Terms : Hide Images
| 6835395419 | 95 Theses | piece written by Martin Luther against clerical abuses and sale of indulgences | 0 | |
| 6835395420 | absolutism | belief that a state should be ruled by one person who has total power | 1 | |
| 6835395421 | Act of Supremacy | Parliament ends the authority of the pope in England, leading to the formation of the Anglican Church | 2 | |
| 6835395422 | Adam Smith | economist who wrote "Wealth of Nations" and promoted economic liberalism | 3 | |
| 6835395423 | Anabaptist | radical Christian group that believed in adult baptism and separation of church from state | 4 | |
| 6835395424 | balance of power | cooperation between European states to assure no single state becomes too powerful | 5 | |
| 6835395425 | Baroque | style of art/music that is ornamental and emotional, commonly associated with the Catholic Reformation | 6 | |
| 6835395426 | boyars | Russian nobles | 7 | |
| 6835395427 | cahiers | notebooks written on the eve of the French Revolution that presented grievances and proposals for reform | 8 | |
| 6835395428 | Calvinism | Protestant denomination that believes in absolute power of God and predestination | 9 | |
| 6835395429 | Cardinal Richelieu | chief minister under Louis XIII who essentially controlled France, sided with Protestants in the Thirty Years' War, and minimized power of nobles | 10 | |
| 6835395430 | Carlsbad Decree | conservative law suppressing subversive ideas and liberal organizations in university settings | 11 | |
| 6835395431 | Castiglione | humanist figure who wrote The Courtier and encouraged personal growth | 12 | |
| 6835395432 | Catherine the Great | ruler of Russia who continued westernization, ended torture, offered limited religious toleration, and supported education | 13 | |
| 6835395433 | Charles I | English monarch who fought Parliament during English Civil War and was executed for treason | 14 | |
| 6835395434 | Charles II | English monarch who passed Test Act and restored the monarchy and both houses of Parliament | 15 | |
| 6835395435 | Charles VII | king of France who created first permanent royal army through taxes | 16 | |
| 6835395436 | Chartist Movement | British seeking of universal male suffrage, secret ballot, equal populations for parliamentary districts, and abolishing property requirements for House of Commons | 17 | |
| 6835395437 | Christian humanism | form of humanism based in Northern Europe that combined the Bible with classical texts | 18 | |
| 6835395438 | Christine de Pizan | first feminist who refuted myths about women | 19 | |
| 6835395439 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | law requiring clergy to support French National Assembly, making church officials elected, and confiscating Catholic lands (1790) | 20 | |
| 6835395440 | Combination Acts | British law forbidding labor unions, repealed during Industrial Revolution | 21 | |
| 6835395441 | Committee of Public Safety | branch of National Convention that worked to eliminate all inside and outside threats to French Revolution | 22 | |
| 6835395442 | Concert of Europe | group of Great Powers trying to maintain balance of power and prevent revolution | 23 | |
| 6835395443 | Concordat of 1801 | Napoleon promises church that a majority of Frenchmen will be Catholic | 24 | |
| 6835395444 | Concordat of Bologna | agreement giving French kings control over appointment and policies of church officials | 25 | |
| 6835395445 | Confederation of the Rhine | group of German states controlled by Napoleon's empire | 26 | |
| 6835395446 | Congress of Vienna | General peace settlement after defeat of Napoleon that involved Russia, Austria, Prussia, Britain, and France | 27 | |
| 6835395447 | conservatism | ideology of preserving tradition, maintaining balance of power, opposing civil liberties, and avoiding revolution | 28 | |
| 6835395448 | constitutionalism | system of government based on a written document of basic principles | 29 | |
| 6835395449 | Copernicus | Figure of scientific revolution who formulated heliocentric model and published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies" | 30 | |
| 6835395450 | cottage system | production of goods within people's homes using hand tools | 31 | |
| 6835395451 | Council of Trent | group of Catholics who reaffirm Catholic principles but take reform measures | 32 | |
| 6835395452 | David Ricardo | economist who came up with Iron Law of Wages | 33 | |
| 6835395453 | Declaration of Rights of Man | French constitution written by National Assembly | 34 | |
| 6835395454 | Diderot | Enlightenment figure who published "Encyclopedia" and promoted social progress and reform | 35 | |
| 6835395455 | Directory | corrupt five-man executive (accompanied by legislature) formed in 1795 that began weak dictatorship over France | 36 | |
| 6835395456 | Edict of Nantes | command for limited religious freedom of Huguenots in France | 37 | |
