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| 69589862 | Avignon | In response to the rise of a Pope in Rome, French Catholics installed a Pope here. | |
| 69589863 | Conciliar Movement | The followers of this movement defined the church as the whole body of the faithful and the pope was only one part. | |
| 70158707 | Great Schism | A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office | |
| 70158708 | Leonardo Bruni | This Florentine first gave the name "humanitas" or "humanity," to the learning that resulted from the scholarly pursuits of the Renaissance. A pupil of Manuel Chrysoloras. | |
| 70158709 | Manuel Chrysoloras | A Byzantine scholar who opened the world of Greek scholarship to a generation of young Italian humanists when he taught at Florence. | |
| 70158710 | Petrarch | The "father of humanism." He celebrated ancient Rome in his "Letters to the Ancient Dead." Also wrote a Latin epic poem named "Africa" and a set of biographies of famous Roman men called "Lives of Illustrious Men." | |
| 70158711 | Dante Alighieri | Author of "Vita Nuova" and "Divine Comedy." | |
| 70158712 | Giovanni Boccaccio | A student of Petrarch, he was also a pioneer of humanist studies. Authored "Decameron." | |
| 70158713 | Baldassare Castiglione | The author of "Book of the Courtier." | |
| 70158714 | Christine de Pisan | This famous noblewoman wrote "The City of Ladies." | |
| 70158715 | Florentine Academy | Not a formal school, but an informal gathering of influential Florentine humanists who devoted themselves to the revival of the works of Plato and Neoplatonists. | |
| 70158716 | Lorenzo Valla | The author of the standard Renaissance text on Latin philology and the "Elegances of the Latin Language," and "Donation of Constantine." | |
| 70158717 | Pope Alexander VI | The corrupt Borgia pope and ally to the French under Louis XII against Italy. | |
| 70158718 | Pope Julius II | This strong opponent of the Borgia family succeeded Alexander VI as Pope. He suppressed the Borgias and placed their newly conquered lands in Romagna under papal jurisdiction. | |
| 70158719 | Northern Renaissance | Unlike its counterpart, this movement put more emphasis on church writings and scripture. | |
| 70158720 | Printing Press | Sometimes regarded as a tool of the Renaissance in spreading ideas, this helped mass produce books and pamphlets. | |
| 70158721 | Erasmus | The "prince of the humanists." Easily the most famous of the northern humanists. Published dialogues under the title "Colloquies." | |
| 70158722 | Reuchlin Affair | A man who had converted from Judaism to Christianity attached Johann Reuchlin's writings. Many humanists marched to Reuchlin's defense. "Letters of Obscure Men" was born from it. | |
| 70158723 | Albigensians | Heretics who saw all material things as evil, spurred the Inquisition. | |
| 70158724 | Waldensians | In the 13th century, these people shared a common goal of religious simplicity in imitation of Jesus with other religious groups. | |
| 70158725 | Lollards | An English Protestant sect that stressed individual reading and interpretation of the Bible. Led by John Wycliffe. | |
| 70158726 | Hussites | Followers of John Huss who called for reforms of the Catholic Church. They had crusades called against them, but the crusades were unsuccessful. They were granted religious freedom in exchange for being loyal to the church. | |
| 70158727 | Brothers of a Common Life | Also called the Modern Devotion, this group fostered religious life outside formal ecclesiastical offices and apart from formal religious vows. Stressed individual piety and practical religion. | |
| 70158728 | Modern Devotion | Also called the Brothers of a Common Life, this group fostered religious life outside formal ecclesiastical offices and apart from formal religious vows. Stressed individual piety and practical religion. | |
| 70158729 | Gerard Groote | The founder of the Modern Devotion | |
| 70158730 | Thomas a Kempis | The author of "Imitation of Christ," a guide to the inner life. | |
| 70158731 | Benefice system | This permitted important ecclesiastical posts to be sold to the highest bidders and had left residency requirements in parishes unenforced. A tool of the medieval church. | |
| 70158732 | Simony | The ecclesiastical crime of paying for holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church. | |
| 70158733 | Nepotism | The practice of high ranking office holders appointing friends, family, and acquaintances to offices. | |
| 70158734 | Selling indulgences | These were regularly dispensed for cash payments to save people from damnation and suffering. | |
| 70679299 | Pope Clement VI | This pope proclaimed the existence of a "treasury of merit," an infinite reservoir of good works in the church's possession that could be dispensed at the pope's discretion. | |
| 70679300 | Pope Julius II | This pope proclaimed a Jubilee indulgence to raise funds for the rebuilding of Saint Peter's in Rome. | |
| 70679301 | John Tetzel | This preacher sold indulgences in Albrecht's territories. | |
| 70679302 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. His 95 Theses criticized the RCC. | |
| 70679303 | Emperor Charles V | This Holy Roman emperor forced Martin Luther to stand trial and declared him to be an outlaw. | |
| 70679304 | Diet of Worms | Luther presented his views before this of the Holy Roman Empire, over which Emperor Charles V preceded. | |
| 70679305 | Exsurge Domine | Pope Leo X's papal bull. It condemned Luther for heresy and gave him sixty days to retract. | |
| 70679306 | Peasants' Revolt | Luther refused to support this rebellion of the German peasantry because he felt that their tactics were "un-Christian." Though he sympathized with the peasants, Luther urged that the rebellion be crushed. | |
| 70679307 | Karsthans | The burly, honest peasant who earned his bread by the sweat of his brow and sacrificed his own comfort and well-being for others. He was portrayed as a symbol of the simple life that God desired all people to live by Lutheran pamphleteers. | |
