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| 380936214 | humanism | the scholarly interest in the study of the classical texts, values, and styles of Greece and Rome. Contributed to the promotion of a liberal arts education based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history | |
| 380936215 | Dante | was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker, best known for writing the "Divine Comedy" - considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature | |
| 381001223 | Petrarch | 1304-1374, known as the "father of humanism" saw himself as living at the start of a new golden age of intellectual achievement - a rebirth. From these initial thoughts developed a mass understanding of a need to bring back antique lifestyles and Latin classics | |
| 381001224 | civic humanism | modern term for the moral, social and political philosophy that in the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries began to be articulated in Italian city-states and most notably in Florence (Humanists believed education should promote individual virtue and public service) | |
| 381001225 | Lorenzo Medici | was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance. Known as ____ the Magnificent , he was a diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. Perhaps what he is most known for is his contribution to the art world, giving large amounts of money to artists so they may create master works of art | |
| 381001226 | Christine de Pizan | remembered as Europe's first feminist, a prolific write who became the first woman in European history to earn a living as an author | |
| 381001227 | Tudors | was a European royal house of Welsh origin that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including the Lordship of Ireland, later the Kingdom of Ireland, from 1485 until 1603. First monarch - Henry VII - this failed in 1603 with the death of Elizabeth I of England | |
| 381001228 | Aragon and Castile | two regions brought together by Isabella and Ferdinand who married in 1469 and were able too subdue their realms, secure their borders, and venture abroad militarily, and Christianize the whole of Spain | |
| 381001229 | Christian humanism | A branch of humanism associated with northern Europe. Like their Italian counterparts, the ______ humanists closely studied classical texts and sought to give humanism a specifically ______ content. (Ex. - Erasmus) | |
| 381001230 | encomienda | a formal grant of the right tot the labor of a specific number of Indians for a particular period of time. (a result of Colonization and conquest by Spanish conquistadors during the Age of Exploration) | |
| 381001231 | Columbian Exchange | [1492] was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres | |
| 381001232 | Wycliffe | [1384] an Oxford theologian and a philosopher of high standing who became a major intellectual spokesman for the rights of royalty against the secular pretensions of popes. Lollards looked to the writings of him | |
| 381001233 | Pope Leo X | was the last non-priest (only a deacon) to be elected Pope. He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses | |
| 381001234 | Bishop Albrecht | Elector and Archbishop of Mainz who had obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of indulgences in his diocese to obtain funds to repay his debts, as long as half the collection was forwarded to the Papacy. | |
| 381001235 | justification by faith alone | the belief that Luther insisted that faith was the only path to salvation: the righteousness that God demands did not result from charitable acts and religious ceremonies, but was given in full measure to any and all who believe in and trust Jesus Christ as their perfect righteousness satisfying to God. | |
| 381001236 | Charles V | was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556. | |
| 381001237 | Frederick III | was Elector of Saxony (from the House of Wettin) from 1486 to his death, who was notable as being one of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther, Lutheranism, and the Protestant Reformation | |
| 381001238 | Schmalkaldic League | was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Although originally started for religious motives soon after the start of the Protestant Reformation, its members eventually intended for the League to replace the Holy Roman Empire as their source of political allegiance. | |
| 381001239 | Peace of Augsburg | also called the Augsburg Settlement was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555 - ended the civil war and gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either Roman Catholic or Lutheran *did not provide for the recognition of Calvanists and other religious minorities | |
| 381001240 | Zwingli | [1484-1531] leader of the Swiss Reformation and widely known for his opposition to the sale of indulgences and to religious superstition | |
| 381001241 | Henry VIII | devout Catholic (who opposed Luther) who reigned in England 1509-1547. Known as the "Defender of the Faith". Asked for an annulment but was rejected so in 1533 he defied the pope and married Anne Boleyn. This lead to the Act of Supremacy, declaring the English king to be Head of the Church of England *started Anglicanism | |
| 381001242 | Act of Succession | March, 1534, Parliament passed the __________, vesting the succession of the English Crown in the children of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This act, effectively, set Princess Elizabeth first in line for the throne, declaring Princess Mary a bastard | |
| 381001243 | Thirty-Nine Articles | established in 1563, the articles served to define the doctrine of the Church of England as it related to Calvinist doctrine and Roman Catholic practice | |
| 381001244 | Council of Trent | called by Charles V in 1545 and they reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and church abuses, reasserted traditional practices, and resisted limiting papal authority | |
