| 9880089397 | Luddites | 1811-1816 workers destroyed machines that would replace them | 73 | |
| 9880093442 | Enclosure Movement | In Britain, due to farming improvements, large landowners began fencing in their property. This displaced many small farmers, who generally migrated to cities or abroad. This movement provided the labor needed for the industrialization of Britain. | 74 | |
| 9880097803 | Factory Act of 1833 | Children between 9 and 13 could work only eight hours a day, those between 13 and 18, twelve hours per day. Factory inspectors were appointed with the power to fine those who broke the law. | 75 | |
| 9880101864 | Corn Laws | Enacted in 1815, these laws protected British agriculture by placing strict limits on the amount of foreign grain to be imported. They resulted in keeping basic food prices artificially high until their repeal in 1846. | 76 | |
| 9880105443 | Utopian Socialism | This movement was a reaction to the incredible poverty seen in the industrial era, which proposed that workers live together in a clean, safe environment and work cooperatively. Frenchman Charles Fourier (1768-1837) was the author of this ideal. | 77 | |
| 9880107914 | The Peterloo Massacre | In 1819, British troops sought to stop a peaceful meeting at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. Citizens favoring more liberal government policies organized the meeting. Soldiers killed several in the unarmed crowd and hundreds were injured. | 78 | |
| 9880111215 | James Watt | developed the steam engine in the late 18th century | 79 | |
| 9880114455 | Edward Chadwick | advocated sanitary living conditions in cities, helped pass the first Public Health Act to develop sewers, piped water | 80 | |
| 9880117976 | Congress of Vienna | The 1815 meeting of Europe's major powers (England, Russia, Austria, and France) to decide how to redraw the European map after Napoleon's fall from power. Reactionary policies restored royal families to their legitimate claims and ordered France to pay restitution for damages. | 81 | |
| 9880120572 | balance of power | a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another. | 82 | |
| 9880123957 | Metternich System | Ultra-conservative Austrian chancellor. The system bearing his name sought to restore pre-Napoleonic rulers to their thrones, restore the European balance of power, and repress liberal and democratic ideas. | 83 | |
| 9880130514 | Burschenschaften | student societies in Germany dedicated to the cause of a free, united German nation. | 84 | |
| 9880133927 | Carlsbad Decrees | Extremely repressive laws adopted in 1819 in Prussia and the German Confederation. The decrees were meant to discourage liberal views and movements. | 85 | |
| 9880140377 | Crimean War | Fought from 1853-56. Pitted the Ottoman Empire (backed by Britain, France, and Sardina-Piedmont) against Russia. Russia wanted to extend into Ottoman held territory, and Britain and France objected. Russia was defeated and all parties suffered significant casualties. | 86 | |
| 9880144296 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte | (1808-1873) Nephew of Napoleon I; he came to power as president of the Second French Republic in 1848 | 87 | |
| 9986690975 | Ausgleich | the "Compromise" of 1867 that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly, but were united under one monarch. | 88 | |
| 9986696125 | Marxism | the political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx, which included the idea that history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless society. | 89 | |
| 9986699991 | Proletariat | industrial working class. In Marxism, the class who will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie. | 90 | |
| 9986703800 | Otto von Bismarck | Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule in 1871 | 91 | |
| 9986708039 | Realpolitik | the "politics of reality," the use of practical means to achieve ends. Bismarck was a practioner. | 92 | |
| 9986711024 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Soldier of fortune who amassed his "Red Shirt" army to help unify Italian states. Italy becomes united in 1866 | 93 | |
| 9986720517 | Alexander II (1855-1881) | Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government. | 94 | |
| 9986722882 | Alexander III (1881-1894) | Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia. | 95 | |
| 9986725667 | Duma | Russian national legislature | 96 | |
| 9986728573 | Nicholas II (1894-1917) | the last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure of World War I. | 97 | |
| 9986733735 | Charles Darwin | British scientist whose Origin of Species (1859) proposed the theory of evolution based on his biological research. | 98 | |
| 9986737486 | Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) | Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended to the working class | 99 | |
| 9986740911 | Alfred Dreyfus | French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906. | 100 | |
| 9986743548 | Sigmund Freud | Viennese psychoanalyst whose theory of human personality based on sexual drives shocked Victorian sensibilities. | 101 | |
| 9986746516 | William Gladstone (1809-1898) | English Prime Minister (Liberal) known as the "Grand Old Man." Instituted liberal reforms which were designed to remove long standing abuses without destroying existing institutions. He believed in Home Rule for Ireland. He passed the Education Act of 1870. | 102 | |
| 9986752424 | Friedrich Nietzsche | German philosopher who stressed the role of the Superman, who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity. | 103 | |
| 9986755010 | Emmeline Pankhurst | British women's suffrage leader | 104 | |
| 9986757832 | Social Darwinism | the application of Darwin's principle of organic evolution to the social order; led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance and the weak decline. | 105 | |
| 9986760013 | Zionism | an international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palestine. | 106 | |
