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| 5444682945 | Philosophes | Primarily intellectuals in France who pushed for rationalism and enlightenment ideals (e.g. Voltaire, Diderot, etc...) | 0 | |
| 5444689234 | Enlightened Despot | A king or queen of Europe who, in their own administration, attempts to enforce enlightenment ideals (Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, etc...) | 1 | |
| 5446410730 | The Watchmaker | The symbol of divinity in the 18th century that compared the intricacies of the physical universe to the intricacies of a watch. It argued that a watch could not exist without a watchmaker, just like how the universe could to exist without a God that created it. Omar Assaly | 2 | |
| 5446454410 | Pietism | A movement that stirred the Lutherans of Germany. Pietism stressed the inner spiritual experience of ordinary persons as distinct from the doctrines taught and debated in theological faculties. Omar Assaly | 3 | |
| 5446503096 | The Great Awakening of the 1740s | A movement that stressed individual worth and spiritual consciousness independently of the established religious authorities. Omar Assaly | 4 | |
| 5446530596 | Masons | People who held typical Enlightenment views, well disposed toward reason, progress, toleration, and humane reforms, and respectful toward God as architect of the Universe. They secretly met in lodges and the culture consisted of men from all three estates. While bringing men from all three classes together, it aroused suspicion because of how secretive they were. Omar Assaly | 5 | |
| 5446579522 | Philisophe | French for philosopher. In order to be considered a Philosophe in the 18th century, one must approach any subject in a critical and inquiring spirit. Omar Assaly | 6 | |
| 5447232065 | Salons | Well organized meeting places where people discussed current events or revised each other's works. Omar Assaly | 7 | |
| 5447249019 | Encyclopedie | 17 volumes of scientific, technical, and historical knowledge that critisized society and insitutions. Contributors of the Encyclopedie were French philosophes such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, d'Alembert, Buffon, and many more. Omar Assaly | 8 | |
| 5447327431 | Montesquieu (Big 3) | He was involved in the Noble resurgence after Louis XIV's death. Believed in separation and balance of power, wrote that government varies according to climate, and he admired medieval liberties. He thought that the Church was useful but did not believe in religion. Omar Assaly | 9 | |
| 5447351097 | Voltaire (Big 3) | Known for his sarcastic wit and logic. Believed that a good government is one that fights against stupidity and bigotry. Wanted a strong state that was enlightened. Voltaire brought New England ideas. Omar Assaly | 10 | |
| 5447355932 | Rousseau (Big 3) | Known for being paranoid and misunderstood. Believed that a good person can not be happy in society because society corrupts us, "Civilization is the source of evil." Rousseau believed in religion but saw no need for any church. Omar Assaly | 11 | |
| 5447409676 | Physiocrats | Critics called them "economists." Physiocrats were close to the government as administrators or advisers. They were the first to use the term laissez-faire ("let them do as they see fit") as a principle of economic activity, a way to let trade or other things occur without government intervention. Omar Assaly | 12 | |
| 5447484140 | Universalists | They believed in the unity of humankind under a natural law of right and reason and thus carried over the classical and Christian outlook in a secular way. Omar Assaly | 13 | |
| 5461904523 | Censorship | The practice of protecting peopole from harmful ideas. The extent of censorship varied on the country, as nations such as England experienced very mild censorship while countries such as Spain had a powerful censorship. - Rehman | 14 | |
| 5461923453 | Paris | The heart of the Enlightenment, where literary and social celebrities gathered for intellectual conversations. Salons functioned as well-organized meeting places in France where authors introduced new works to critical readers and thus Paris became the heart of the movement for the Enlightenment. - Rehman | 15 | |
| 5461985662 | The Social Contract | One of Rousseau's most famous works, it argued that organized civil society was created through a social contract between a ruler and his people. This differed from his previous works which strongly favored the state of nature, as The Social Contract held that good people could be produced only by an improved society. Rousseau described his ideal vision of society as one in which all persons had a sense of membership and participation. - Rehman | 16 | |
