some mentioned more than once.. so many books!!!!!!!!!
Terms : Hide Images
| 40968010 | philosophes | writers/critics who forged the new attitudes favorable to change, championed reform, and flourished in the emerging print culture; sought to apply rules of reason and common sense to nearly all major institutions and social practices of the day | |
| 40968011 | Peter Gay | suggested goal of philosophes included, "freedom of speech, freedom of trade, freedom...etc"; no other set of ides has done so much to shape the modern world | |
| 40968012 | Voltaire | the most influential of philosophes who was arrested after offending French authorities , then went to England, visiting its best literacy circles; his essays, histories, plays, stories, and letters made him the literary dictator of Europe | |
| 40968013 | Francois-Marie Arouet | Voltaire's original name, (Voltaire was the name known to posterity) | |
| 40968014 | Letters on the English | written by Voltaire ( 1733), it was his book based on his experiences in Britain; it praised virtues of the English and indirectly criticized the French society's abuses | |
| 40968015 | Elements of the Philosophy of Newton | written by Voltaire(1738), popularized the thought of Isaac Newton | |
| 40968016 | Candide | (1759) , Voltaire's most famous satire, in which he attacked war, religious persecution, and what he considered unwarranted optimism about human condition | |
| 40968017 | Pessimism | this was an undercurrent in most of the works of the period | |
| 40968018 | Enlightenment | movement of people and ideas that fostered thinking that economic change and political reform were both possible and desirable | |
| 40968019 | enlightened absolutism | indicates monarchial government dedicated to rational strengthening of central absolutist administration at cost of other lesser political powers;term to describe phenomenon of several European rulers embracing many reforms set by philosophes | |
| 40968020 | Isaac Newton and John Locke | major intellectual forerunners of the Enlightenment | |
| 40968021 | Isaac Newton | his formulation of universal gravitation exemplified the power of human mind, he encouraged approach of study of human nature directly , avoid metaphysics, and use of empirical experience to check rational speculations | |
| 40968022 | An Essay Concerning Human Understanding | John Locke argued in this all humans enter the world as a blank page, only experience shapes character | |
| 40968023 | tabula rasa | term for blank page | |
| 40968024 | John Locke | was inspired by Newton to explain human psychology in terms of experience, had a reformer's psychology that suggested possibility of improving human condition | |
| 40968025 | print culture | a culture in which books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets achieved a status of their own | |
| 40968026 | Britain | during 1800s, the printed materials increased most notably in this country | |
| 40968027 | Samuel Johnson | English essayist, critic, and dictionary author who published collections of essays that appeared in newspapers or journals as books | |
| 40968028 | The Spectator | written by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, fostered the value of polite conversation and the reading of books | |
| 40968029 | coffeehouses | became centers for the discussion of writing and ideas of Enlightenment, but also one of institutions connected to transatlantic plantation slave economy(coffee and sugar consumed there) | |
| 40968030 | coffee | chief Turkish contribution to the Western diet imported from Ottoman Empire | |
| 40968031 | public opinion | influential social force created by expanding literate public/printed materials; collective effort on political and social life of views circulated in print and discussed in home/work/centers of leisure | |
| 40968032 | Encyclopedia | one of the greatest monuments of the Enlightenment and its most monumental undertaking in print culture; included most critical ideas on religion, government, and philosophy | |
| 40968033 | Diderot and d'Alembert | under their leadership, the first volume of Encyclopedia appeared in 1751 | |
| 40968034 | Crush the Infamous Thing | Voltaire's cry, which summed the attitude of a number of philosophes toward church and Christianity | |
| 40968035 | William Robertson | enlightened historian, head of Scottish Kirk | |
| 40968036 | deism | movement risen by belief of life of religion/reason being combined | |
| 40968037 | Christianity Not Mysterious | one of earliest deist works, indicates general tenor of deism outlook, JOHN TOLAND | |
| 40968038 | John Calas | huguenot accused by Roman Catholic authorities of murdering his son to prevent him from converting to Roman Catholicism; was tortured and publicly strangled without ever confessing his guilt, which wouldn't have saved his life anyway | |
| 40968039 | Treatise on Tolerance | Voltaire published this, making Calas's cause his own, after his death, hounding authorities for a new investigation(1763) | |
| 40968040 | Gotthold Lessing | German playwright and critic, wrote NATHAN THE WISE | |
| 40968041 | Nathan the Wise | written by Gotthold Lessing, a plea for toleration not only of different Christian sects, but also of religious faiths other than Christianity | |
