Terms : Hide Images
| 739026365 | Thomas Aquinas | (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology | |
| 739026366 | Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | |
| 739026367 | Medieval Universities | grew out of cathedral schools; accepted students from all over Europe; characterized by having a community of scholars in residence, including at least one professional group of teachers (faculty) that offered a degree in law, medicine, or theology; also offered courses in the arts, especially philosophy | |
| 739026368 | National Monarchies | Was the proclamation of the people that they belonged to a specific land/kingdom. England and France were the first major ones. | |
| 739026369 | Dante Alighieri | an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321) | |
| 739026370 | Babylonian Captivity | The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism. | |
| 739026371 | Black Death | An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397) | |
| 739026372 | John Calvin | influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism | |
| 739026373 | Baldassare Castiglione | count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author | |
| 739026374 | Conciliar Movement | The belief that the Catholic Church should be led by councils of cardinals rather than popes | |
| 739026375 | Council of Trent | The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants. | |
| 739026376 | English Reformation | Result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom. | |
| 739026377 | Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, theologian, classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style | |
| 739026378 | Florence | Italy's leading cultural center during Renaissance; important for trade and commerce;dominated by Medici's | |
| 739026379 | Humanism | the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason | |
| 739026380 | Hundred Years War | series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. England loses and losses half of its land but that land was in France. The negative impact- France became an absolute power. Positive impact- France formed a nation-state. Ended in 1453. | |
| 739026381 | Gustavus Adolphus | king of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power | |
| 739026382 | Commercial Revolution | This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe | |
| 739026383 | Fugger Family | German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525) that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence. | |
| 739026384 | The Hapsburgs | Ruling Families in Spain, Austria, Netherlands, and part of HRE and fought in the Thirty Years War | |
| 745435734 | Henry IV | Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness | |
| 745435735 | mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | |
| 745435736 | `Balance of Power | The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. | |
| 745435737 | Jean Baptiste Colbert | financial minister for Louis XIV, furthered prosperity by promoting good farming methods, building roads and canals (infrastructure), promoted existing industries with tariffs, aided new industries with subsidies, and increased mercantilism by establishing French trading posts in India and North American colonies | |
| 745435738 | Oliver Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) | |
| 745435739 | English Civil War | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I | |
| 745435740 | The Fronde | a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism | |
| 745435741 | Levellers | Radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society. | |
| 745435742 | Louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) | |
| 745435743 | Charles XII | This young Swedish king's forces won many victories against the Russians in the early years of the Great Northern War, but after introducing a number of military reforms Peter the Great ultimately defeated him at the decisive 1709 Battle of Narva | |
| 745435744 | Extraterritorial Privileges | (For Turks) the laws of their own land applied when they traveled. | |
| 745435745 | Frederick William, The Great Elector | founder of Prussia; built efficient army to defend Prussia and established mercantilist policies | |
| 745435746 | Golden Bull of 1356 | This was an edict by Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, specifying the process of how Holy Roman Emperors were to be elected by German princes. It took some power from the Pope and codified the process in a definite way. Legalized government by an aristocratic federation. | |
| 745435747 | Guelph Family | Rulers of Hanover, extorted an elecorate from the HRE, inherited throne of Great Britain -- King George I | |
| 745435748 | Hapsburg Family | Controlled Austria, Hungary, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire. They stayed in power over 700 years (until WW1) | |
| 745435749 | Hohenzollern Family | Rulers over Brandenburg and Prussia that were obsessed with a militia; refusing to spend national funds on anything but more soldiers and development of military power, responsible for German unification. | |
| 745435750 | Holy Roman Empire | an empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy. | |
| 745435751 | Junkers | Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism. | |
| 745435752 | Liberum Vero | parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was a form of unanimity voting rule that allowed any member of the Sejm (legislature) to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify any legislation that had already been passed at the session by shouting Nie pozwalam! (Polish: "I do not allow!"). | |
| 745435753 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church | |
| 755759365 | Representative Legislative Bodies | England had parliament, french had the estates general | |
| 755759366 | Scholasticism | the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe | |
| 755759367 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. | |
| 755759368 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | |
