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| 138718867 | Crimean War | Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. | |
| 138709655 | Bosporus and the Dardanelles | Bosporus is a straight that connects Europe to Asia. Dardanelles is a straight in northwestern Turkey. Russia wanted control of these in order to increase their power. | |
| 138709656 | Christians in the Holy Land | The Crimean War began between groups of Christians and their protectors over privileges in the Holy Land (Catholic and Orthodox). | |
| 138709657 | The Charge of the Light Brigade | British Armies charged against Russian forces at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. Britain's army was led by Lord Cardigan. The charge was a miscommunication, and resulted in many casualties. | |
| 138709658 | Carbonari and Mazzini's Young Italy | Mazzini was an Italian politician, philosopher, and patriot. Leader in Italian Nationalist movement. He founded Young Italy society. | |
| 138709659 | Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia | Sardinia-Ruled by Cavour. Nationalist ideas arose, Piedmont paved the way for Italian unification. | |
| 138709660 | Camillo di Cavour | Was the prime minister of King Victor Emmanuel. He fostered the Nationalist society. Went from conservative to liberal. Supported Enlightenment ideas. Thought economy would unite Italy, and decrease foreign powers. | |
| 138709661 | King Victor Emmanuel | King of Piedmont-Sardinia. Was the first king of United Italy, died in 1848. | |
| 138709662 | Austro-Sardinian War | Or the Second war of Italian Independence. Napoleon III of France promised to protect Sardinia (Piedmont) if they went to war with Austria. War eventually broke out and France signed a secret peace treaty with Austria. Austria was defeated at the battles of Magenta and Solferino (both VERY bloody). | |
| 138709663 | Lombardy | Sardinia received Lombardy after winning Austro-Sardinian war. Finalized with Treaty of Zurich. | |
| 138709664 | Guiseppe Garibaldi | Friend of Mazzini, he was a fellow nationalist. Both men were exiled constantly. Considered an Italian national hero. His followers were called the 'red shirts'. King Victor Emmanuel liked him, Cavour disliked him. | |
| 138709665 | Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples) | Sardinia had control of this area, thanks to Garibaldi. | |
| 138709666 | Problems with the New Italy | economies of north and south Italy were not compatible (North more advanced). Problems within parliament, government easily corrupt. | |
| 138709667 | Italia Irredenta | Unredeemed Italy, represented province of Trent that was ruled by Austria. Germans, Italians, and Slavs all lived there. Made Italian Nationalists angry. | |
| 138709668 | Papal Hostility | Italian troops seized Rome, which became capital of Italy. The pope was now "prisoner of the Vatican". | |
| 138709669 | Otto von Bismarck | Prime minister responsible for establishing Germany (1871). Liberals opposed him, accused him of being a dictator because he wanted unification. | |
| 138709670 | Army reforms vs. liberal parliament | Bismarck supported military reforms, but was shut down by liberals in parliament. Parliament refused to fund these reforms, even after a famous speech where Bismarck referred wars and industry to "blood and iron". | |
| 138709671 | Schleswig-Holstein | Holestein was a part of the German confederation, but was ruled by Denmark. Denmark wanted full control of this province, but with the help of Austria, Prussia defeated Denmark. Schleswig and Holstein were to be jointly ruled by Austria and Prussia. | |
| 138709672 | Danish War 1864 | War fought to defeat Denmark. Austria and Prussia won, and had full control of Holstein after the Treaty of Vienna. | |
| 138709673 | Austro-Prussian War 1866 | Conflict arose between Austria and Prussia. A temporary solution was for Prussia to administer Schleswig, and Austria to administer Holstein. War broke out. (war also responsible for the Italy's annex of Austrian province Venetia. | |
| 138709674 | North German Confederation | Prussia annexed cities that supported Austria, (Hanover, Hesse, Kassel, Nassau). The NGC was formed to take down Austria, led by Bismarck, they had great success (Austria devastated). | |
| 138709675 | EMS Telegram | Was a telegram to Bismarck from Napoleon III of France. Caused the Franco-Prussian War to break out. | |
| 138709676 | Franco-Prussian War | Bismarck wanted to bring states into a newly established confederation. Hohenzollern placed on the vacant Spanish throne. French defeated, and Napoleon is captured. | |
| 138709677 | Alsace-Lorraine | This territory is added to Germany after the Treaty of Frankfurt which ended the war. The German Empire had finally been established. | |
| 138709678 | Coup December 1851 | staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly, as well as the subsequent re-establishment of the French Empire the next year. | |
| 138709679 | Pre-1860 Napoleon | Was president of France. | |
| 138709680 | Post-1860 Napoleon | Was Emperor of the French and also the Last monarch. | |
