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| 269804292 | 3 Estates | The three Estates were as follows: the First Estate included the Catholic Clergy, the Second Estate consisted of the French Nobles and the Third Estate was made up of the commoners who represented 95 to 97% of the population. | |
| 269804293 | Alexander I | Alexander I of Russia was the Tsar of Russia during the French Revolution. Even though he initially looked up to Napoleon, they became enemies. Alexander joined the third coalition against Napoleon and even continued to trade Britain after the Continental System was put in to place by Napoleon. This caused Napoleon to attack Russia. Russia defeated Napoleon using the scorched earth policy. | |
| 269804294 | Ancien Regime | made up of the following: - absolute monarchies - inefficient bureaucracies of privilege - inefficient transportation, agriculture, industry - unsophisticated financial and credit institutions - competitive overseas empires - mercantilism - living like Louis XIV with France heading to bankruptcy | |
| 269804295 | Bonaparte, Napoleon | Ended the Radical Phase of the French Revolution. Creates national bank. Does away with revolutionary calendar. Establishes Napoleonic Code. Crowns himself Emperor. Attempts to reinstitute slavery in the sugar colonies for funding. Sells France's North American colonies within the Louisiana Purchase as a source for money. Gets power hungry. | |
| 269804296 | Bourgeoisie | Top of the 3rd Estate. So called middle class. Were wealthy but had no status, priveledge or voice in the government. Bitter rivalry with nobles. Heavily taxed, sumptuary laws. Wants constitutional monarchy, enlightenment reforms and parliament with house of commons. | |
| 269804297 | Brumaire coup d'état | when Emperor Napoleon overthrew the French Directory. This occurred on November 9, 1799 which was 18 Brumaire year VIII in the French Revolution Calendar. Coup d'état means "stroke of state." Napoleon took over the French Directory and crowned himself emperor in 1801. | |
| 269804298 | Brahe, Tycho | Danish astronomer who observed a new star and a comet. He undermined the idea of unchanging universe and developed a new and improved telescope. He also rejected the idea of heliocentricism. | |
| 269804299 | Catherine the Great | She was an enlightened despot. She was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia. Infatuated with Voltaire and introduced the French language, style and culture in to Russia. | |
| 269804300 | Chatelet, Emilie du | Mistress of Voltaire. French mathematician, physicist, and author during the Age of Enlightenment. Her highest achievement is considered to be her translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica. The translation, published ten years after her death in 1759, is still considered the standard French translation. | |
| 269804301 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. | |
| 269804302 | Committee of Public Safety | Committee under Robespierre that was responsible for instituting the terror which arrested and executed citizens who were considered opponents of the state and revolution. | |
| 269804303 | Concordat | Agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon Bonaparte that allowed priests and bishops back into France however, France did not become a Catholic state but Napoleon agreed that the majority of the French citizens were Catholic. | |
| 269804304 | Copernicus, Nicolaus | Scientist during the enlightenment who wrote "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres." Theorized that the Earth orbited the Sun (heliocentric system). He laid the foundation for modern astronomy. | |
| 269804305 | Danton, George | theorist during the French Revolution who brought education under state control and made school compulsory for all boys and girls. | |
| 269804306 | David, Jacques-Louis | Painter in charge of propaganda for Napoleon also responsible for the "Death of Marat" painting. | |
| 269804307 | De Gouges, Olympe: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen | A feminist during the enlightenment who was responsible for a work that pointed out the problems and the portrayal of men in The Declarations of Man and Citizen. She was eventually sent to the guillotine for speaking out against the National Convention. | |
| 269804308 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | The preamble to the French Constitution drafted in August 1789; it established the sovereignty of the nation and equal rights for citizens. | |
| 269804309 | Deism | Those who believe in God but give him no active role in human affairs. They believed that God had designed the universe and set it in motion, but no longer intervened in its functioning. | |
| 269804310 | Descartes, Rene | Scientist during the enlightenment who, established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. Wrote "Discourse on Method" | |
| 269804311 | Diderot, Denis: The Encyclopedia | A collection of works by enlightenment writers that aimed to gather knowledge on religion, science, industry, and society. The work's chief editor wanted all things to be examined and debated without caring about anyone's feelings. | |
| 269804312 | Enlightened Absolutism | Fredrick the Great was a key example- Ruling with many enlightenment values such as toleration, education and the study of science while also ruling with many views of an absolutist such as centralizing power, making war, subduing the nobles, etc. | |
| 269804313 | Estates General | represented 3 groups: the nobles, the Bourgeoisie (middle class), and the common people. It was designed to work in same way as the British parliament, restricting spending of the royalists, but failed because of the difference in ideas of the nobles and the ideas of the Bourgeoise & common people. This difference lead the country to the French Revolution. | |
| 269804314 | Frederick the Great | An enlightened absolutist who ruled over Prussia as a 3rd generation of absolute rulers. He was the first ruler to recognize himself as an atheist and brought religious toleration to Prussia. His society was dominated by the military. | |
| 269804315 | Galilei, Galileo | An Italian scientist who was responsible for making Copernicus's theory of a heliocentric universe famous and for challenging the church. Wrote Starry Messenger. | |
| 269804316 | Geocentric Universe | The idea that the Earth was the center of the universe. This term was supported by the bible and the idea that man is God's divine creation, therefore should be at the center. | |
| 269804317 | Girondins | Lead by Jacques Brissot after splitting from the Jacobin Club during the French Revolution. Becomes the more moderate of the 2 groups from the split. Believes in a constitutional monarchy and believes that the old monarchy should only be exiled not executed. | |
| 269804318 | Heliocentric Universe | The theory that the sun is at the center of the universe. This theory was made famous in the age of enlightenment by Galileo but first discovered by Copernicus, and was then accepted to be true. | |
| 269804319 | Jacobins or Montagnards | a political party that worked to lead the French Revolution but split into 2 groups when members had conflicting views on war. The other group was lead by Maximilien Robespierre and took a much more radical path. They used poor mobs to attack and kill nobles and believed in the execution of the monarchy and all those suspected on being against the revolution. Create a republic democracy. | |
