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| 461138647 | Latin Christendom | first world religion to become secularized | |
| 461138648 | The Mongols after 1240 held Russia | in subjugation for 200 years | |
| 461138649 | The Ottoman Turks crushed the | medieval Serbian kingdom at the battle of Kosovo in 1389 and spread over the Balkans. They took Constantinople in 1453 | |
| 461138650 | Black Death | Almost half of the population of Europe was wiped out. (25 million people died) Some people believed that it was caused by rats carrying diseased fleas | |
| 461138651 | Cause and Effect of the Plague | -Disrupted marriage and family life -Trade and exchange were disrupted -prices, wages, and incomes moved erratically -caused famine -people were more preoccupied with burying the dead than anything else -many people could find no work, so they became vagabonds. -the upper class attempted to control wages | |
| 461138652 | Rebellions | -French peasants rebelled (jacqueries) -Wat Tyler's Rebellion in England (began over local grievances -Government repressed these revolts | |
| 461138653 | Results from rebellions | -Wages increased -Peasants given permanent tenure over their land for a fixed money payment | |
| 461138654 | King Problems | Needed more money to pay for soldiers and armies -Debased coinage-dividing up a given weight of gold to inflate the value -Increased taxes | |
| 461138655 | Hundred Years War | -Between England and France (fought mostly in France) -England won all major battles -France won the war (due to rise of French nationalism "Joan of Arc") | |
| 461138656 | Results from Hundred Years War | -Parliament widened its power -Barons became unruly (formed private armies to fight in the War of the Roses) | |
| 461138657 | Taxes on the Church | -Both Philip IV and Edward I taxed the land of the Church. -Pope Boniface VIII prohibited the taxes, then claimed supremacy of the Pope over all creatures. -Phillip sent troops who arrested Boniface (died shortly after) -Forced the College of Cardinals to elect a French Pope who lived in Avignon. -70 years later, the Great Schism occurred, as an Italian Pope (Germany) was elected along side the Avignon Pope (France + Allies) | |
| 461138658 | William Langlard | Piers Plowman -Contrasted the sufferings of the honest poor with hypocrisy and corruption in high places. | |
| 461138659 | John Wyclif | -teacher at Oxford -questioned the elaborate possessions of the Church -Doubted the necessity of an organized Church in achieving salvation. -Ordinary people could achieve salvation by reading the Bible -Translated it into English -John Huss had similar ideas | |
| 461138660 | Conciliar Movement | -Meetings to solve the problems of the Church -Pisa (disposed of two Popes and elected a third, but two popes still claimed authority -Council of Constance ended schism and burned John Huss -New Pope Martin V reaffirmed papal supremacy | |
| 461138661 | Church Scandal | - Bribery and simony (buying and selling of church offices) were rampant -nepotism (giving jobs to family members) occurred -churchmen had mistresses -indulgences (sparing people of purgatory) could be obtained with money | |
| 461138662 | Famous Popes | -Nicholas V and Pius II were accomplished scholars -Alexander VI exploited his office in order to try and make his son king of Italy -Julius II was a general -Leo X was an architect and a painter | |
| 461138663 | Renaissance in Italy | -Civilization became like that of Greco-Romans -people were more concerned with being successful in this life and making money than preparing for the afterlife and living a life in poverty -Trade was booming -Towns became city-states run by merchant oligarchies (Milan: local despots; Venice, Genoa, and Florence: republics) | |
| 461138664 | Dante | wrote the Divine Comedy | |
| 461138665 | Petrarch | father of humanism; abandoned medieval thought for Latin classics | |
| 461138666 | Boccaccio | Petrarch's successor; introduced Greek poetry to Italy, focused on entertainment (Decameron) | |
| 461138667 | Salutachi | scholar, lawyer, and political functionary | |
| 461138668 | Machiavelli | a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government | |
| 461138669 | Florence was run by the | Medici family (founded by Giovanni; were bankers and were involved in wool trade; full power under Lorenzo the Magnificent | |
| 461138671 | Schooling and Manners | -Secondary schools (the preparation of young men for universities and life) were developed during the Renaissance. -separate classes by age or ability, increase knowledge, and form character -Castiglione wrote the Book of the Courtier (portray the gentleman of the time; a well-rounded person, able to converse easily, knowledgable in classical subjects, proficient in sports, able to dance and appreciate music, and willingness to show consideration for others | |
