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| 436911870 | "little ice age" | a slight drop in the overall temperatures caused a shorten growing season, severe storms, constant rain, caused famine, killed estimated 10% of European population; chronic malnutrition increased infant mortality and decreased resistance to infection (one of the causes of the Black Death) | |
| 436911871 | Black Death | terrible plague that occured mainly between 1347-1351 killing 25-50% of Europe's population | |
| 436911872 | bubonic plague | least toxic of plagues, killed 50-60% of its victims, severe symptoms, partially responsible for Black Death | |
| 436911873 | Yersina pestis | bacteria that caused bubonic plague, was transmitted by rat's fleas | |
| 436911874 | pneumonic plague | form of the plague that could be transmitted form person to person | |
| 436911875 | Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron | said that everone abandoned all responsibility and felt as if their days were numbered during the Black death | |
| 436911876 | flagellants | those who participated in public flogging in order in repentance of sins | |
| 436911877 | pogroms | organized massacres against the Jews in Germany | |
| 436911878 | Statute of Laborers | attempted to limit wages to preplague levels and forbid the mobility of peasants as well, passed by the English Paliament in 1351 | |
| 436911879 | the Jacquerie | a peasant revolt in 1358, caused by plague, economic upheaval and also effects of the 100 yrs war, in France | |
| 436911880 | Wat Tyler | well to do peasant, led English Peasant Revolt with John Ball | |
| 436911881 | John Ball | preacher, led English Peasant Revolt with Wat Tyler | |
| 436911882 | Florence's ciompi | 1378, wool workers revolt from which they gianed the right to form guilds and be represented in government | |
| 436911883 | the longbow | a large bow drawn by hand and shooting a long feathered arrow. It was the chief weapon of English armies from the 14th century until the introduction of firearms. Had more rapid speed of fire than the more powerful crossbow. Invented by the Welsh. | |
| 436911884 | the Battle of Crecy | . A battle between the french and english; the french mounted a calvary charge and the English archers devastated the french Calvary. The battle was a stunning success for the english | |
| 436911885 | Henry V | king of England (1413-1422) renewed the hundred years war during a period of civil war in France. He won the battle of Agincourt and was named Heir to the throne of France. He also reconquered normandy. | |
| 436911886 | the Battle of Agincourt | 6,000 French men died and only 300 English men died,1415, which helped cause the Treaty of Troyes. | |
| 436911887 | Joan of Arc | peasant born in 1412, felt her favorite saints were motivaing her to lead the French, inspired French soldiers and they won the Battle of Orleans and credited her inspiration, captured by burgundians, the inquisition charged with witchcraft and burned at the stake, exonerated of these charges, made a saint of the Catholic church in 1920 | |
| 436911888 | Orleans | military turning point, French got the entire Loire valley | |
| 436911889 | Charles the dauphin/VII | considered himself to be real heir of French throne despite being disinherited by the Treaty of Troyes, governed southern 2/3 of France, crowned king in July 1429 | |
| 436911890 | gunpowder | invented by the chinese during the 11th century, andaided to French victory due to the cannon which had gunpowder in it | |
| 436911891 | the gabelle | French tax on salt the | |
| 436911892 | taille | French tax on hearth | |
| 436911893 | dukes of Burgundy and Orleans | competed to control Charles and the French monarchy. Struggles created chaos for the French government and people. | |
| 436911894 | Golden Bull of Charles IV | document issued by Charles IV that created the electoral principle for the kings of germany and created a generally weak german monarchy | |
| 436911895 | Italian communes | free cities; began with republican governments, dominated political life of central and Northern Italy (no monarchy); strife lead to temporary dictators who can become permanent by emperor; replaced regional states | |
| 436911896 | the Visconti and the d'Este | The effectual founders of the city of Milan who ruled until the early Renaissance. A European princely dynasty split into two branches. The elder branch was situated mostly throughout the Holy Roman Empire while the younger took hold in Italy. | |
