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| 1519-1559: political, not religious, wars between France and Holy Roman Empire | ||
| ended the Hapsburg-Valois Wars | ||
| son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223), married to Mary Tudor | ||
| new royal palace built in shape of grill to commemorate the martyrdom of St. Lawrence-symbolized Philip's power and commitment to Catholic crusade | ||
| (1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece and ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean | ||
| the Dutch rebelled against Phillip II because he tried to impose Catholicism in the Netherlands; the Dutch were also motivated by economic factors, since they believed they were being unfairly taxed | ||
| Ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Hapsburg Philip II of Spain. | ||
| formed in 1581, Dutch Republic, received aid from Elizabeth I, major blow to Philip's goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire | ||
| 10 southern provinces remained under Spanish control (modern-day Belgium) | ||
| She was the devout Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Henry VIII. She served as queen after the brief reign of Edward VI. She turned England back to Catholicism, by persecuting and executing hundreds of English Protestants. Married to Philip II and died from ovarian cancer. | ||
| (1533-1603) Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England. | ||
| the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. | ||
| 9 wars in last half of 16th century-power struggle between 3 noble families for Crown after death of Henry II | ||
| queen of France as the wife of Henry II and regent during the minority of her son Charles IX (1519-1589) | ||
| Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre on this day was intended to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots; Rioting occurred when the leader of Catholic aristocracy, Henry of Guise, had a leader of the Huguenot party murdered the night before the wedding; Catherine de Médicis ordered the massacre of Cavinists in response | ||
| This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV) | ||
| first Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil Wars-gradual course to absolutism-politique-converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris | ||
| A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France). | ||
| This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots | ||
| (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. | ||
| The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain. | ||
| The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War. | ||
| The second phase of the Thirty Years' War in which the Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein won a series of major victories against the Protestants. | ||
| Catholic Bohemian nobleman who raised a large mercenary army to fight for the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War. | ||
| Imperial law that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation. | ||
| The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts. | ||
| joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen | ||
| The fourth and final phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by France's entrance into the war on the side of the Protestants; this gave the Protestants the support needed to defeat the Catholics. "International Phase" | ||
| minister of King Louis XVIII, appointed by Marie de Medici , had the real power, wanted to curb power of nobility, 32 generalities, military provinces France was divided into | ||
| Ended 30 Years War; Treaty signed at Munster and Osnabruck, ending religious wars; the sovereignty of over 300 German princes recognized, limiting power of Holy roman Emperor; independence in United Provinces of the Netherlands recognized; France received Alsace, Sweden received large cash indemnity and control over German territories along Baltic Sea; Papacy denied right to participate in German religious affairs; Augsburg agreement remained permanent; Calvinism became legally permissible creed. | ||
| The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means. | ||
| royal house of France that ruled from 1328 to 1589. At the death of Charles IV, the last of the direct Capetians, the Valois dynasty came to the throne in the person of Philip VI, son of Charles of Valois and grandson of Philip III. The direct Valois line ended (1498) with Charles VIII; the dynasty was continued by Louis XII (Valois-Orléans) and, after his death (1515), by the Valois-Angoulême line, of which Francis I was the first to rule. At the death of Henry III (1589), the house of Bourbon, descending from a younger son of Louis IX, succeeded to the thr | ||
| This king of France contributed the most to the consolidation of France. He was often under-estimated as he didn't buy into flashy fashions, and as a result was greatly successful. As many men of the French nobility were killed fighting England and each other, and law dictated that estates without male heirs were inherited by the crown, Louis XI accumulated a great deal of land. He acquired Anjou, Maine, and Bourbon when they had no male heirs, and Brittany and Orleans by arranging marriages involving his children. | ||
| King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor | ||
| 1516 - Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. | ||
| tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government | ||
| struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII | ||
| (1485-1603) Henry VII secured power by marrying and creating the "yellow rose;" nobles independence(livery and maintenance- personal armies) was thrown out because the king wanted to secure Englad, so he created the Cour of Star Chamber which asserted absolute authority over lords | ||
| The first Tudor king that worked to establish a strong monarchical government and ended the private wars of nobles in England. | ||
| a former English court that became notorious for its arbitrary methods and severe punishments | ||
| This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition | ||
| The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. | ||
| Hermandades or "brotherhoods" were popular groups in the town. They were given authority to act as both local police forces and as a judicial panel. | ||
| This was the harsh and violent conversion of Spain back into Catholicism. They used several versions of torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism | ||
| the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498) | ||
| Converted Jews in Spain. They were one of the targets of the Inquisition, in 1492, the Jews were exiled and their properties were seized. | ||
| This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary | ||
| Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | ||
| The Holy Roman Emperor that attempted to centralize the administration by creating new institutions common to the entire empire, but he was successful in marriage alliances. | ||
| Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563). | ||
| the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries. | ||
| the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people | ||
| a port in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river | ||
| An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401) | ||
| an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business | ||
| The Dutch Stock exchange | ||
| an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | ||
| increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver | ||
| Motives for exploration in all European countries | ||
| 1st European to make a globe but had some problems. Problems: Africa was too small & the wrong shape, missing Americas, Antarctica, & Austrailia, and made trip from Europe to Asia seem short. | ||
| (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | ||
| Dias was an early Portuguese explorer who traveled down the coast of Africa in search of a water route to Asia. He managed to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488, now the Cape of Good Hope. | ||
| Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | ||
| italian cartographer that sailed under the Spanish flag repeated Columbus' initial attemp to sail west to Asia; he explored the coast of Africa thinking that it was Asia; he made his next voyage commissioned by Portugal and sailed along the coast of S America concluding that it could not be Asia; his discoveries were published and the new continent was named after him | ||
| Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. | ||
| First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor | ||
| a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | ||
| Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama | ||
| (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | ||
| Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. | ||
| Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | ||
| Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. | ||
| 1500 - 1600. New found wealth from American explorations bring in high point of Spanish military might, art and culture. | ||
| system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills. | ||
| A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory | ||
| descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status | ||
| characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations | ||
| 1453-1515: laid the foundation for Portuguese imperialism in the 16th and 17th centuries; established strategy of making coastal regions a base to control the Indian Ocean | ||
| This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity | ||
| Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. | ||
| The Slave Trade. First intruduced by Portugal in Brazil to farm sugar plantations where an estimated 50 million Africans died o became slaves during the 17th and 18th century | ||
| The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans | ||
| a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars (Europe to New World) | ||
| disease that was exchanged in the Columbian Exchange (New World to Europe) | ||
| an edible tuber native to South America (most important good to come from the New World to Europe, can feed a lot of people.) | ||
| population growth grew steadily between 1450-1650 | ||
| 80% were single, widowed, 40+ women. Up to maybe 100,000 people sentenced to burn for witchcraft. Accused of doing perverted stuff with the devil. Bad reputation from clergy. Ended partly because the scientific revolution reduced superstition. |