| 269804320 | Joseph II of Austria | Was born to Francis I and Maria Theresa and became the Holy Romain Emperor. He pushed for religious toleration, abolishment of torture, and the suppression of monasteries, ruling with enlightenment values. | |
| 269804321 | Kepler, Johannes | A german scientist who was responsible for discovering the movement of planets. He used Copernicus's theory of a heliocentric universe and his own theory that the orbits were not perfectly circular. | |
| 269804322 | Laissez-faire economics | Means "Let it be." An economy in which there is no government intervention. Based on supply and demand | |
| 269804323 | L'Ouverture, Toussaint | The leader of the Haitian Slave revolt. arrested and brought back to France where he died in jail Napoleon had tried to subdue the revolt but was unable to so he sold the slaves their freedom (never paid off, but was recently pardoned) | |
| 269804324 | Louis XVI | King of France during the Revolution. Taken prisoner from Versailles to Paris. Called on her Austrian brother to wage war on France. Beheaded for treason. | |
| 269804325 | Marie Antoinette | Queen of France during the Revolution. Married to Louis XVI. Hated by French in Revolution. Famous quote: The people don't have enough bread to eat, "Let them eat cake." Taken prisoner in Paris. Called on her Austrian brother to wage war on France. guillotined for treason. | |
| 269804326 | Meritocracy | A type of government where a country is ruled by people who deserve to be there | |
| 269804327 | Montesquieu, Baron de | Philosophe of the Enlightenment who explored democratic theories of government. He came up with the idea of the three branches of government and greatly influenced the United States Constitution. | |
| 269804328 | Napoleonic Code | Civil code passed by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Embodied Enlightenment ideals. Still used in modern day | |
| 269804329 | Neoclassicism | "New classics." A French art style and movement that originated as a reaction to the Baroque style of art (which was harsh and extravagant). It sought to revive the ideals of ancient Greek and Roman art. It was very soft, feminine and carefree. | |
| 269804330 | Newton, Isaac | English scientist during the 17th century. Author of "Principia"; made major leaps forward in astronomical (Invented the telescope) observations and discoveries. He discovered gravitation, invented calculus, and formulated the laws of motion. | |
| 269804331 | Partition of Poland | Separated Poland through three divisions of Polish territory among Russian, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795. It got rid of Poland as independent state. It was part of expansion of Russian influence in Eastern Europe. | |
| 269804332 | Philosophe | A French thinker of the Enlightenment; believed the ideas of the Enlightenment could be used to reform and improve government and society. | |
| 269804333 | Reign of Terror | the historic period (1793-94) when Robespierre ruled during the French Revolution when thousands were executed by the guillotine. people were mainly executed on accounts of going against the government or possible conspiracy. Robespierre thought everyone was against him, so anytime he heard someone saying bad against the government, they were punished. | |
| 269804334 | Robespierre, Maximilien | French Revolutionary who ruled brutally during the early years of the French Revolution. Inflicted the reign of terror and violence. | |
| 269804335 | Rousseau, Jean Jacques | French writer and Enlightenment philosopher (philosophe) who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he talks about the ideas of socialism and democracy, as well as the fact that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed in equal distribution of wealth, but did not believe in women's rights. | |
| 269804336 | Sans culottes | A reference to the working class during the French revolution. It referred to those who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men. It singled them out as being poor because they did not have the high class clothing | |
| 269804337 | Scorched Earth Policy | is a military strategy which involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing from an area. includes burning crops to deny the enemy food sources, and the destruction of infrastructure such as shelter, transportation, communications and industrial resources. The practice may be carried out by an army in enemy territory, or its own home territory. It was most famously used against Napoleon's armies invading Russia. Russia burnt everything in their country up until a certain point so that Napoleon and his men could not eat/find rest/find warmth. | |
| 269804338 | Smith, Adam: The Wealth of Nations | Adam Smith came up with the economic idea of "laisez-faire" which means just let it alone. He thought it would be better if the government did not involve itself with the economics and just let everything go its own coarse, rather than have a mercantilist system. The Wealth of Nations is a reflection on economics written by Adam Smith. It argues that a free market economy is more productive and beneficial to a society. | |
| 269804339 | Tennis Court Oath | Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789). They later became the National Assembly and were part of the revolution. It is called the tennis court oath because it was made on a tennis court after the third estate had left the estates general | |
| 269804340 | Thermidorian Reaction | The violent backlash in France against the rule of Robspierre that began with his arrest and execution in July 1794, or 9 Thermidor in the French revolutionary calendar. Most of the instruments of Terror were dismantled, Jacobins were purged from public office, and Jacobin supporters were harassed or even murdered. | |
| 269804341 | Voltaire | Philosopher that defended the freedom of thought. He was considered a "philosophe" who focused on toleration and a constitutional monarchy. He was in favor of women's right to education and the abolishment of slavery/torture. He is known for his famous quote "crush the infamous thing," and for his many works of literature. He did not support equal distribution of wealth and believed that only the educated should vote | |
| 269804342 | Waterloo | the battle on June 18, 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat. The battle was located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. This was Napoleon's final defeat and it was against the British and Prussians. | |
| 269804343 | Wollstonecraft, Mary: A Vindication of the Rights of Women | one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In it, she responds to those educational and political theorists of the 18th century who did not believe women should have an education, specifically she responds to rousseau's beliefs on women. She argues that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children, so they should therefore be educated themselves. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of the first feminists and advocate for women's rights. |