| 5462015939 | Adam Smith | British physiocrat who intended to increase the national wealth of England by reducing the barriers which he believed hindered its growth. Smith attacked the popular system of mercantilism, which consisted of heavy government intervention on the economy and believed that a flourishing economy would results when companies and people had little to no interference by the government. - Rehman | 17 | |
| 5462090795 | Methodism | A religious movement sparked by John Wesley of England, who engaged in good works in order to relieve the sufferings of prisoners and the poor. He amassed a great following by stressing invidividual worth and preaching for spiritual consciousness independent of the established religious authorities. By the time of his death in 1791, Wesley had about half a million followers and although he tried to remain within the Church of England, separate Methodist churches were founded in England and the United States. - Rehman | 18 | |
| 5462132804 | Religious Movements during Enlightenment | Although the Enlightenment consisted of the notion of increased secularization, many aspects of religious commnities also grew in religious feeling. Instead of being the elite leading these charges, it was generally less comfortable social classes who did so, and the official Anglican, Lutheran, and Catholic churches resisted religious revivalism. Religious revivalism was present in the Methodist movement and a general feeling of pietism. However, the most vehement intellectual leaders of the Enlightenment continued to push churches and theological traditions aside as the promoted the progressive uses of human reasons. - Rehman | 19 | |
| 5466010880 | Enlightened Despotism | Typically, Enlightened Despots drained marshes, built roads and bridges, and curtailed the independence of the church and nobles. Enlightened despotism was secular, rational, and open to reform. Samuel Gilmore | 20 | |
| 5466040621 | Taille | A land tax that only the peasants paid. Nobles were exempt from it and the bourgeoise were usually exempt as well. The church claimed that they could not be taxed either. Samuel Gilmore | 21 | |
| 5466070925 | Maupeou Parliments | Parliments created by Maupeou that changed judges to being salaried officials with secure tenures. The judges were forbidden from going against the government; their only duty was to judicial function. Samuel Gilmore | 22 | |
| 5466113752 | Joseph II | Joseph II was a Holy Roman Emperor who was solemn, ernest, and a good man. He was an enlightened despot and he tried to enforce new policies throughout the HRE to make it more modern. However, he didn't have alot of support and wasn't able to do a lot of what he wanted to do. He was succeeded by his brother Leopold. Samuel Gilmore | 23 | |
| 5466173540 | Fredrick the Great | Fredrick was the leader of Prussia and he was an enlightened despot. He simplified many of the laws, improved the courts, protected religious freedom,mane tried to implement education for all children. There was a distinct class difference between the nobles and peasants. Fredrick died and 20 years later Prussia was destroyed by France. Samuel Gilmore | 24 | |
| 5466708927 | How did Catharine the great ascend to power? | After Peter the greats death there were a series of monarchs who all died violently and quickly, she then married Peter III who was the heir to the throne, Peter was a halfwit and was probably assassinated shortly after he became Tsar making Catharine Tsarina Thayer | 25 | |
| 5467802237 | Quebec Act | 1774 piece of British legislation that provided a government for the newly conquered Canadian French, securing their French laws and Catholic religion, while preparing them for their incorporation into the British Empire. -Moore | 26 | |
| 5467802238 | Common Sense | A 1776 pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, advocating for American independence from Britain. The pamphlet cited Enlightenment concepts like natural law and and universal human rights and liberties as support of claims for American freedom. The radical work was spread all throughout the colonies. It even made its way into the Continental Congress, where its ideas came to aid in inspiring the Congressmen to declare independence from Britain. -Moore | 27 | |
| 5467802239 | Federalism | The allocation of power between central and outlying governments. -Moore | 28 | |