| 755759369 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean). | |
| 755759370 | Marranos | Jews who converted to Catholicism after the Reconquista to avoid being exiled. | |
| 755759371 | Thomas More | He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. | |
| 755759372 | Moriscos | Muslims who converted to Catholicism after the conquest of Grananda to avoid being exiled | |
| 755759373 | Peace of Augsburg | A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. | |
| 755759374 | Francesco Petarch | (1304-1374) "The Father of Humanism"; Most of his life was spent around Avignon. Was involved in Cola Di Rienzo's popular revolt. Served the Visconti family in Milan later in his life. Wrote "Letters to the Ancient Dead" | |
| 755759375 | Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | statement of French king Charles VII asserting royal control over church appointments and the superiority of a general council over the papacy | |
| 755759376 | Renaissance Architecture | art, not method of building. human body:perfect form, architects based ratios on that form. symmetry and rhythm important. buildings constructed of stone. earthbound and horizontal. | |
| 755759377 | Renaissance Painting | more realistic - painted what things really looked like instead of just concepts studied anatomy --> people looked realistic | |
| 755759378 | Renaissance Sculpture | More realistic three demeinsional models made in the renaissance time period | |
| 755759379 | Phillip II | King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. | |
| 755759380 | Cardinal Richelieu | Minister of King Louis XVIII, appointed by Marie de Medici , had the real power, wanted to curb power of nobility, 32 generalities, military provinces France was divided into | |
| 755759381 | Spanish Armada | the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588 | |
| 755759382 | Spanish Empire | purpose- exploit gold and provide population outlet; conquistadors established this empire; predominantly located in the americas (exception is the phillipenes) | |
| 755759383 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | |
| 755759384 | Treaty of Westphailia | 1st time a group of enemies sit down and make peace treaty Granted official Dutch independance (Netherlands) Hapsburgs lose, Prots win | |
| 756547931 | Peace of Utrecht | 1713, ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession. | |
| 756547932 | Poor Law | 1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers | |
| 756547933 | The Restoration | This was the re-establishment of the monarchy in England under Charles II. Both houses of Parliament were restored but the religious tensions still were present in England | |
| 756547934 | Revolution of 1688 | After the ________________ in England, anti-Catholicism began to take hold until Catholics throughout the colonies regained much of their freedom by wholeheartedly supporting the American Revolution | |
| 756547935 | United Kingdom of Great Britain | 1707, Britain and Scotland united; rule was shared between the king and Parliament. It was made up of the landed aristocracy, and was divided into the House of Lords (upper aristocracy) and the House of Commons (landed gentry). | |
| 756547936 | War of the League of Augsburg | an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697) | |
| 756547937 | War of Spanish Succession | a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain | |
| 756547938 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia. | |
| 756547939 | Partition of Poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland. | |
| 756547940 | Peter the Great | czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government | |
| 756547941 | Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 | edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI to ensure that the hereditary possessions of the Habsburgs could be inherited by a daughter | |
| 756547942 | Prince Eugene of Savoy | Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736) | |
| 756547943 | Stephen Razin | Leader of a large Russian peasant rebellion in 1670-1671, scared the nobility into clamping down on the peasantry and giving more authority to the tsar | |
| 756547944 | Romanov Family | Last dynasty to rule over Russia after the death of the Rurik family and a struggle for power against the Godunov family. In-laws of Ivan the terrible. | |
| 756547945 | Sobieski Family | traced its lineage to Polish duke, Leszek II the Black. The family reached height of its power and importance in late 16th and 17th centuries, when one of its members were elected king of Poland: John III Sobieski (Jan III Sobieski). The last male member of the branch of the family that begun with John's grandfather, Marek Sobieski, in 16th century, was Jakub Ludwik Sobieski | |
| 756547946 | Szlachta | Polish aristocracy - 8% of population(larger than in other countries) - sticklers for Polish Liberties, suspicion of centralization. Elective(not hereditary) monarchy - usually the Polish aristocracy picked foreigner to be monarch since could never agree on Pole. Only 2 native kings - Sobieski and Poniatowski. | |
| 756547947 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | |
| 756547948 | Bonnie Prince Charles | James 3 son, he started a rebellion where cland rallied with him and they fought within 20 miles of England until they were stopped | |
| 756547949 | Cottage Industries | Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. (p. 353) | |
| 756547950 | Cardinal Fleury | Chief minister, tried to solve France's financial problems but didn't because France entered the War of Austrian Succesion | |
| 759500171 | Frederick the Great | This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler | |
| 759500172 | French Parliaments | 13 law courts responsible for registering royal decrees; frustrated efforts at reform. Gained new strength in the 18th century as defenders of "liberty" against the monarchy, but often pushed their own interest by blocking new taxes (financial problems = fundamental problem in monarchy) | |