| 381001245 | Philip II | son of Charles V (HRE Emp) who was left with a vast empire (included Spain, Milan, Naples, the Netherlands, and the overseas empire in the Americas) *goals: wanted to advance Spanish power in Europe, champion Catholicism in Europe, and defeat Ottoman Turks | |
| 381001246 | Dutch Revolt | [1568-1648] was the successful revolt of the Protestant Seventeen Provinces of the defunct Duchy of Burgundy in the Low Countries against the ardent militant religious policies of Roman Catholicism pressed by both Charles V and his son Philip II of Spanish Empire **marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War and led to the formation of the independent Dutch Republic | |
| 381001247 | Union of Utrecht | was a treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Habsburg Spain. | |
| 381001248 | Guises | a French ducal family, partly responsible for the French Wars of Religion; were Catholic, and Henry ____ wanted to end growing Calvinist influence. The assassination of ___ heightened passions and inspired Catholic attacks on Huguenots and their culture. | |
| 381001249 | politique | rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. [ex: Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England] | |
| 381001250 | Palatinate | a region in south-western Germany inhabited by Calvanists at the time of the Thirty-Years War | |
| 381022527 | Defenestration of Prague | the time when Protestants threw two of the Holy Roman emperor's officials out of windows during the Bohemia Period during the 30 Years' War. | |
| 381022528 | Danish Period | one of the periods of the 30 Years' War where King Christian IV (Lutheran ruler of Denmark) intervened to support the Protestants but was crushed by the imperial armies. *result: Emperor Ferdinand issued the Edit of Restitution restoring all Catholic properties lost to the Protestants since 1552 | |
| 381022529 | Gustavus Adolphus | was King of Sweden (1611-1632) and founder of the Swedish Empire; led his nation to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe; regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time | |
| 381022530 | Peace of Westphalia | 1648, treaty that ends the 30 Years War - each of the over 300 German states received the right to conduct diplomacy and make treaties, rulers were allowed to decide the religious faith in their territory, independence of the Dutch Repub and neutrality of Switz recognized, French annexed part of Alsace, Sweden received addition territory around the Baltic Sea | |
| 381022531 | Le Fronde | a series of rebellions against royal authority in France between 1649 and 1652. played a key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build Versailles | |
| 381022532 | parlement | French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles. claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law | |
| 381027736 | mercantilism | economic philosophy calling for close government regulation of the economy. emphasized building a strong, self-sufficient economy by maximizing exports and limiting imports. *balance of trade would enable a country to accumulate reserves of gold and silver | |
| 381027737 | War of Spanish Succession | (1701-1714) was fought among several European powers, including a divided Spain, over the possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch *played a key role in worsening financial and social tensions that would later erupt in the French Rev | |
| 381027738 | Long Parliament | was established on 3 November 1640 to pass financial bills It received its name from the fact that through an Act of Parliament, it could only be dissolved with the agreement of the members and those members did not agree to its dissolution until after the English Civil War | |
| 381027739 | Roundheads | group during English Civil War that included: Puritans, townspeople, middle class businessmen, and people from Presbyterian-dominated London *favored Parliamentary monarchy and a Presbyterian church governed by elected presbyters or elders | |
| 381027740 | Cavaliers | group during English Civil War that included: aristocrats, nobles, and church officials who remained loyal to the king *favored a strong monarchy and an Anglican Church governed by bishops appointed by the crown | |
| 383281882 | Glorious Revolution | 1688 - William and Mary came into power in England because Parliament invited them to come over and overthrow James II. Glorious cuz no blüd. | |
| 383281883 | Reasons for Dutch Golden Age | Economic growth, shipbuilding, trade, rel freedom, became bankers | |
| 383281884 | Frederick III | built up Prussian military, known as Great Elector, support from Junkers in exchange for giving the permission to explot their serfs | |
| 383281885 | Pragmatic Sanction | the doctrine Charles VII of Prussia decreed so that his daughter Maria Theresa ruled without opposition | |
| 383281886 | Romanovs-Time of Troubles | after Ivan the Terrible Russia had the Time of Troubles, then Romanovs came into power, Russia was isolated from Europe in TOT. | |
| 383281887 | Peter the Great | modernized Russia by bringing over western customs, agriculture, he defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, he built St. Petersburg which was a symbol of Russian Westernization, boyars had it pretty good, while serfs were exploited | |
| 383281888 | Serfdom in Russia & Eastern Europe | serfs were exploited | |
| 383281889 | Kepler | continued work of Brahe, did some research and concluded that sun is in center while planets orbit the sun | |
| 383281890 | Principia | by Newton, brought together lots of research from various scientists all together into one book, including some of his own work | |
| 383281891 | Inductive Reasoning | using controlled experiments to explain natural laws, going from specific to general | |
| 383281892 | Descartes | deductive reasoning, observations can be misleading, starts with self-evident axiom known to be true, than just deduces logical explanations for everything else | |
| 383281893 | Tabula rasa | means blank slate, made known by Locke | |
| 383281894 | Margaret Cavendish | was a poet, philosopher, writer of prose romances, essayist, and playwright who published under her own name at a time when most women writers published anonymously | |