| 436911897 | condottieri | Leaders of mercenary soldiers | |
| 436911898 | grandi | A patrician class of nobles who ruled Florence before the popolo grasso took over | |
| 436911899 | popolo grasso | Wealthy merchant-industrialist class that dominated the florentine republic "fat people" | |
| 436911900 | popolo minute | Small shopkeepers and artisans | |
| 436911901 | Council of Ten and the doge | the government system in Venice was an oligarchy of two hundered families | |
| 436911902 | Pope Boniface VIII's Unam Sanctam | The strongest statement ever made by a pope on the supremacy of spiritual authority over the secular authority. | |
| 436911903 | Avignon | city in Holy Roman Empire but on the border of France where the Popes lived for 52 years | |
| 436911904 | Catherine of Siena | person with saintly visions, who went to the Pope in Avignon and appealed for his return to Rome | |
| 436911905 | Great Schism | Italian and Roman citizens threatened the College of Cardinals to chose an Italian, Pope Urban IV, and return the papacy to Rome. Then French Cardinals said that they were forced to elect the Italian and then elected Clement VII to rule Avignon and then Council of Pisa elected Alexander V to try to over power the other 2 and then finally Council Of Constance was called and elected Martin V to be the pope | |
| 436911906 | the Antichrist | during the great schism the two popes named the other as this | |
| 436911907 | Conciliarism | belief that the great schism could only be solved by a general council of the church and its "head members" | |
| 436911908 | Marsiglio of Padua | rector of the university of of Paris and wrote the Defender of the Peace argued that the church was only one element of society and most be confined to spiritual functions and that the spiritual authority must not reside with the Pope but with a general church council representing it's members | |
| 436911909 | Council of Constance | called by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, lasted from 1414-1418, ended the Great schism and ended in the election of a Roman as Pope | |
| 436911910 | purgatory | the place where the soul went following death before ascension to heaven where the soul is purified of punishment for sins committed in life | |
| 436911911 | good deeds and pilgrimages | became more popular in the late middle ages as people lost trust in the clergy and preferred a more mechanical path to salivation | |
| 436911912 | Meister Eckhart | Dominican theologian that sparked a mystical movement in western germany based on the union of the soul with god | |
| 436911913 | Modern Devotion | a religious movement in the German low countries that was founded by Gerard Groote and centered around people imitating jesus and leading lives dedicated to serving others | |
| 436911914 | Brothers of the Common Life | a religious movement of laypeople that followed the teaching of Gerard Groote | |
| 436911915 | William of Occam and nominalism | a philosopher that had a radical interpretation of nominalism emphasized that reason could not prove spiritualtruths and the use of reason to explain observablephenomena of the world | |
| 436911916 | the vernacular | the common everyday langue of the people | |
| 436911917 | Dante's Divine Comedy | italian vernacular story that details the souls progression to salvation | |
| 436911918 | Petrarch's sonnets | written by Francesco Petrarca, Considered one of the European Greatest Poets, inspired by his love for a women named Laura and also incorporated Italian vernacular into his poems | |
| 436911919 | Chaucer's Canterbury Tales | brought sophistication, beautiful expression, forceful language and His East Midland dialect into the chief ancestor of the modern English language | |
| 436911920 | Christine de Pizan | female writer | |
| 436911921 | Giotto | artist with new realism | |
| 436911922 | Francisco Traini's The Triumph of Death | A fresco depicting nobles encountering 3 corpses in coffins; Continued the preoccupation of Death and the art of dying that the plague left behind. | |
| 436911923 | the "four humors" | Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen -four elements that compose the body-equilibrium key -measure symptoms and connect to humors-systematic analysis! -formal strategies for treatment develop *restoring balance *bleeding, cupping, purging as treatment modalities -black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood | |
| 436911924 | clocks, eyeglasses, and paper | important inventions in the middle ages |