| 759500173 | Jacobites | hardcore loyalists who wanted to return James II to the throne. They were supported by France and Louis XIV | |
| 759500174 | Jean-Joseph Laborde | Born 1724, U. Became trader, made vast wealth and built San Domingo plantations. Involved in real estate and banking; helped finance French aid to America's War of Independence. His son took the Tennis Court Oath in 1789 while this man was guillotined in 1794 | |
| 759500175 | Maria Theresa | This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs | |
| 759500176 | Francis Bacon | (1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. | |
| 759500177 | Common Dating | calendars, historical chronologies, tree ring dating, radiocarbon dating | |
| 759500178 | Nicolas Copernicus | (1473-1543) concluded that the sun is the center of our solar system. Heliocentric Theory or Copernicus Theory. He wrote "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres" | |
| 759500179 | Rene Descartes | 17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism | |
| 759500180 | Galileo Galilei | This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method. Developed the telescope and pendulum swing theory | |
| 759500181 | Historical and Critical Dictionary | Pierre Bayle, who critically examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past wrote his Historical and Critical Dictionary based on his research. He demonstrated that human beliefs are often varied and mistaken. (p.606) | |
| 759500182 | Thomas Hobbes | Wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society | |
| 759500183 | Johannes Kepler | Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy | |
| 759500184 | Act of Union of 1801 | Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which lasted until 1922. United Cath and Presb Irish uprising against Brit while busy with French in war - 1798. Brit had suppressed rebellion and then turned to centralizing. Ended separate kingdom of Ireland and Irish parliament. Irish to be represented in Westminster. These provisions incorporated in Act of Union.e | |
| 759500185 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | |
| 759500186 | Francois Marie Arouet | This Frenchman was a famous writer. He assumed the pen name of "Voltaire". His most famous play was "Zaire". | |
| 759500187 | British East India Company | A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. | |
| 759500188 | Edmund Burke | (1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought. | |
| 759500189 | Catherine the Great | This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia | |
| 759500190 | Denis Diderot | French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France | |
| 772366614 | Encyclopedie | Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment; explained many aspects of society; compiled by Denis Diderot | |
| 772366615 | English Parliament in the 18th Century | Very powerful; "had the power to all things except change a man into a woman"; caused corruption in the government because for the kings to gain parliament's support, they bribed members of parliament (b/c parliament's support was crucial to their rule). | |
| 772366616 | Enlightened Despotism | philosophes inspired and supported reforms of Enlightened despots-believed absolute rulers should promote good of people-religious toleration, streamlined legal codes, increased access to education, reduction or elimination of torture and death penalty | |
| 772366617 | Frederick the Great | This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler | |
| 772366618 | George III | English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances. | |
| 772366619 | Idea of Progress | Societies problems can be fixed, discover natural laws in all areas (politics, economics), take a progressive view of history, society rationally governed | |
| 772366620 | Mississippi Bubble | created by John Law, it failed so the economy went bankrupt and the government didn't by the investors back the money they lost, no trust in the French economy | |
| 772366621 | New World Sugar | The Portuguese took sugar to Brazil. By 1540, Santa Catarina Island had 800 cane sugar mills and the north coast of Brazil, Demarara, and Surinam had another 2,000. Hispaniola had its first sugar harvest in 1501. Sugar mills had been constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s. | |
| 772366622 | Silesia | The War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Frederick II ("the Great") of Prussia seized this territory from Maria Theresa's Habsburg Empire (Austria), violating the Pragmatic Sanction | |
| 772366623 | Treaty of Paris 1763 | Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British. | |
| 772366624 | Thomas Pitt | Born 1653, son of a parish priest; went to India, 1674; made fortune as "interloper," illegal trader. Bought English manor which controlled a "rotten borough," giving a seat in Parliament without election. Returned to India, again as "interloper" and also as legal trader; made enough to buy a diamond for 20,400 pounds--sold in Amsterdam for 135,000 pounds. Children became nobility; grandson was William Pitt, Prime Minister during the Seven Years War. Pittsburgh named for him. | |
| 772366625 | South Sea Bubble | The South Sea Company was a British joint stock company that traded in South America during the 18th century. Founded in 1711, the company was granted a monopoly to trade in Spain's South American colonies as part of a treaty during the War of Spanish Succession. In return, the company assumed the national debt England had incurred during the war. Speculation in the company's stock led to a great economic bubble known as the South Sea Bubble in 1720, which caused financial ruin for many. In spite of this it was restructured and continued to operate for more than a century after the Bubble. | |
| 772366626 | War of the Austrian Succession | series of wars in which various European nations competed for power in Central Europe after the death of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI | |
| 772366627 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | |
| 772366628 | Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy | Newton's 1686 work in which he offers mathematical explanations of the laws that govern the physical world including universal gravitation: pull of gravity between 2 bodies is proportional to the masses of the bodies, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them; heavy bodies attract more strongly | |
| 772366629 | Natural Law | a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society | |
| 772366630 | Natural Right | right that belongs to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property | |
| 772366631 | Sir Isaac Newton | This scientist was an English mathematician and physicist who devised principles to explain universal gravitation, that all matter attracts other matter. | |
| 772366632 | Scientific Revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | |
| 772366633 | Skepticism | doubt about the truth of something | |
| 772366634 | Baruch Spinoza | 1632-1677; philosopher from the Netherlands; excommunicated from Jewish synagogue; pantheist/monist who denied the possibilty of revealed religion and inspiration of scripture; believed all governments to be unjust | |
| 772366635 | Joseph II | most aggressive reformer of his era; radical royal reformer of Austria; introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, supported freedom of worship (even Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews); abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash; most of his reforms were undone after his death | |
| 772366636 | Louis XV | This great-grandson of Louis XIV ruled France from 1715-1774 -- He was an ineffective ruler who engaged in financially-ruinous wars, including the Seven Years War in which France lost most of its overseas empire -- The French nobility also began to reclaim some of the power it had lost under Louis XIV, resisting his efforts to impose taxes upon them | |
| 772366637 | Baron de Montesquieu | wrote The Spirit of the Laws : developed the idea of the separation of powers into three branches of government | |
| 772366638 | Philosophes | dative plural for philosophia, philosophiae | |
| 772366639 | Physiocrats | Opponents of mercantilism and Colbertism in particular. Led by Francois Quesnay. Felt the need for a strong independent republic. | |
| 772366640 | William Pitt | The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war. | |
| 772366641 | Pugachev's Rebllion | 1773-75 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762. It began as an organized insurrection of Yaik Cossacks headed by Yemelyan Pugachev, a disaffected ex-lieutenant of the Russian Imperial army, against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire. | |
| 772366642 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy | |
| 772366643 | Scottish Highlands | Beginning in 1745, this region of Britain, which had been home to both landings of catholic Stuarts attempting to overthrow the monarchy of England, became under what amounted to occupation. Troops were quartered for 10 years, roads were built throughout the region so it could be governed more effectively, and the clan system was destroyed and everyone was forced to obey English law. Most importantly, the culture was subdued for 30 years kilts and bagpipes were banned | |
| 772366644 | Adam Smith | Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand" | |
| 772366645 | The Spirit of the Laws | is a treatise on political theory first published anonymously by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in 1748; He felt that seperation of powers was best | |
| 772366646 | John Wesley | Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and comunity | |
| 772366647 | John Wilkes | English reformer who published attacks on George III and supported the rights of the American colonists (1727-1797) | |
| 772366648 | Capture of the Bastille | JULY 14, 1789 - medieval prison/fortress and much hated symbol of the Old Regime in Paris. stormed by angry crowd of Parisians A few prisoners released and some weapons taken. Several soldiers in the garrison killed and warden summarily executed and head displayed on pike. | |
| 772366649 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. | |
| 772366650 | Committee of Public Safety | The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795. | |
| 772366651 | Concordant with the Vatican 1801 | an agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, signed on 15 July 1801. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status.[1] | |
| 772366652 | Conspiracy of Equals | Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction,-communistic in nature. | |
| 772366653 | Constitution of 1791 | all 3 estates have equal power in government, National Assembly becomes Legasliative Assembly, absolute monarchy is abolished, forcing the king to obey | |
| 778476741 | Declaration of Pillnitz | the promise by Austria and Prussia to protect the French monarchy | |
| 778476742 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law | |
| 778476743 | Directory | Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon. | |
| 778476744 | First Estate | The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. | |
| 778476745 | French Financial Crisis | French monarchy had operated for many years without resorting to a legislature. Since 1614, French Kings had managed their fiscal affairs by increasing the burden of the ancient and unequal system of taxes. | |
| 778476746 | "Fructidorian" Government | Government before Coup d'etat in France | |
| 778476747 | Girondins | A political party that emerged in revolutionary France after the fall of the monarchy in 1792 when the Jacobins split into two factions. Named for the region in southwestern France where many of their leaders were from. They were members of the professional class (lawyers and merchants) who wanted a constitutional government, opposed the growing influence of Parisian militants, and championed the smaller provinces beyond the city of Paris. They agreed the king was guilty of treason but were reluctant to execute him, arguing for exile or a referendum on his fate. They were first to be targeted as the beginning of the Terror. | |