| 6835395457 | Elizabeth I | politique who brought many Protestant ideas into Church of England, let people practice whatever religion they wanted at home, and resisted invasion of Spanish Armada | 38 | |
| 6835395458 | empiricism | theory that knowledge comes only from sensory experience | 39 | |
| 6835395459 | enclosure | transition from open-field system to fenced-in fields, farming more effectively | 40 | |
| 6835395460 | English Bill of Rights | Set of English laws protecting individual rights and establishing relationship between king and Parliament | 41 | |
| 6835395461 | English Civil War | Conflict between Charles I and Parliament over government power | 42 | |
| 6835395462 | Erasmus | Christian humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly and wanted a reform of the Catholic Church | 43 | |
| 6835395463 | Estates General | French legislature called in 1788 formed by three separate social groups | 44 | |
| 6835395464 | Eugene Delacroix | romantic artist who painted Liberty Leading the People | 45 | |
| 6835395465 | Ferdinand and Isabella | rulers of Spain who created equivalent of national church, oversaw the Reconquista, and established Spanish Inquisition | 46 | |
| 6835395466 | Frederick the Great | ruler of Prussia who wrote new code of law, welcomed religious minorities, and took Silesia | 47 | |
| 6835395467 | Frederick William I | Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization | 48 | |
| 6835395468 | Frederick William the Great Elector | Austrian ruler who unified separate states and started process of militarization | 49 | |
| 6835395469 | Fronde | noble-led rebellion in France against king's authority and the intendant system | 50 | |
| 6835395470 | Galileo | Figure of scientific revolution who used controlled experiments, formalized concept of inertia, and looked at space with telescope | 51 | |
| 6835395471 | German Peasants' War | revolt of German lower classes calling for social/political change using the Scriptures | 52 | |
| 6835395472 | Girondists | moderate republicans who didn't want the execution of the king | 53 | |
| 6835395473 | Glorious Revolution | end of the divine right monarchy in England | 54 | |
| 6835395474 | Great Famine | event in Ireland that led to a 25% drop in population | 55 | |
| 6835395475 | guild | trade based-association with a monopoly over its own trade, special privileges for members, and assurance of high-quality goods | 56 | |
| 6835395476 | Habsburg-Valois Wars | series of wars in Renaissance Italy involving Spain, France, Holy Roman Empire, and Italian city-states | 57 | |
| 6835395477 | Henry VIII | first head of the Church of England | 58 | |
| 6835395478 | Huguenots | term for French Calvinists | 59 | |
| 6835395479 | humanism | program of study through classical works focusing on understanding human nature, reaching ideals, self-improvement, and virtú | 60 | |
| 6835395480 | Ignatius Loyola | founder of Society of Jesus | 61 | |
| 6835395481 | Isaac Newton | Figure of scientific revolution who published "Principia," created three laws of motion, and discussed idea of "world machine" | 62 | |
| 6835395482 | Jacobins | very radical republicans who wanted the execution of the king | 63 | |
| 6835395483 | James I | English monarch who believed in divine right to rule and absolute power; battled with both Parliament and Puritans | 64 | |
| 6835395484 | James II | English monarch who violated Test Act and was replaced by Glorious Revolution | 65 | |
| 6835395485 | Johannes Kepler | Figure of scientific revolution who created three laws of planetary motion | 66 | |
| 6835395486 | John Calvin | figure of Protestant Reformation who wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" and believed in absolute power of God | 67 | |
| 6835395487 | John Locke | English philosopher who believed in protecting natural rights | 68 | |
| 6835395488 | junkers | Prussian nobles | 69 | |
| 6835395489 | Joseph II | ruler of Austria who abolished serfdom and promoted religious toleration, even though his reforms didn't last | 70 | |
| 6835395490 | Legislative Assembly | French legislature formed in 1791 that declared war on Austria and Prussia when they supported the monarchy | 71 | |
| 6835395491 | liberalism | ideology of civil rights, liberty, and representative government | 72 | |
| 6835395492 | Lorenzo Valla | humanist figure who exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery | 73 | |
| 6835395493 | Louis XIV | French monarch responsible for absolutism and revocation of the Edict of Nantes | 74 | |
| 6835395494 | Louis XVI | weak monarch of France who gives in to efforts for a constitutional monarchy and is executed during the Reign of Terror | 75 | |
| 6835395495 | Machiavelli | humanist figure who wrote The Prince and stated leaders should maintain order at all costs | 76 | |