| 9986761874 | Impressionism | art movement that originated in France in the 1870s; artists attempted to paint their impressions of the changing effects of light on objects in nature. (Monet) | 107 | |
| 9986763963 | Post-impressionism | used color and thick brush strokes like impressionists, but exaggerated geometric shapes for effect (Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin) | 108 | |
| 9986767693 | Cubism | early 20th century artistic style that used geometric designs as visual stimuli in an effort to recreate reality in the viewer's mind. (Picasso) | 109 | |
| 9986773476 | Surrealism | 1920's artistic movement that sought reality beyond the material world and explored the unconscious; works often portrayed fantasies, dreams and nightmares (Dali) | 110 | |
| 9986779964 | Bolsheviks | a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution; seized power in Russia in 1917 and were subsequently renamed the Communists. | 111 | |
| 9986783165 | Militarism | a policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World War I. | 112 | |
| 9986785709 | Nationalism | a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community—a "nation"—that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty. | 113 | |
| 9986789272 | Reparations | payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War I. | 114 | |
| 9986791892 | War Guilt Clause | the clause in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany (and Austria) were responsible for starting World War I and ordered Germany to pay reparations for the damage the Allies had suffered as a result of the war. | 115 | |
| 9986795242 | totalitarian state | a state characterized by government control over all aspects of economic, social, political, cultural, and intellectual life, | 116 | |
| 9986800039 | Fascism | an ideology or movement that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictator. | 117 | |
| 9986803221 | Lebensraum | "living space." Hitler's policy to acquire land. | 118 | |
| 9986806842 | Appeasement | allied policy to give into Hitler to avoid another war. Chamberlain appeased Hitler at the Munich Conference | 119 | |
| 9986809040 | Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) | also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Agreement not to fight and invade Poland | 120 | |
| 9986811718 | Blitzkrieg | "lightning war." A war conducted with great speed and force, as in Germany's advance at the beginning of World War II. | 121 | |
| 9986814515 | Final Solution | Nazi policy to exterminate Jews. Developed at the Wannsee Conference | 122 | |
| 9986817221 | Potsdam Conference | July 1945 - Stalin, Churchill and Truman discussed how to punish and divide Germany | 123 | |
| 9986819787 | Yalta Conference | Feb. 1945 - FDR, Stalin and Churchill meet and agree to settle for nothing less than the unconditional surrender of Germany | 124 | |
| 9986823218 | Berlin Blockade | 1948-9 - Resulted in allied Berlin Airlift | 125 | |
| 9986826928 | Marshall Plan | the European Recovery Program, under which the United States provided financial aid to European countries to help them rebuild | 126 | |
| 9986829707 | Containment | US policy to stop the spread of Communism | 127 | |
| 9986832178 | Decolonization | the process of becoming free of colonial status and achieving statehood; occurred in most of the world's colonies between 1947 and 1962. | 128 | |
| 9986834663 | domino theory | the belief that if the Communists succeeded in Vietnam, other countries in Southeast and East Asia would also fall (like dominoes) to communism; a justification for the U.S. intervention in Vietnam. | 129 | |
| 9986837633 | Truman Doctrine | the doctrine, enunciated by Harry Truman in 1947, that the United States would provide economic aid to countries that said they were threatened by Communist expansion. | 130 | |
| 9986840303 | Brezhnev Doctrine | the doctrine, enunciated by Leonid Brezhnev, that the Soviet Union had a right to intervene if socialism was threatened in another socialist state; used to justify the use of Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia in 1968, "Prague Spring." | 131 | |
| 9986842858 | NATO | the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a military alliance formed in 1949 in which the signatories (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States) agreed to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked; later expanded to include other nations. | 132 | |
| 9986842859 | Warsaw Pact | a military alliance, formed in 1955, in which Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union agreed to provide mutual assistance. | 133 | |
| 9986845778 | mutual deterrence | the belief that nuclear war could best be prevented if both the United States and the Soviet Union had sufficient nuclear weapons so that even if one nation launched a preemptive first strike, the other could respond and devastate the attacker. | 134 | |
| 9986847999 | Détente | the relaxation of tension between the Soviet Union and the United States that occurred in the 1970s. | 135 | |
| 9986851690 | ethnic cleansing | the policy of killing or forcibly removing people of another ethnic group; used by the Serbs against Bosnian Muslims in the 1990s. | 136 | |
| 9986855428 | glasnost | "openness." Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of encouraging Soviet citizens to openly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet Union. | 137 | |
| 9986858139 | Perestroika | "restructuring." A term applied to Mikhail Gorbachev's economic, political, and social reforms in the Soviet Union. | 138 | |
| 9986861037 | Stagflation | a combination of high employment and high inflation; a serious economic problem in the United States during the late 1970s. | 139 | |
| 9986865005 | Fall of the Berlin Wall | November 1989, the symbolic end to the Cold War. | 140 | |
| 9986869377 | Fall of the Soviet Union | 1991 - After a failed coup, Yelstin comes to power This marks the official end of the Cold War. | 141 | |
| 9986874965 | Maastricht Treaty or the Treaty of the European Union | (1992)- unites European countries economically | 142 |