| 40968042 | Philosophical Dictionaries | Voltaire, who questioned truthfulness of priests and morality of the Bible, humorously pointed out inconsistencies in biblical narratives and immoral acts of biblical heroes | |
| 40968043 | David Hume | scottish philosopher who wrote INQUIRY INTO HUMAN NATURE; believed greatest miracle was that people believed in miracles | |
| 40968044 | Of Miracles | chapter of INQUIRY INTO HUMAN NATURE, where Hume argued no empirical evidence supported the belief in divine miracles central to Chrstianity | |
| 40968045 | The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire | written by Edward GIbbon, explained the rise of Christianity in terms of natural causes rather than influence of miracles and piety | |
| 40968046 | Edward Gibbon | English historian who wrote The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire | |
| 40968047 | Baruch Spinoza | one of major Jewish writers, lived in Netherlands; viewed as a MARTYR for rationality against superstiition and a Jew who separated from Jewish religion/Judaism to pursue secular existence with little/no regard for original faith | |
| 40968048 | Moses Mendelsohn | one of major Jewish writers, lived in Germany; established main outlines of an assimilationist position; argued for possibility of loyalty to Judaism combined with adherence to rational, Enlightenment values | |
| 40968049 | Ethics | most famous of Spinoza's works, so closely identified God and nature, or the spiritual and material worlds that contemporaries condemned him | |
| 40968050 | Theologico-Political Treatise | Spinoza directly anticipated much of religious criticism on Enlightenment and attacks on superstition in human life, he described the origins of religion through naturalist terms | |
| 40968051 | Jewish Socrates | Moses Mendelsohn was known as.... | |
| 40968052 | Jerusalem; or, On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism | Mendelsohn's most influential work where he argued for advancing extensive religious toleration and maintaing religious distinction of Jewish communities | |
| 40968053 | islam | was seen as a rival to Christianity, and unlike Judaism, had few adherents in 1800s | |
| 40968054 | Fanaticism, or Mohammed the Prophet | Voltaire showed his opinion and others' through this; for him, Muhammad and Islam represented one more example of the religious fanaticism he often criticized among Christians | |
| 40968055 | Mohametan Christian | John Toland, deist who opposed prejudice against Jews/Muslims; "Islam was a form of Christianity", which opposed contemporaries, leading him to be called | |
| 40968056 | Lady Mary Wortley Montagu | one of most positive commentators on 1800s Islam, wife of British ambassador to Turkey, wrote series of letters about experiences in Constantinople published after her death | |
| 40968057 | Turkish Embassy Letters | LAdy Mary Wortley Montagu praised about Ottoman society and urged English to copy Turkish practice of vaccination against smallpox | |
| 40968058 | The Ulama | the Islamic religious establishment that taught God's revelations to Muhammad meant Islam had superceded Christianity as a religion, therefore there was little to be learned form Christian culture | |
| 40968059 | social science | term that originated in Enlightenment where philosophes hoped to end human cruelty by discovering social laws and making people aware of them Ex; philosophes' work on prison/law | |
| 40968060 | Cesare Beccaria | Italian philosophe who wrote ON CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS | |
| 40968061 | On Crimes and Punishments | written by Cesare Beccaria, applied critical analysis to problem of making just/effective punishments; purpose of law was to secure greatest good for humans not will of God | |
| 40968062 | mercantilist legislation | designed to protect country's trade from external competition | |
| 40968063 | physiocrats | economic reformers in France who believed mercantilist legislation and regulation of labor by governments/guilds hampered the expansion of trade, manufacture, and agriculture | |
| 40968064 | Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations | the most important economic work of the Enlightenment, ADAM SMITH; challenged assumption that earth's resources are limited so one nation can acquire wealth onlt at expense of others, SMITH saw natural resources as boundless, saying nations need not be poor | |
| 40968065 | Adam Smith | regarded as the founder laissez-faire economic thought and policy | |
| 40968066 | laissez-faire | economic thought and favor which favors a limited role for government in economic life | |
| 40968067 | the Wealth of Nations | Smith argued the state should provide schools, armies, navies, & roads and undertake dangerous trade routes that were too risky; within this, Smith embraced theory of human social /economic development, four stage theory | |
| 40968068 | four-stage theory | theory of human social and economic development; human societies can be classified as hunting and gathering , pastoral or herding, agricultural, and commercial | |
| 40968069 | Charles Louis de Secondat | a.ka. baron de Montesquieu, was a lawyer, noble of the robe, member of parlement, | |
