Terms from McKay's Tenth Edition of "A History of Western Society," and Cracking the AP European History Exam by Kenneth Pearl
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| 1191693672 | The Three Estates | The three orders of France: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else. | 0 | |
| 1191693673 | The First Estate | The clergy | 1 | |
| 1191693674 | The Second Estate | The nobility or the descendants of "those who fought" in the Middle Ages. | 2 | |
| 1191693675 | The Third Estate | The commoners of France that consisted of, prosperous merchants and lawyers as well as peasants, rural agricultural workers, urban artist, and unskilled day laborers. | 3 | |
| 1191693676 | The bourgeoisie | The comfortable members of the third estate, or upper middle class. Rose up to lead the entire third estate in the revolution. | 4 | |
| 1191693677 | Louis XV | The Sun King was succeeded by this five year old great grandson. Under his rule and the young monarchs regent the duke of Orleans the system of absolutist rule was challenged. | 5 | |
| 1191693678 | The Duke of Orleans | The regent under Louis XV who gave the Parliament their ancient right to evaluate royal decrees publicly in writing before they were registered and given the force of law. This was a fateful step when citizens protested authority after France went into financial crisis after the wars of The Austrian Succession, the Seven Year's War, and the American Revolution. | 6 | |
| 1191693679 | Rene de Maupeou | In 1768, Louis appointed this tough career official as chancellor and ordered him to crush any judicial opposition. He abolished the existing parlements and exiled the vociferous members of the Parlement of Paris to the provinces. He created new and docile parlements of royal officials, and began once again to tax the privileged groups. | 7 | |
| 1191693680 | Madame de Pompadour | The daughter of a disgraced bourgeois financier, this mistress of Louis XV broke the pattern of kings maintaining mistresses who were chosen from the court nobility. As the king's famous mistress from 1745 to 1750, she exercised tremendous influence over politics, literature, art, and the decorative arts, using her patronage to support Voltaire and promote the rococo style. | 8 | |
| 1191693681 | Desacralization | The process of being stripped of the sacred aura of God's anointed on earth, which caused him to being frequently being reinvented in the popular imagination as a degenerate. | 9 | |
| 1191693682 | Louis XVI | The successor of Louis XV this king of France from 1774 to 1792 failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793). | 10 | |
| 1191693683 | The Estates General | A legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614. | 11 | |
| 1191693684 | The Assembly of Notables | This assembly mainly consisted of important noblemen and high-ranking clergy of France, insisted on a general tax on all landed property as well as to form provincial assemblies to help administer the tax. This assembly was called after France was bankrupt after the American Revolution, but needed the approval of the Estates General. | 12 | |
| 1191693685 | National Assembly | The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primilarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791. | 13 | |
| 1191693686 | The Great Fear | The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt. | 14 | |
| 1191693687 | constitutional monarchy | A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body. | 15 | |
| 1191693688 | Jacobin club | A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans. | 16 | |
| 1191693689 | second revolution | From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy, introduced a rapid radicalization of politics. | 17 | |
| 1191693690 | Girondists | A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793. | 18 | |
| 1191693691 | the Mountain | Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical fraction, which seized legislative power in 1793. | 19 | |
| 1191693692 | sans-culottes | The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breaches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city. | 20 | |
| 1191693693 | Reign of Terror | The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and new revolutionary culture was imposed. | 21 | |
| 1191693694 | dechristianization | Campaign to eliminate Christian faith and practice in France undertaken by the revolutionary government. | 22 | |
| 1191693695 | thermidorian reaction | A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls. | 23 | |
| 1191693696 | Napoleonic Code | (The Civil Code of 1804) This French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws. | 24 | |
| 1191693697 | Grand Empire | The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia. | 25 | |
| 1191693698 | Continental System | A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military . | 26 | |
| 1191693699 | Abbe Sieyes | Wrote the famous pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" he argues that the nobility was a tiny overprivileged minority and that the neglected third estate constituted the true strength of the French nation. | 27 | |
| 1191693700 | cahiers de doleances | List of grievances, that were presented to the King of France by the various electoral assemblies at the start of the meeting of the Estates General. | 28 | |
| 1191693701 | The Tennis Court Oath | On June 20, 1788 the delegates of the third estate, excluded from their hall because of "repairs," moved to a a large tennis court were they swore this famous deceleration. | 29 | |