| 6835395496 | Martin Luther | main figure of Protestant Reformation and author of "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences" | 77 | |
| 6835395497 | Marxian socialism | ideology of eliminating class struggles to fix societal problems, based on The Communist Manifesto | 78 | |
| 6835395498 | Medici family | Florentine dynasty of successful merchants, patrons of the arts, and future popes | 79 | |
| 6835395499 | Michel de Montaigne | Christian humanist who popularized essay as a literary genre and expressed his doubts about the universe | 80 | |
| 6835395500 | Montesquieu | Enlightenment figure who promoted separation of powers | 81 | |
| 6835395501 | Napoleon | emperor of France from 1804 to 1814 who used domestic policy to maintain popularity and order | 82 | |
| 6835395502 | Napoleonic Code | French civil code reasserting "Declaration of Rights of Man" and explaining civil rights, property, etc. | 83 | |
| 6835395503 | National Assembly | French legislature formed in 1789 that wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man | 84 | |
| 6835395504 | National Convention | Legislature formed in 1792 during the radical revolution that declares France a republic | 85 | |
| 6835395505 | nationalism | ideology of ethnic groups sharing common identity and desire for politically independent state | 86 | |
| 6835395506 | New Monarchs | term describing powerful rulers of Europe who formed loyal armies, had some power over the Catholic church, and maintained centralized governments excluding nobles | 87 | |
| 6835395507 | Oliver Cromwell | English military dictator and lord protector who dismissed Parliament | 88 | |
| 6835395508 | open-field system | division of large fields into long, narrow strips that are not communal | 89 | |
| 6835395509 | Peace of Augsburg | German states earn the right to choose their official religion and acknowledging Lutheranism as a religion, ending the Schmalkaldic Wars | 90 | |
| 6835395510 | Peace of Utrecht | Treaty ending War of Spanish Succession, stating that France and Spanish monarchies cannot join, and giving Austria control of former Spanish Netherlands | 91 | |
| 6835395511 | Peace of Westphalia | Treaty ending Thirty Years' War, reaffirming Peace of Augsburg, and recognizing Calvinism as a religion for German states | 92 | |
| 6835395512 | Peter the Great | Russian tsar of Romanov Dynasty responsible for westernization and militarization | 93 | |
| 6835395513 | Philip II | son of Charles V who failed as a leader in the Netherlands and lost battles to English Fleet | 94 | |
| 6835395514 | Petition of Right | English constitutional document giving Parliament power to approve and reject laws, especially taxes | 95 | |
| 6835395515 | Pico della Mirandola | humanist figure who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man and emphasized potential for human greatness | 96 | |
| 6835395516 | putting-out system | production of goods where merchants loan materials to cottage workers who return the finished product | 97 | |
| 6835395517 | Reconquista | reconquering of Iberian Peninsula that had been taken by Muslim powers | 98 | |
| 6835395518 | Reform Bill of 1832 | British law that extended voting rights to middle class men and eliminated "rotten" boroughs | 99 | |
| 6835395519 | Reign of Terror | period where National Convention attempted to carry out the "war against tyranny" through mass execution | 100 | |
| 6835395520 | Renaissance | rebirth of classical Greek/Roman ideas that focused on humanism and the liberal arts | 101 | |
| 6835395521 | Rene Descartes | Figure of scientific revolution who used deductive reasoning and believed in Cartesian dualism | 102 | |
| 6835395522 | Revolution of 1830: Belgium | country gains independence and becomes Kingdom of the Netherlands | 103 | |
| 6835395523 | Revolution of 1830: France | country replaces Charles X with Louis Philippe to prevent return to autocratic rule | 104 | |
| 6835395524 | Revolution of 1830: Italy | country fails to overthrow Austrian rule (carbonari) | 105 | |
| 6835395525 | Revolution of 1848: France | country becomes a republic and then goes back to an empire | 106 | |
| 6835395526 | Revolution of 1848: Austria | country maintains control over Hungarian and Italian nationalists | 107 | |
| 6835395527 | Revolution of 1848: Prussia | country tries to unify Germany but fails when leader takes back his offer to rule, reestablishing German Confederation | 108 | |
| 6835395528 | Robespierre | Jacobin leader of Committee of Public Safety who was executed to put an end to the Reign of Terror | 109 | |
| 6835395529 | romanticism | artistic movement of emotion, freedom of thought, personal connection to God, and anti-Enlightenment ideas | 110 | |
| 6835395530 | Rousseau | Enlightenment figure who promoted emotion over rationalism, also wrote "The Social Contract" and believed in general will | 111 | |