| 138709681 | Crimean War | (Russia vs. Fr. GB OE for the OE territories)Famous for all the tactical errors committed and for being the first modern war, also it was the first war to be documented by photographs. | |
| 138709682 | Baron Georges Haussmann | He redesigned Paris into an organized city. | |
| 138709683 | Mexico Intervention | Resulted in the 2nd Mexican Empire. Was in direct violation of the Monroe doctrine. | |
| 138709684 | Franco-Prussian War | The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the French Third Republic. | |
| 138709685 | Paris Commune | - A gov't that briefly ruled paris, and it was the first assumption of power by the working class | |
| 138709686 | February Patent 1861 | was a document that was adopted in 1861 as a constitution of the Austrian Empire. | |
| 138709687 | Ausgleich 1867 | established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise re-established the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. | |
| 138709688 | Dual Monarchy | Made both countries more powerful after Austria was kicked out of the german confederation. | |
| 138709689 | Magyar Chauvinism | They wanted to be more important than the other countries and to be equal to the Austrians under the law, their intense nationalism led to the Czechs and caused disunity in their nation. | |
| 138709690 | Czech Trialism | the bohemian czechs wanted three monarchies, or trialism, in order to receive proper recognition within the empire | |
| 138709691 | Reichsrat | It was the more important of the 2 houses in Austria-Hungary's bicameral legislature. | |
| 138709692 | Anti-Semitism | Hate for jews was a major problem and caused many social problems. | |
| 138709693 | Crimean War Defeat | Russia lost much prestige and it also proved Russia to be a backwards country and military. | |
| 138709694 | Alexander II | He liberated the serfs and he created a constitutional monarchy, yet he did all this without the Tsar losing any power because everything had to go through him and the liberated serfs had to buy their land back from the monarchy. | |
| 138709695 | Emancipation Edict 1861 | It was the edict that freed the serfs yet still kept them powerless. | |
| 138709696 | Zemtsyos | was a form of local government that was instituted during the great liberal reforms performed in Imperial Russia, yet they actually had little power because they had no funding to get things done. | |
| 138709697 | Judicial Reforms | Made Russia far more equal in its courts with much less corruption. | |
| 138709698 | Military (conscription) reforms | When the tsar lowered the number of years of service needed and the building of railroads, these reforms were made so that Russia would not suffer such a bad defeat like in the Crimean war. | |
| 138709699 | Land and Freedom | Chief society of populism. | |
| 138709700 | Nardonik Movement | More commonly known as populism. Sought social revolution based on communal life of peasants. | |
| 138709701 | Second Reform Act 1867 | introduced by Disraeli (conservative) after Lord Russel's (Liberal) bill was defeated. It increase male suffrage from 1,430,00 voters to 2,470,000 voters. | |
| 138709702 | Benjamin Disraeli's reforms | Public Health Act 1875- duty of state to interfere with property for health and physical well being. Artisan Dwelling Act 1875- government provides housing for working class. | |
| 138709703 | William Gladstone's Reforms | were liberal and productive without destroying existing institutions. All citizens were able to improve based on merit, and the government received increased loyalty. | |
| 138709704 | Booms and Busts | Boom is fast economic growth where a bust is the downturn that happens after. | |
| 138709705 | The Crash 1873 | Capital investment slowed, creating a depression. | |
| 138709706 | Corporations | Formal business association. | |
| 138709707 | Trusts and Cartels and Consortiums | Businesses joining together to fix prices. | |
| 138709708 | "Vertical" integration vs. "Horizontal" | Vertical integration is companies buying other companies that are involved in the production of their goods while horizontal integration is buying competing companies. | |
| 138709709 | White Collar Workers | People who hold office jobs. Not craftsmen or service workers. | |
| 138709710 | Wilhelm II | Came to a peaceful solution with france that Bismark was not happy with. Bismark then manipulated the two countries to go to war which led to Wilhelm I becoming the German Emperor of the united German Empire. | |
| 138709711 | Bismarck's Realpoltik | Realpolitik refers to politics that don't really follow moral codes and are more focused gaining power. Bismarck used this as he was manipulative into getting Prussia into war with different nations in order to create a unified country. | |
| 138709712 | Kulturkampf | Struggle for culture that arose in Germany from the situation with Italian Unification | |
| 138709713 | Orthodox vs. Revisionist Marxists | Orthodox marxists follow marxism as it was purely intended by Marx himself while revisionists follow principles that are based on a significant revision of the fundamentals of marxism. | |