| 778476748 | Great Fear | The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives. | |
| 778476749 | Hebertists | Extreme radical faction who were violently anti-Christian and wanted to see the government make further economic controls. | |
| 778476750 | Alexander I | the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825) | |
| 778476751 | Battle of Austerlitz | a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805) | |
| 778476752 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon | |
| 778476753 | Continental System | Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding importation of British goods into Europe. | |
| 778476754 | Johann Gottlieb Fichte | German philosopher (1762-1814) he promoted an economic system where the entire country was shut off from the rest of the world. He also believed in Volksgeist. | |
| 778476755 | Johann Gottfried von Herder | Influential German Writer (1744-1803) he wrote Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind in which he said that each country should have its own national identity not one borrowed from another country, he called it Volksgeist., German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803); advocated intuition over reason | |
| 778476756 | Agricultural Revolution | beginning of industrial revolution-changing the way people farm | |
| 778476757 | Carlsbad Decrees | Issued by Metternich, required 39 independent German states, including Prussia and Austria, to root out subversive ideas. (censorship) Also established permanent committee with spies to punish any liberal or radical organization. | |
| 778476758 | Charles X | set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultra-royalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in the legislative assembly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances. | |
| 778476759 | Chartism | the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people, the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people | |
| 778476760 | Classical Liberalism | a term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power. | |
| 778476761 | Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle | 1818 Congress in which the European powers agreed to withdraw their armies occupying France. Alexander I tried to convince the other powers to form an international military coalition to suppress Revolution, but Castlereagh refused British participation. | |
| 778476762 | Congress of Troppau | Metternich was horrified because of the revolution rising once again. Calling a conference at Troppau in Austria under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance Metternich and Alexander I proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened. (p.758) | |
| 778476763 | Congress of Verona | Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France vowed to put down a revolutionary uprising in Spain and threatened to help Spain reconquer its New World colonies. | |
| 778476764 | Conservatism | a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes | |
| 778476765 | Corn Laws | These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially | |
| 778476766 | Decembrist Revolt | place in Russia on December 14 1825, Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession | |
| 778476767 | Charles Fourier | French sociologist and reformer who hoped to achieve universal harmony by reorganizing society (1772-1837) | |
| 778476768 | Friedrich Hegel | Most influential philosopher of the century. Believed history was the process of upward evolution ore self-realization of the world spirit. | |
| 778476769 | Industrial Revolution | The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. | |
| 778476770 | July Revolution | overthrow of King Charles X (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate | |
| 778476771 | Jacobins | a member of the radical movement that instituted the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution | |
| 778476772 | Louis XVI | - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. | |
| 778476773 | Montagnards | members of the radical faction within the Jacobin party who advocated the centalization of state power during the French Revolution and instituted the Reign of Terror | |
| 778476774 | Napoleonic Codes | individual legality and equality, government- more authority of people, no classes, peasants- subjects of state, religious toleration, everyone has the right to work, courts are separate from those in power. | |
| 778476775 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585) | |
| 778476776 | National Convention | the meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform. | |
| 778476777 | Oath of the Tennis Court | National Assembly is locked out of meeting place for estates-general and meets in tennis court where they pledged to not leave until a constitution was made. Starts the first phase of the revolution. | |
| 778476778 | The Old Regime | This was a social and political system in France (during the 1770's) that divided the French people into the three estates. | |
| 778476779 | Refractory Clergy | members of the Roman Catholic clergy during the French Revolution who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the state under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. | |
| 778476780 | The Rights of Women | Published in 1791 as commentary on omission from Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen. Applied those principles in that document specifically to women. Also advocated women's right to divorce, property, education, careers, etc. | |
| 782742557 | Maximilien Robespierre | "The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. | |
| 782742558 | Sans-culottes | in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages | |
| 782742559 | Thermidorian Reaction | The violent backlash in France against the rule of Robspierre that began with his arrest and execution in July 1794, or 9 Thermidor in the French revolutionary calendar. Most of the instruments of Terror were dismantled, Jacobins were purged from public office, and Jacobin supporters were harassed or even murdered. | |