| 6835395531 | salons | locations where rich women hosted discussions about literature, science, and philosophy | 112 | |
| 6835395532 | Sans-culottes | radical group of laboring poor who helped overthrow Louis XVI and took over Paris' municipal government | 113 | |
| 6835395533 | Seven Years' War | first "global" war that involved much of Europe, including Britain, France, Spain, and Prussia | 114 | |
| 6835395534 | Spanish Inquisition | group investigating converts' faith to Catholicism and punishing Jews/Muslims who maintained their original religion | 115 | |
| 6835395535 | Storming of Bastille | commoners seize arms and attack a royal prison, leading Louis XVI to withdraw troops from Paris (1789) | 116 | |
| 6835395536 | Tennis Court Oath | Third Estate decides to write a new constitution and forms National Assembly | 117 | |
| 6835395537 | Thermidorian Reaction | reaction to Reign of Terror that led to Robespierre's execution, abolition of economic controls, and reconciliation with Catholic Church | 118 | |
| 6835395538 | Thirty Years' War | conflict between Protestant Union and Catholic League over political and religious influence | 119 | |
| 6835395539 | Thomas Hobbes | English philosopher who believed in absolutism and preserving order at all costs | 120 | |
| 6835395540 | Thomas More | Christian humanist and author of Utopia | 121 | |
| 6835395541 | Treaty of Paris | agreement that ended the Seven Years' War: Britain take France's territory in North America/India and Prussia maintains control of Silesia | 122 | |
| 6835395542 | utopian socialism | ideology of economic equality, collectivism, minimal private property, and right to work | 123 | |
| 6835395543 | Voltaire | Enlightenment figure who promoted religious tolerance and the separation of church from state | 124 | |
| 6835395544 | William and Mary | English monarchs who take power during Glorious Revolution and end absolutism | 125 | |
| 6835395545 | Women's March on Versailles | Revolt where women invaded the National Assembly and the royal apartments (1789) | 126 | |
| 6835395546 | Diplomatic Revolution | (diplomatic revolution) | 127 | |
| 6835395547 | Great Northern War | war where Russia's victory under Peter the Great leads to control over Baltic Sea | 128 | |
| 6835395548 | Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish ruler during Thirty Years' War whose death caused France to help Sweden | 129 | |
| 6835395549 | Henry IV | French king and politique who wrote Edict of Nantes | 130 | |
| 6835395550 | Isabelle d'Este | famous female art patron of Renaissance | 131 | |
| 6835395551 | Colbert | French Minister of Finances under Louis XIV who promoted mercantilism | 132 | |
| 6835395552 | Metternich | Austrian foreign minister who promoted conservatism and Concert of Europe | 133 | |
| 6835395553 | Luddites | group of workers who broke into factories and destroyed machinery | 134 | |
| 6835395554 | Methodist | Protestant denomination founded by John Wesley in the 1700s | 135 | |
| 6835395555 | Pietism | 17th century movement for revival of personal connection to God in Lutheran Church | 136 | |
| 6835395556 | politique | type of leader who puts order ahead of personal beliefs | 137 | |
| 6835395557 | Pragmatic Sanction | treaty violated when Frederick the Great takes Silesia from Maria Theresa | 138 | |
| 6835395558 | Henry the Navigator | Portuguese leader who founded a school for the study of navigation/geography | 139 | |
| 6835395559 | Puritan | English Protestant denomination known for simple lifestyle | 140 | |
| 6835395560 | Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre | thousands of French Huguenots and other Protestants killed at wedding of Henry of Navarre | 141 | |
| 6835395561 | Francis Bacon | scientist known for inductive reasoning | 142 | |
| 6835395562 | Jesuit | Catholic denomination known for education and missionary work | 143 | |
| 6835395563 | Star Chamber | secret English court used to deal with aristocrats who threatened royal power | 144 | |
| 6835395564 | taille | tax on land | 145 | |
| 6835395565 | Thomas Malthus | economist who believed population will always grows faster than food supply | 146 | |
| 6835395566 | virtú | quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will | 147 | |
| 6835395567 | War of Austrian Succession | war started by the violation of the Pragmatic Sanction | 148 | |
| 6835395568 | robot | system of forced labor in Eastern Europe | 149 | |
| 6835395569 | Battle of Lepanto | Philip II defeats Ottoman Turks and prevents their further invasion of Europe | 150 | |
| 6835395570 | Bossuet | French bishop who pushed idea of divine right to rule | 151 | |
| 6835395571 | intendant system | system used by French monarchy to limit power of the nobles | 152 | |
| 6835395572 | Schmalkaldic Wars | religious wars during mid-1500s where Charles V and Catholics fought German princes and Lutherans | 153 |