| 383281895 | Pugachev's rebellion | the uprising of serfs while Catherin the Great was rulin Russia, this rebellion marked the ending of Catherine's Enlightenment reforms | |
| 383281896 | Joint-stock companies | These were investments where lots of people pooled there money together into a company, and then gained interest based on how much they put in. | |
| 383281897 | Triangle Trade | the trade where Africans went to Americas to work, Americas gave their goods to Europe, Europe then went back to Africa and got more slaves for money. | |
| 383281898 | Deism | GOD IS A CLOCKMAKER, God created the universe then left it to work by its own | |
| 383281899 | Beccaria | wrote On Crimes and Punishments -1738-1794; italian aristocrat and philosophe; applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just; wanted the laws of monarchs and legislatures to conform with the rational laws of nature; attacked both torture and capital punishment | |
| 383281900 | Rousseau | children get an education, believed that community has the general will, and they can extract leaders from their throne, rulers are servants of the community | |
| 383281901 | Rococo | is an 18th-century artistic movement and style, which affected several aspects of the arts including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration, literature, music and theatre. _______ developed in the early part of the 18th century in Paris, France as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque ***playful, naughty | |
| 383281902 | Neoclassicism | "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. ________ movement coincided with the 18th century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century | |
| 383281903 | War of Austrian Succession | the war that began under the pretext that Maria Theresa was ineligible to succeed to the Habsburg thrones of her father, Charles VI, because Salic law precluded royal inheritance by a woman—though in reality this was a convenient excuse put forward by Prussia and France to challenge Habsburg power [Frederick the Great violated the Pragmatic Sanction and attacked, Franch w/ Prussia VS. English w/ Austria] michaels def | |
| 383375142 | seven years' war | 1756-1763; frederick ii invaded saxony; invasion created a destructive alliance that frederick feared; france and austria made a new alliance dedicated to the destruction of prussia | |
| 383375143 | catherine ii | r 1762-1796; legally defined the rights and privileges of noble men and women in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily | |
| 383375144 | partition of poland | perpetrated by the russian empire, the kingdom of prussia, and habsburg austria; divided up the commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures | |
| 383375145 | estates general | the medieval french parliament; it consisted of three separate groups, or "estates": clergy, nobility, and commoners; last met in 1789 at the outbreak of the french revolution | |
| 383375146 | national assembly | legislature dominated by moderates and conservatives; little sympathy for the expensive national workshops, which they incorrectly perceived to be socialistic | |
| 383375147 | declaration of the rights of woman | 1791; olympe de gouges from montaban in northwest france became a major revolutionary radical in paris; ironically addressed to queen marie antoinette; much of the document reprinted the declaration of the rights of man and citizen, adding the word "woman" to the various original clauses | |
| 383375148 | assignats | government bonds based on the value of confiscated church lands issued during the early french revolution | |
| 383375149 | civil constitution of the clergy | transformed the roman catholic church in france into a branch of the secular state; reduced the number of bishoprics from 135 to 83; making one diocese for each of the new departments | |
| 383375150 | paris commune | was a government that briefly ruled Paris from March 18 (more formally, from March 28) to May 28, 1871. It existed before the split between anarchists and Marxists had taken place, and it is hailed by both groups as the first assumption of power by the working class during the Industrial Revolution | |
| 383375151 | committee of public safety | 1793; carry out the executive duties of the government; eventually enjoyed almost dictatorial power; all revolutionary leaders were convinced republicans who had long opposed the more vacillating policies of the girondists | |
| 383375152 | directory | the second to last stage of the french revolution; refers to the neoclassical styles in the decorative arts and fashion that characterize the period | |
| 383375153 | edmund burke | 1729-1799; condemned the reconstruction of the french administration as the application of a blind rationalism that ignored the historical realities of political development and the concrete complexities of social relations | |
| 383375154 | 1683 siege of vienna | battle of the holy roman empire in league with the holy league versus the ottoman empire; battle marked the beginning of the political hegemony of the hapsburg dynasty | |
| 383375155 | leviathan | 1651; published by hobbes; his aim was to provide a rigorous philosophical justification for a strong central political authority; portrayed human beings and society in a thoroughly materialistic and mechanical way | |
| 383375156 | baruch spinoza | 1632-1677; jewish writer who lived in germany; set the example for a secularized version of judaism; looked to the power of human reason to reconceptualize traditional thought | |
| 383379851 | ancien regime | term applied to the pattern of social, political, and economic relationships and institutions that existed in europe before the french revolution | |
| 383396862 | Walpole | england's first prime minister | |
| 383429739 | vindication of the rights of woman | mary wollstonecraft criticizes rousseau's view of women; portrayes that argument as defending the continued bondage of women to men and as hindering the wider education of the entire human race |