| 782742560 | Third Estate | made up of Bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers | |
| 782742561 | Second Estate | the second estate of the realm: the nobility (especially British nobility) of the rank of duke or marquess or earl or viscount or baron | |
| 782742562 | Peace of Tilsit | Agreement between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces to create the Grand of Warsaw. Russia would enter the Continental System | |
| 782742563 | Shame of the Princes | The Princes were shameful | |
| 782742564 | Baron Heinrich Stein | a Prussian statesman who introduced the Prussian reforms that paved the way for the unification of Germany. He promoted the abolition of serfdom, with indemnification to territorial lords; subjection of the nobles to manorial imposts; and the establishment of a modern municipal system. | |
| 782742565 | Battle of Trafalgar | an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson. | |
| 782742566 | Treaty of Campo-Formio | Between Austria and France, Oct 17 1797. Incorporated Napoleon's ideas. Truce on continent. Austrian recognition of French annexation of Belgium, Lt bank of Rhine and Cisalpine Republic. In return Austria got Venice and Venetia. France got Ionians Islands. | |
| 782742567 | Volksgeist | Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries. | |
| 782742568 | Agricultural Revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering | |
| 782742569 | Manchester School | Of economics. Teaching Iron Law of Wages. Telling working class that only way to improve conditions is to become bourgeoise. Said working class wages should remain low. | |
| 782742570 | Joseph Mazzini | 1805-1872, Italian. Member of Carbonari and went on to found the Young Italy movement in 1831. Known as the spirit/soul of Italian Unification. Edited publications which spread Italian nationalism. Wrote The Duties of Man in which he emphasized family, nation and God. | |
| 782742571 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | |
| 782742572 | Robert Owen | (1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed | |
| 782742573 | Peterloo Massacre | In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), calvary charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws. | |
| 782742574 | Philosophical Radicals | Working class and industrial leaders, (not usually middle class), that followed in the footsteps of Jacobins. | |
| 782742575 | Leopold von Ranke | Father of the "scientific" approach to history who said historians should report "The Way Things Really Were." Von Ranke said: "To accomplish something in history there are three requirements: a sound understanding of people, courage, and honesty." | |
| 782742576 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. | |
| 782742577 | Revolutions of 1830 | The French Revolution of 1830 occurred because Louis XVIII only granted a small percentage of people the right to vote and Charles X attack of Algeria and as a result, he censored the press and limited the voting rights of the wealthy | |
| 782742578 | Romanticism | a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization | |
| 782742579 | Count de Saint-Simon | Believed that modern society would require rational management, basically wanted a board of directors for the economy | |
| 782742580 | Socialism | A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. | |
| 782742581 | James Watt | A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel. | |
| 782742582 | Alexander Ypsilanti | He was a Greek nationalist who led them in 1821 to fight for the freedom of Turkey. The rising national movement led to the formation of secret societies and then to revolt in 1821, led by Alexander Ypsilanti, a Greek patriot and a general in the Russian army. (p.772)q | |
| 782742583 | Louis Blanc | This man urged people to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully | |
| 782742584 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte | Elected president of France following general election. Won 70% of the votes because of his name. Bonaparte later changed the government to an empire w/himself as emperor just like his uncle, the original Napoleon. | |
| 782742585 | Communist Manifesto | a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views | |
| 782742586 | February Revolution of 1848 | Members of the working class in Paris united to overthrow the regime of Louis Phillippe and create the Second French revolution. | |
| 782742587 | Frankfurt Assembly | German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany | |
| 782742588 | German Dualism | The idea that Prussia and Austria were competing over control of Germany | |
| 782742589 | Ausgleich | The "Compromise" of 1867 that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly, but were united under one monarch. | |
| 782742590 | Otto von Bismark | Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire. | |
| 782742591 | Camillo di Cavour | The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state | |
| 782742592 | Crimean War | A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. RUssia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed | |
| 782742593 | Dual Monarchy | After austria's defeat by prussia in 1866, hungarians demanded more freedom. austria responded in 1867 by forming this monarchy, also called the austria-hungary, in which hungarians shared power with austrians. | |
| 782742594 | Franco-Prussian War | Set up by Otto Von Bismarck, war was declared July 19, 1870. In January 1871, Palace of Versailles was captured and Wilhelm I was named Kaiser. This empire was called the Second Reich. | |
| 782742595 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882). | |
| 782742596 | Anthropology | science dealing with the origin, races, customs, and beliefs of humankind | |
| 782742597 | Atlantic Migration | 60 million left Europe. Technology in transportation, need for labor abroad. Caused both by economic ruin (as in Ireland with the potato famine 1846) or prosperity (could afford to travel). |