| 70679308 | Ulrich Zwingli | The leader of the Swiss Reformation movement. | |
| 70679309 | Phillip of Hess | He sought to unite Swiss and German Protestants in a mutual defense pact. It never worked out due to theological disagreements between Luther and Zwingli. | |
| 70679310 | Marburg Colloquy | A meeting between Luther and Zwingli at the urging of Phillip of Hess. The two could not agree on certain principles and a pact was never formed. | |
| 70679311 | Tetrapolitan Confession | This was the first confession of the followers of Zwingli and the reformed church. | |
| 70679312 | Augsburg Confession | A major Lutheran confession in opposition to the Tetrapolitan Confession. | |
| 70679313 | Anabaptists | A Protestant sect that believed only adults should be baptized. Critical of the institution of marriage. | |
| 70679314 | Conrad Grebel | The father of Anabaptism. Performed the first adult rebaptism in Zurich. | |
| 70679315 | Swiss Brethren | Originally followers of Zwingli, they later started Anabaptism. | |
| 70679316 | Schleitheim Confession | The alternative of the Swiss Brethren. Led by Grebel. Distinguished Anabaptists from other groups. | |
| 70679317 | Jan Matthys and Jan Beukelsz | These two Dutch emigrants led the Anabaptist majority in Munster and forced Lutherans and Catholics to convert or emigrate. | |
| 70679318 | Antitrinitarianism | This radical Protestant sect emphasized common sense, rational, and ethical religion. Led by Michael Servetus. | |
| 70679319 | John Calvin | This man created his own Protestant movement, which supplanted Lutheranism as the dominant Protestant force in Europe. His religion was especially popular in France, the Netherlands, and Scotland. He stressed divine predestination and the individual's responsibility to reorder society according to God's plan. | |
| 70679320 | Diet of Augsburg | A meeting of Protestant and Catholic representatives to impose a settlement of the religious divisions. Ordered Lutherans to revert to Catholicism. | |
| 70679321 | Schmalkaldik Articles | Drawn up by Luther, this was a more strongly worded Protestant confession. | |
| 70679322 | Schmalkaldik League | A group of Lutheran nations. Defeated by Catholics. | |
| 70679323 | Augsburg Interim | The Holy Roman emperor issued this as imperial law. Under it, Protestants everywhere had to readopt old Catholic beliefs and practices. | |
| 70679324 | Peace of Passau | Charles V reinstated the Protestant leaders and guaranteed Lutheran religious freedoms. | |
| 70679325 | Peace of Augsburg | This agreement recognized that the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land. | |
| 70679326 | William Tynsdale | A reformer who translated the New Testament into English. | |
| 70679327 | Cardinal Thomas Wolsey | The chief minister of King Henry VIII and Sir Thomas More. Guided royal opposition to incipient English Protestantism. Placed in charge of sucuring the royal annulment of Henry VIII. | |
| 70679328 | Sir Thomas More | He wrote a lengthy "Response to Luther." | |
| 70679329 | Henry VIII | Pope Leo X awarded him the title "Defender of the Faith." Ironically, this English king would eventually bring forth the English Reformation. | |
| 70679330 | Pope Leo X | He awarded Henry VIII the title of "Defender of the Faith." | |
| 70679331 | Catherine of Aragon | The first wife of Henry VIII and the woman whom he wished to get a divorce from. | |
| 70679332 | Anne Boleyn | The second wife of Henry VIII. He desired her over Catherine of Aragon. | |
| 70679333 | Thomas Cranmer | One of Henry VIII's closest advisors. He oversaw Henry's wedding to Anne Boleyn. Wrote "Book of Common Prayer." | |
| 70679334 | Thomas Cromwell | (1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary Thomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant. | |
| 70679335 | Reformation Parliament | Nickname for the Parliament that was called for a 7 year session that began in 1529. During this period, it passed legislation that harassed and placed royal reins on the clergy. This meant that whenever fundamental changes were made in religion, the monarch had to consult with and work through Parliament. | |
| 70679336 | Submission of the Clergy | Effectively placed canon law under royal control and thereby the clergy under royal jurisdiction. | |
| 70679337 | Act of Succession | Made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs ot the English throne. | |
| 70679338 | Act of Supremacy | Made Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England. | |
| 70679339 | Ten Articles | This made mild concessions to Protestant tenets, otherwise maintaining Catholic doctrine in England. | |
| 70679340 | Six Articles | They reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity, declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private masses, and ordered the continuation of auricular confession. | |
| 70679341 | Wives of Henry VIII | Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr. Make the connection. | |
| 70679342 | Edward VI | The son and successor of Henry VIII. During his reign, England fully enacted the Protestant Reformation. | |
| 70679343 | Act of Uniformity | Imposed Cranmer's "Book of Common Prayer" on all English churches. Its successor imposed a revised edition of the work. | |
| 70679344 | Book of Common Prayer | Thomas Cranmer's book and tool of the Act of Uniformity. | |
| 70679345 | Mary I | This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants | |
| 70679346 | Elizabeth I | Under her, England experienced a golden age and event defeated the Spanish Armada, a major threat to English colonization in North America. | |
| 70679347 | Ignatius of Loyola | He organized the Society of Jesus, the new order of Jesuits as part of the Counter-Reformation. | |
| 70679348 | Council of Trent | This was the meeting called by Pope Paul III that secured reconciliation with the Protestants |
