Mid Sixteenth Century-Late Eighteenth Century
A selection of the bolded terms in the 2008 Princeton Review.
Chapter 8- AP Euro; 8 The Age of Expansion and the Rise of Monarchical States
Terms : Hide Images
| 5446359862 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 0 | |
| 5446359863 | Copernicus | Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe | Heliocentric Model | 1 | |
| 5446359864 | Tycho Brahe | Amassed nearly 20 years worth of astrological data that eventually led to the disproval of the geocentric theory. | 2 | |
| 5446359865 | Johannes Kepler | Founder of modern astronomy, he formulated the laws of planetary motion, describing how the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits. | 3 | |
| 5446359866 | Principia | Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and discredited Ptolemy's ideas about the universe for good. | 4 | |
| 5446359867 | Isaac Newton | British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus | 5 | |
| 5446359868 | Galileo | Florentine scientist that designed a telescope that proved Copernican theory; discovered the moons of Jupiter; placed under house arrest by pope for revolutionary astronomical theories | 6 | |
| 5446359869 | Francis Bacon | English statesman and philosopher precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626) | 7 | |
| 5446359870 | Rene Descartes | Believed that humans consisted of physical and non physical properties (body and mind); used deductive reasoning (reasoning through previously know facts) to come to conclusions; wrote Discourse on Method. | 8 | |
| 5446359871 | Blaise Pascal | French mathematician and philosopher who invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability and espoused Christian philosophy (1623-1662) | 9 | |
| 5446359872 | Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) | 10 | |
| 5446359873 | Leviathan | Written by English professor Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contraction. | 11 | |
| 5446359875 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated social contract and "tabula rasa" | 12 | |
| 5446359876 | Social Contract | an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society, individual surrenders liberty in return for protection | 13 | |
| 5446359877 | Two Treatises on Government | Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel. | 14 | |
| 5446359878 | Tabula Rasa | Belief that the mind is a blank slate; ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas. | 15 | |
| 5446359879 | Immanuel Kant | Philosopher who believed in freedom of speech, enlightened absolutism and universal moral law (1724-1804) | 16 | |
| 5446359880 | Philosophes | Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas. | 17 | |
| 5446359881 | Voltaire | Philosopher who admired the English freedom of the press, and religious toleration. He criticized France because of its royal absolutism and lack of freedom of thought. Wrote Candide, Philosophic Letters on the English & Treatise on Toleration. | 18 | |
| 5446359882 | Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755), wrote spirit of laws | 19 | |
| 5446359883 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power | 20 | |
| 5446359884 | Denis Diderot | Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically. | 21 | |
| 5446359885 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Philosopher who believed that the process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world founded upon uneven distribution of property, real purpose of society was to nurture better people, wrote the Social Contract, (1712-1778) | 22 | |
| 5446359886 | General Will | Common interests of the people | 23 | |
| 5446359889 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790), wrote "Wealth of Nations" | 24 | |
| 5446359890 | Salons | Elegant private drawing rooms in Paris that allowed philosophes to exchange witty, uncensored observations of literature, science, philosophy, with great aristocrats, wealthy middle-class financiers, high-ranking officials, and noteworthy foreigners | 25 | |
| 5446359891 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women" | 26 | |
| 5446359892 | Enlightened Absolutists | Absolutist monarchs who incorporated Enlightenment ideas without giving up their control | 27 | |
| 5446359893 | Junkers | Prussian nobility | 28 | |
| 5446359894 | Frederick William | Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688), placed very strong emphasis on the army | 29 | |
| 5446359895 | Frederick I | First king of Prussia (1657-1713) who dislike the French, and focused on territorial aggrandizement | 30 | |
| 5446359896 | Frederick the Great | Enlightened monarch of Prussia who centralized the government. He was also known for being the royal drill sergeant and improving the army. | 31 | |
| 5446359898 | Joseph II | (r. 1765 - 1790) son of Maria Theresa, granted religious freedom and abolished serfdom | 32 | |
| 5446359897 | Maria Theresa | Enlightened monarch who maintained her throne by giving Hungary Magyars prominence, reorganized army, promoted commerce and agriculture, (r. 1740-1780) | 33 | |
| 5446359906 | Catherine the Great | Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands, and encouraged science, art, and literature | 34 | |
| 5446359907 | Robert Walpole | Englishman and Whig statesman who was the first British prime minister (1676-1745) | 35 | |
| 5446359908 | Tories | English political party that supported strong monarchy, Anglican church, low taxes for landowners | 36 | |
| 5446359909 | Whigs | English political party that supported George I, religious tolerance, commercial interests, but said that Parliament should have the final say | 37 | |
| 5446359910 | Edmund Burke | A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny. | 38 | |
| 5446359912 | Parlements | 15 sovereign courts in the french judicial system that checked the king's ability to tax and legislate arbitrarily | 39 | |
| 5446359913 | Open-field System | Divided the arable land available to a farming community into narrow strips, which were designated to the individual families of the community | 40 | |
| 5446359914 | Enclosure Movement | Fenced off English land to enable large landowners to employ crop rotation | 41 | |
| 5446359915 | Mercantilism | Economic system that seeks to guarantee a favorable balance of trade, money for the treasury and the creation of colonies | 42 | |
| 5446359919 | Scientific Revolution | The emergence of modern science, developments in math, physics, anatomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society. | 43 | |
| 5446359920 | The Enlightenment | Intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy" | 44 |