| 138709714 | Anti-Socialist Laws | Bismarck took measures to suppress the organization, meetings, newspapers, and public activities of socialism. He made it so that to be a socialist was to be separate from society. He rationalized these laws by blaming the SDP for the assignation of William I. | |
| 138709715 | Nationalist Leagues | Nationalist leagues posed threat to Bismarck so he tried to appease them by moving further away from liberalism with protective tariffs and pursuit of colonies. | |
| 138709716 | Bismarck's Social Welfare Measures | Bismarck sponsored a plan for old age and disability pensions, he organized a social security system that did not require great reform. These were measures taken to counter socialism. | |
| 138709717 | Boulanger Affair | 1889; the attempt by General Georges Boulanger to orchestrate his election to the presidency of France and establish a military dictatorship. He skillfully manipulated the press and photo opportunities to endear himself to the agrarian poor of France, while maintaining his base of support among conservatives. Still, the coup attempt failed when he did not receive enough votes. | |
| 138709718 | Dreyfus Affair | Captain Albert Dreyfus was accused of giving secret information to the Germans. He was a scapegoat(he was Jewish). Found guilty by a military court, sent to Devil's Island. Evidence was reexamined. Determined that documents were formed to frame Dreyfus. Emile Zola exposes the truth. Leads to rise of anti-semtitism | |
| 138709719 | Emile Zola | a writer and a liberal who 'exposes the truth', newspaper editor who responded to Dreyfus Affair; insisted justice and wrote the article J'accuse!; was imprisoned for standing up for Dreyfus | |
| 138709720 | Jules Guesde | ..., A self-taught worker, former Communard(1870-1) and rigid Marxist who attracted workers in industrial regions of France. Thought it impossible to liberate the workers through compromise. | |
| 138709721 | Jean Jaures | ..., French socialist leader who formally repudiated revisionist doctrines in order to establish a unified socialist party-remained at heart a gradualist and optimistic secular humanist | |
| 138709722 | G. Sorel | founded syndicalism | |
| 138709723 | Syndicalism | ..., the idea founded by the French philosopher Sorel, in which the working class would be able to overthrow capitalism through combined movements in the form of labor unions. These labor unions in a syndicalist society would run the industry and government. | |
| 138709724 | The People's Will | Illegal terrorist group who wanted to overthrow the autocratic regime of the czars, they assassinated Alex II. | |
| 138709725 | Assassination of Alexander II | Assassinated by Peoples Will in St. Petersburg with a bomb. | |
| 138709726 | Repression of Alexander III | He doesn't change Russia it stays conservative and increases in industrialization. | |
| 138709727 | Sergei Witte | Helped industrialize Russia, put tariffs on imported goods and increased taxes, and improved Russia's economy. | |
| 138709728 | Nicholas II | Last emperor of Russia, not fit to rule was a family man. | |
| 138709729 | Bolsheviks | - "Majority" of pop, were led by Lenin, were a communist party that founded the Soviet Union. | |
| 138709730 | Mensheviks | "Minority" of pop, Julius Martov's supporters, part of Russian social democratic labour party. | |
| 138709731 | Russo-Japanese War | Discontent between R and J, Russia lost twice in both land and sea. | |
| 138709732 | Bloody Sunday | Revolution of 1905, crowd brings petition to czar, Cossack violence and 1000 are killed, leads to Nicholas II to promise a constitution. | |
| 138709733 | Peter Stolypin | He repressed rebellion, caused dissatisfaction and restlessness, was assassinated in 1911. | |
| 138709734 | Taff Vale decision | Decided that unions were responsible for business losses and strikes made unions go bankrupt. They supported the Labour Party. | |
| 138709735 | Charles Stewart Parnell | Irish parliamentalist and nationalist, he made Irish nationalism rise and helped them get to the "home rule" | |
| 138709736 | National Insurance Act 1911 | Labour party forced Liberals to enact social legislation, helped people with health insurance, old age pensions etc. | |
| 138709737 | House of Lords Act 1911 | Limited powers of the House Of Lords in relation to the House Of Commons. | |
| 138709738 | Labour Party (Keir Hardie) | KH was the 1st spokesman, was founded by trade unionists and intellectuals. | |
| 138709739 | Fabians | British socialists, their democratic socialism helped found the LP. | |
| 138709740 | Irish Question | Most of parliament controlled by Parnell, and the liberals had split over Irish Rule. | |
| 138709741 | Home Rule | Irish parliament took over | |
| 138709742 | Ulstermen | Northern irish men | |
| 138709743 | Reforms in Ireland | 1870 irish land act helped tenants buy land from landlords, also the Irish parliament took over and nationalism rose dramatically. |