| 461138672 | Politics during the Italian Renaissance | Italy passed from republicanism to despotism -condotierri (private leader of armed bands) was commonly involved in wars -Machiavelli's *The Prince* was written to convince Italians of the need for unity and provide a handbook of statecraft -Italy had no prince, and became the prize in wars between France and Spain | |
| 461138673 | Renaissance Outside of Germany | -Christian humanists studied Hebrew, Greek, and Latin texts -Germany was an economic center -Germany shared in the Latin culture of Europe (Regiomontanus: laid the foundation for a mathematical conception of the universe; Copernicus: astronomical observations; Paracelsus: a scientist and charlatan) | |
| 461138674 | Doctor Faustus | man who sells his soul to the devil for knowledge and power. | |
| 461138675 | Mysticism and Lay Religion | -Religious feelings were strong in the north -Mysticism: the belief that the individual soul could, in perfect solitude, commune directly with God -Lay religion was active in the Netherlands -Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life: helped the poor, emphasized Christian character and conduct | |
| 461138676 | Erasmus of Rotterdam | -Prepared new Greek and Latin editions of the Old Testament -Urged Christians to read new testament -wrote Praise of Folly (showed evils in the church of his day | |
| 461138677 | Other terms | -Unam Sanctum: pope issued a statement that he is the supreme authority of the earth -Flagellants: People who whipped themselves to cleanse their sin -Lollards: believed the clergy to be corrupt, followed John Wyclif -Concubage: keeping a woman as a wife who is not a wife | |
| 468683476 | What socio-economic, political, and environmental developments in the 14th century undermined prosperity and stability of medieval society? | -Black Death (killed almost half of Europe) -Hundred Year War (Between France and England; France won due to rise in nationalism. | |
| 468683479 | How did the secular philosophy of the Renaissance influence the arts? | All art forms focused on a new sense of reality and space -Sculpture now emerged as an independent and free-standing art. -Architecture adapted Greco-Roman principles of design -Paintings were less influenced by the ancients. | |
| 468683485 | What strategies did the Tudors, the Valois, and Ferdinand and Isabel share in undertaking the consolidation of their rule? How did the Habsburg empire present different challenges to consolidation than those facing other major European monarchies? | Tudors: Prohibited nobles from maintaining private armies and established his royal council as a new court able to prosecute nobles. Valois: expanded his royal domains and built a royal army able to suppress brigands and rebellious nobles. He gained power to tax without consent. Ferdinand and Isabel: joined the states together; gave them a sense of belonging to the newly cleansed and invigorated Spanish Catholic Church. | |
| 468707854 | Explain the origins of the Church of England? | Henry was succeeded by his 10 year old son, Edward VI, in 1547; Edward was controlled by Protestant advisers, but he died in 1553. His death brought Mary to the throne; her goals were to undo the wrong done to her mother and herself by persecuting Protestants and restoring the "true faith." She married Philip II of Spain in a fruitless attempt to secure a Catholic heir. She died in 1558 and was succeeded by Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn--and Elizabeth was as uncompromisingly Protestant as her half-sister had been Catholic. The "Church of England" became a Protestant state church, with all Englishmen obliged to belong to it. | |
| 468707855 | What were the problems and issues facing the Council of Trent? Did it extensively reform the Roman Catholic Church? | The Council of Trent sought to define Catholic belief, without concessions to Protestantism: Justification by a combination of faith and works, seven sacraments which were the vehicle of grace; trans-substantiation was reaffirmed, as was confession and absolution, source of faith was both historical tradition and Scripture, and authoritative teaching was only from the Latin Vulgate Bible, Latin was to be the language of the Mass, priests were to be celibate, monasticism, purgatory, indulgences, saints, the cult of the Virgin, images, relics, and pilgrimages were approved, the worst abuses were to be reformed, with standards tightened. |
