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| 35292504 | Issues of the Church | simony- buying and selling of offices; nepotism- passing on church offices to family members; pluralism- holding multiple church positions; clerical ignorance and immorality- low-level clergy were uneducated on the subjects they preached, and high clergy were very immoral | |
| 35292505 | Benefices | This was when the Church gave land to a person, to keep until they died, as a reward for some kind of service. The Church of England kept this practice, but other Protestants got ended it. | |
| 35292506 | Cardinal Francisco Jimenez | This man was involved in the Catholic movement known as the New Piety. He was responsible for the Polyglot Bible, a Bible in several languages, which was a manifestation of Catholic humanism. He also set down important principles, including one that prevented absentee church officials/pluralism by ordering that bishops actually be residents of their dioceses. | |
| 35292507 | Brethren of the Common Life | A brotherhood of non-clergy (lay people) which schooled children to prepare them for life as monks. This group educated Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, who was a renowned Christian humanist and wrote In Praise of Folly. | |
| 35292508 | The Imitation of Christ | (1418) Written by Thomas A. Kempis, this book is all about how to be Christ-like. It is a guide to Catholic behavior and how to have a relationship with God, covering both personal and social aspects of pleasing God, and was very important to the New Piety, a movement among Catholics to be more spiritual. | |
| 35292509 | Lateran Council | There were several meetings of the Lateran Council, in the Lateran Palace in Rome to make decisions in the Catholic church. They were called by Popes, and generally made decisions condemning people or deeds, or clarifying church policy. For example, the council condemned usury in its third meeting, which means that they do not allow Catholics to lend money and collect interest on it. | |
| 35292510 | Martin Luther | A Catholic monk and theologian who noticed big differences between scripture and Church practices. He brought the public's attention to the hypocrisy he saw among high church officials, first with the 95 Theses, and then with many other written works. German princes supported and protected him, because freedom from the Catholic Church would mean freedom from the taxes, tax exemptions, and power the Church held over them. Pope Leo X and Charles V ordered him to recant at the Diet at Worms, but he refused. | |
| 35292511 | Fuggers | This was a family of prominent bankers and merchants in Augsberg. They were members of the mercantile patriciate in Augsberg and were venture capitalists. They gained great status through wealth, and dominance similar to that of the Medicis. They were allies of the Habsburgs, which was profitable for both families. | |
| 35292512 | Pope Leo X | This man was the Pope who was present at the Diet At Worms, and excommunicated Martin Luther. Despite his powerful position, he was unable to prevent the Reformation from happening. | |
| 35292513 | Indulgences | These were sold as an alternative to confession and penance, which were uncomfortable and inconvenient. This was a "portion of the treasury of good works of Christians throughout the ages." Thus, a person could buy the purity or good deeds of another, and thus spend less time in both purgatory and confession. They could be purchased on special occasions or at pilgrimage sites. | |
| 35292514 | Archbishop Albert | This man was chosen by the Pope in 1517 to distribute indulgences in order to raise money for St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, and he hired Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, to advertise them to the people. | |
| 35292515 | Frederick of Saxony | This prince was a collector of 17,000 relics. A pilgrimage to see his relics would purge viewers of 250,000 years in purgatory, and he banned the selling of indulgences in Saxony so that the people would rely on these pilgrimages. He chose, however, to support Luther, whose ideas would save him a lot of tax money and power that the Pope was taking away. | |
| 35292516 | Johann Tetzel | This Dominican monk was chosen to advertise indulgences in 1517, and did so using extreme methods so that many people bought them. This caught Luther's attention, and was a factor that led to the 95 Theses. | |
| 35292517 | 95 Theses | Luther nailed these to the door of Wittenberg Castle, in the city where he was a professor of theology. They attacked indulgences and their sale, and were a reaction to Johann Tetzel. | |
| 35292518 | Diet at Worms | This was when Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Leo X, called upon Luther to recant. He refused, saying that unless they could prove him wrong using scripture, he could not, because "it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience." | |