| 40968070 | Spirit of the Laws | Montesquieu's most enduring work, held up example of British constitution as the wisest model for regulating pwer of government; perhaps the single most influential book of century, inhibits internal tensions of Enlightenment | |
| 40968071 | parlements | Montesquieu regarded these (aristocratic courts) as the major example of an intermediary association in France | |
| 40968072 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | held a view of exercise and reform of political power different from Montesquieu; transcended political thought and values of his own time more than any other writer of mid1800s | |
| 40968073 | Montesquieu | believed in monarchial government limited by various sets of intermediary institutions (aristocracy, towns, etc) that enjoyed liberties the monarch had to respect | |
| 40968074 | Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences | written by Rousseau, contended that process of civilization and enlightenment corrupted human nature | |
| 40968075 | Discourse on the Origin of Inequality | Rousseau blamed much of evil in the world on uneven distribution of property | |
| 40968076 | The Social Contract | Rousseau's most extensive discussion of politics shown in this abstract book, which doesn't propose reforms but outlines the kind of political structure that Rousseau would overcome evils of contemporary politics/society | |
| 40968077 | salon | this gave philosophes access to useful socail/political contacts and receptive environment to circulate their ideas; provided opportunity to be center of attention and presence boosted sales | |
| 40968078 | the marquise de Pompadour | mistress of Louis XV, played key role in censoring Encyclopedia and helped block works attacking philosophes | |
| 40968079 | madame de Tencin | salon hostess responsible for promoting Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws by purchasing and distributing copies | |
| 40968080 | Rousseau | most radical of all Enlightenment theorists, urged traditional and conservative role for women | |
| 40968081 | Emile | Rosseau's novel in which he set forth radical view that men and women occupy separate spheres and women should be educated for position subordinate to men, emphasizing women's function in bearing children | |
| 40968082 | A Vindication of the Rights of Woman | Mary Wollstonecraft brought Rousseau before judgement of rational Enlightenment ideal of progressive knowledge; incentive for her essy was opposition to policies of Frnch Revolution, unfavorable to women which were inspired by Rousseau | |
| 40968083 | history of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great | written by Voltaire, a strong monarchist, "Peter was born, and russia was formed" | |
| 40968084 | Frederick II, the Great | sought recovery and consolidation of Prussia in the wake of its suffering and near defeat in midcentury wars | |
| 40968085 | the first servant of the State | Frederick II like to describe himself as...; the impersonal state was beginning to replace personal monarhcy | |
| 40968086 | Joseph II of Austria | son of Maria Theresa and later co-ruler, no 1800s ruler was so embodied rational , impersonal force as...; ultimate result of of his well-intentioned efforts was series of aristocratic and peasant rebellions extending from Hungary to Austrian Netherlands | |
| 40968087 | Habsburgs | from reign to Charles V to Maria Theresa, had been the most important dynastic champion of Roman Catholicism | |
| 40968088 | Josephinism | ecclesiastical policies of joseph II , prefigured those of French Revolution | |
| 40968089 | Leopold II | brother of Joseph Ii, gained crown after his death; found himself forced to repeal many controversial decrees like taxation, and though some of brothers' policies were wrong, but retained Joseph's religious policies and maintained political centralization to extent he thought possible | |
| 40968090 | Catherine II | born German princess, but became empress of Russia, German wife of Peter III of Russia and came to power after his murder; ruled Russia 1762-1796; interested in enlightend reforms but didnt do any; had policy favoring landed nobility but this led to worse conditions for Russian peasents and led to rebellion; the rebellion spread across spouthern Russia but she halted all reform and serfdom expanded into newer parts of the empire; expanded Russian Empire | |
| 40968091 | Charter of Nobility | issued by Catherine the Great, gauranteed nobles many rights and privileges | |
| 40968092 | Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji | this treaty gave Russia a direct outlet on Black Sea, free navigation rights in its waters, and free access through Bosporus; Crimea became an independent state | |
| 40968093 | First Partition of Poland | division of Poland territory that overcame anxieties of uneasy E Europe states(resulting from Russian military success) | |
| 40968094 | Danube River | Russian victories along this were most unwelcome to Austria which harbored ambitions of territorial expansion in that direction | |
| 40968095 | Galicia | land Austria took with salt mines after long secret negociations between Russia, Prussia, and Austria | |
| 40968397 | enlightened rulers | nowhere did the humanity and liberalism of the Enlightenment encounter greater rejection than in states governed by... |