| 5470853388 | Pugachev's rebellion | A Cossack named Emelian Pugachev rose up proclaiming that he was the Tsar Peter III (Catharine the greats late husband) returned, Pugachev led the serfs in revolt against the monarchy, forced Catharine to go against her plan to reform serfdom and made her clamp down on the rights of serfs. Thayer | 29 | |
| 5470853389 | How did the actions of Catharine the great lead to the partitioning of Poland? | Catharines efforts to expand into the small countries surrounding Russia led to conflicts with the Ottomans and Russia eventually seizing these territories. This upset the balance of power and pressure from Austria forced her to abandon these goals and instead divide up Poland. Thayer | 30 | |
| 5470853390 | Grigory Potnemkin | Advisor of Catharine the great, set up fake villages for Catharine and Joseph II of Austria to tour Thayer | 31 | |
| 5470853391 | Results of enlightened despotism | Governments became extremely centralized and powerful, traditional values of class system and royal authority challenged, increased regard for human rights. Thayer | 32 | |
| 5470853392 | Catharine's strategies in the Polish and Turkish spheres. | In Turkish/Ottoman territories Catharine sought to make Greek Orthodox the dominant religion to make an invasion easier and justifiable. She also made it her goal to incite Austria and Prussia into a war with revolutionary France so that she could go uncontested in Eastern Europe (Poland) and Turkish territories. Thayer | 33 | |
| 5470853393 | Reforms of Catharine the Great | Less torture Support for religious toleration Attempted to loosen bonds of serfs (failed) Thayer | 34 | |
| 5471207788 | Age of Democratic Revolution | Certain principles of the modern democratic society were in one way or another affirmed during these revolutions. (American revolution-mid-19th century) -Abusamieh | 35 | |
| 5471262989 | Edmund Burke | Spokesman for the Whigs. He argued against frequent elections, annual parliaments, more equal male suffrage. He thought that the house of Commons should be independent and responsible. He believed that landowning interests should govern. He headed the Economic Reform of 1782. -Abusamieh | 36 | |
| 5471304560 | Jacobite's revolt in Scotland (1745) | The Jacobites, backed by the French, invaded England and threatened to attack the British government. They failed and for 30 years the Scots were forbidden to wear the kilt or play the bagpipes. -Abusamieh | 37 | |
| 5471365105 | The British in Ireland | A French Army landed in Ireland, supported James II, but failed in 1690. The Catholic Irish remained pro-French, so this and the fear of a French Invasion of Ireland causes Britain to make some concessions. It was allowed to increase power of the Irish parliament in Dublin, however the Catholics were still excluded. -Abusamieh | 38 | |
| 5471383850 | Intervention in India | At the end of the 7 years war, various British posts were unconnected with each other and subordinate only to the board of directors of the East India Company in London. Company employees interfered and enriched. After the Regulating Act of 1773, the political activities of the employees was brought under parliament supervision. -Abusamieh | 39 | |
| 5471506708 | John Wilkes | A journalist and member of Parliament who vehemently attacked the policies of King George III. The king's supporters expelled him from the House of Commons. Wilkes became a political hero, however, and was elected 3 more times to the house. Wilkes was hailed as a hero in Boston and in London. -Abusamieh | 40 | |
| 5477565756 | Progress | The idea of progress was described as the dominant idea of European civilization in the modern era. It is a belief that the conditions of human life get better as time goes on, and that each generation is better of than their predecessors and will contribute (through labor) to a better life for generations to come. Kamarr | 41 | |
| 5477575616 | The Spirit of Laws | In his great work, The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu developed two principle ideas. The first being that forms of government vary according to climate and circumstances. For example, maybe despotism was meant for large Emile's in hot climates, and democracy worked in small city-states. His other idea was aimed at Royal absolutism in France was separation and balance of powers. He believed that power should be divide between the king and a great many intermediate bodies, which included parliaments, provincial estates, organized nobility, chartered towns, and even the church. The doctrine of the balance of powers had wild influence in Europe and was also well known in Americans who wrote the Constitution in 1787. Kamarr | 42 |