| 35292519 | Ulrich Zwingli | This man brought religion reform to Zurich, in the Holy Roman Empire. He believed that the Church should try to get back to its early purity. He believed in equality of believers, justification by faith alone, and emphasized the scripture. He attacked indulgences and penance, clerical celibacy, and praying to the Virgin/icons/images/saints. | |
| 35292520 | Priesthood of all Believers | Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of spirituality because of a church position. | |
| 35292521 | Transubstantiation | The Roman Catholic Church said that when bread and wine are consecrated in the Eucharist, they actually become the body and blood of Christ. This conflicted with Martin Luther's doctrine on the subject. | |
| 35292522 | Consubstantiation | This is doctrine by Martin Luther says that the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexist with the substance of the bread and wine of communion. This conflicted with the Church's doctrine. | |
| 35292523 | 12 Articles (1525) | These were complaints against the government written by Swabian peasants, who revolted in Germany in 1525. They used some of what Luther had said to support their cause. These were rebutted by Martin Luther's Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants. | |
| 35292524 | Against the Murderous, Theiving Hordes of Peasants | When German peasants used Luther's ideas of challenging authority as reason to revolt against local rule, Luther wrote this. It was an angry repossession of his words, which they had twisted (in his view) for their own purposed. | |
| 35292525 | Golden Bull of 1356 | This was an edict by Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, specifying the process of how Holy Roman Emperors were to be elected by German princes. It took some power from the Pope and codified the process in a definite way. | |
| 35292526 | Peace of Augsberg (1555) | This was an agreement/declaration by the Germanic princes, which said that they had the choice of what religion to follow (their people would be whatever religion they said that they were). Thus, some became Lutheran and some remained Catholic. Those who chose Catholicism were generally in the South, closer to Rome (law of proximity), and those who were Lutheran no longer had to pay taxes to or obey the Pope. | |
| 35292527 | John Calvin | This French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Hugeunots. One thing he specifically believed was that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell. | |
| 35292528 | Predestination | This was a traditional doctrine that said that God has already chosen who will be saved and who is damned. John Calvin's belief said that those who are already chosen for salvation must lead, and those who are damned must also be governed. This put a special emphasis on discipline when Calvin lead the reformation in Geneva. | |
| 35292529 | Geneva Consistory | This was a moral tribunal in the city of Geneva that was established after John Calvin brought the Protestant Reformation there and set up a new system for education and practice of Calvanism as opposed to Catholocism. | |
| 35292530 | Micheal Servetus | This man was a Spanish theologian and physician who was called a heretic by both Catholics and Protestants, and was ultimately executed by Genevan Calvanists. His unorthodox religious views were confusing and disliked by Catholics and Protestants. He said that God's Word is eternal, while the Holy Spirit is current motion, and Jesus was the meeting of Word, Spirit, and the human world. | |
| 35292531 | Anabaptists | This was a derogatory term used by both Catholics and Protestants to label anyone who wasn't one of them, and was therefore a threat to their beliefs. They said that baptism was for adults, since infants cannot truly be believers. Both Catholics and Protestants believed that if a person died before baptism, they could not go to Heaven, and since children and infants commonly died, waiting until adulthood for baptism seemed very unwise. Some of these people went as far as to say that true believers did not have to obey civil authority, and ignored taxes and military obligations. A few believed in community of property. Others followed Old Testament passages that suggested polygamy and promiscuity. Thus, these people were persecuted by Protestants and Catholics, but continued to attract followers through sincere suffering and many reasonable ideas, and eventually settled on the Eastern fringe of the HRE. | |
| 35292532 | Huegenots | French Calvinists who fought against French Catholics. They imported German and Swiss mercenaries, while the Catholic leaders used support from the Hapsburgs of Spain. When Catherine de Medici tried to arrange a truce through a symbolic marriage between her daughter and Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, the Guises (Catholics) used the opportunity to massacre the Huguenots peacefully gathered there. Henry of Navarre and other important Huguenots escaped, but the violence spread, leading to thousands of Protestant deaths. | |
| 35292533 | William Tyndale | This Protestant man was a Humanist who helped translate the Bible so that all people could read it in their own religion. He translated the New Testament, but was executed before he could finish the Old Testament because he was not supported by the English government in his translating in the early 16th century. | |
| 35292534 | Henry VIII | This king of England founded the Anglican Church and split from the Roman Catholic Church. He did so for personal and political reasons: both to gain the money and power the Church was taking from him (in taxes, tax exemptions, etc) and so that he could divorce his first wife. Because he had six wives and two of his daughters became queens of England (Elizabeth I and Mary Tudor), there has been a lot of historical focus on his personal life. | |
| 35292535 | Act in Restrain and Appeals (1533) | This was an act by English Parliament under Henry VIII that exempt England from the Pope's authority, and gave the king of England the final say on all church matters in England, and all the places it controlled (Scotland, etc). This allowed him to divorce Catherine of Aragon for Anne Boleyn (Mary's mother for Elizabeth's mother) and sell the Church's land in England to nobility. | |
| 35292536 | Supremacy Act (1534) | Henry VIII of England declared that he was independent from the Pope's control, and therefore his entire country would belong instead to the Anglican church. This specifically made him the head of the church and the final religious authority in England. | |
| 35292537 | Mary Tudor (1553-1558) | The only surviving daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, his first wife. When she succeeded Henry, she abolished Protestantism in England, and re-established Papal control. Several bishops were burned for heresy, but the confiscated Catholic lands could not be returned to the Church without a serious fight from the nobility they had been given to, and were thus left alone. The Protestants who fled were called the Marian exiles, and went to reformed communities like Geneva. When Elizabeth I took the throne, they returned to assist in the 2nd Reformation of England. | |
| 35292538 | Elizabeth I | The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (who was beheaded for incest and adultery that she most likely did not commit), who assumed the throne when Mary Tudor died. She was a Protestant and returned England to the Anglican Church, which had been established under her father. This ended the disconcerting switches the people and clergy of England had experience during the reigns of her father and half-sister, though this second reformation was more extreme than the first, and included Calvinist principles. | |
| 35292943 | John Knox | This Scottish theologian was dead-set against women holding positions of power, saying that this went against God, justice, and nature. He wrote The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women in 1558, which reflected common and traditional views that women were inferior. In the sixteenth century, however, there were many powerful and successful female rulers, including Elizabeth I, Mary Queen of Hungary, Margarer of Parma, Jeanne d'Albret of Navarre, Mary Queen of Scots, and Catherine de Medicis. | |
| 35292944 | Council of Trent (1545-1563) | This council met to correct abuses of the Church, but refused to agree with or give credit to any Protestants. They ended the sale of indulgences, and made rules to regulate the behavior of clergy. They ordered seminaries formed where there were no universities in order to end clerical ignorance. They also held onto the insistence that salvation was based on faith and good works, not faith alone. The ideals of the Council of Trent were the epitome of Counter-Reformation ideals in the Catholic Church. | |
| 35292945 | Tridentine Decrees | These were decrees by the Council of Trent, and authoritative council of the Catholic Church. Some specified Church doctrine regarding things like the Sacraments, Original Sin, saints, etc, in response to Protestant arguments. They also defined heresy (specifically, Protestant heresy). | |
| 35292946 | Ursiline Order | This was a female religious order founded by Angela Merici of young, unmarried girls who stayed with their families but lived chaste and pious lives in which they were committed to the instruction of other women. This order began in Northern Italy and spread to France, providing education and moral role models for women. | |
| 35292947 | Index of Prohibited Books | A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing. | |
| 35292948 | Pilgrimage of Grace | An uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power. |