| 1191693702 | the Bastille | On July 13, 1789, the people began to seize arms for the defense of the city, and on July 14 several hundred french people marched to this location to search for weapons and gunpowder. | 30 | |
| 1191693703 | Commune de Paris | Formally recognized by Louis XVI after the storming of the Bastille, this new municipal government would come to play a pivotal role in the later stages of the Revolution. (Pearl) | 31 | |
| 1191693704 | Marquis de Lafyette | After the storming of the Bastille, Louis XVI agreed to the formation of the National Guard under the leadership of this man who was already known as a champion of liberty because of his involvement with the American Revolution. Also, the author of the Deceleration of the Rights of Man. | 32 | |
| 1191693705 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Marquis de Lafayette, with the aid of Thomas Jefferson, wrote this document that used the language of the Enlightenment to declare the political sovereignty did not rest in the hands of a monarch but rather in the nation at large. It also stated that all men were to enjoy all rights and responsibilities and were entitled to freedom of religion, press, and to engage in any economic activity of their choosing. | 33 | |
| 1191693706 | The Rights of Women | Published by Olympe de Gouges it argued that women should enjoy such fundamental rights as the right to be educated, to control their own property, and to initiate divorce. | 34 | |
| 1191693707 | Vindication of the Rights of Women | Olympe de Gouges book would be inspiration for this book by Mary Wollstonecraft's that also pushed for women's reforms similar to the Deceleration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. | 35 | |
| 1191693708 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Church) | In July 1970, the King Louis XVI was forced, to his horror, accept the passage of this legislation that basically made the Church a department of the state. Bishops were to be chosen by assemblies of parish priests, who themselves were to be elected by their parishioners. | 36 | |
| 1191693709 | the Plain | It was the group that sat in the middle of the National Convention and were not directly tied to either the Mountain or the Girondists and were the key to the Revolution since whichever side they aligned with would ultimately win. | 37 | |
| 1191693710 | Vendee | The counter-revolutionary revolt that began in March in this western region of France. This area's revolt was mainly inspired by anger toward the restrictions placed on the Church. | 38 | |
| 1191693711 | Committee of Public Safety | In the Spring of 1973, in response of the revolts in Vendee and demands from the sans-culottes the National Convention formed this committee that later assumed virtually dictatorial power over France throughout the following year. | 39 | |
| 1191693712 | Danton | A young lawyer that was the leader of the Mountain and the Committee of Public Safety with Robespierre. Was later guillotined by Robespierre during his extension of the Reign of Terror. | 40 | |
| 1191693713 | Robespierre | A lawyer whose anti-monarchical sentiments may have started at the age of eleven, when a coach carrying the royal family splashed him with mud just as he was about to read some Latin verses he had written in their honor. A Jacobin, and the dictatorial leader of the Committee of Public Safety, he was eventually killed on his very own national razer on July 28, 1794 . | 41 | |
| 1191693714 | Marat | A radical journalist that was a hero of the sans-culottes but was killed by a Girondin sympathizer Charlotte Corday. | 42 | |
| 1191693715 | Charlotte Corday. | To enhance the Mountain's control over the National Convention, this Girondin sympathizer stabbed to death Jean-Paul Marat. | 43 | |
| 1191693716 | Republic of Virtue | The Jacobin's worked to create this type of a republic. To achieve it they would obliterate all traces of the old regime by creating a new calender. | 44 | |
| 1191693717 | Cult of the Supreme Being | To move people away from what he thought was corrupting the influence of the Church, Robespierre established this to turn the Cathedral of Notre Dome into a Temple of Reason. | 45 | |
| 1191693718 | the guillotine | the national razer | 46 | |
| 1191693719 | the Directory | The final stage of the french revolution or the name of the government produced by the Thermidorians, the label for those who were opposed to Robespierre. It was led by an executive council of five men who possessed the title of director. | 47 | |
| 1191693720 | Napoleon Bonaparte | This young general, saved the Directory by putting down the rebellion in Paris. He later overthrew French Directory in 1799 and crowned himself emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain, and his failure to invade Russia lead to his abdication in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 48 | |
| 1191693721 | First Consul | After Napoleon overthrew the Directory with Abbe Sieyes he set up a new Constitution with himself as this title. | 49 | |
| 1191693722 | Plebiscite | A new constitution consolidating his position was overwhelmingly approved in this form of voting otherwise known as a vote by the people. (McKay) | 50 | |
| 1191693723 | Concordat of 1801 | This agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII gave the pope the right for French Catholics to practice their religion freely, but Napoleon gained political power: his government now nominated bishops, paid the clergy, and exerted great influence over the church in France. (McKay) | 51 | |
| 1191693724 | Treaty of Amiens | This treaty between the British and the French in 1802 which allowed France to remain in control of Holland, the Austrian Netherlands, the west bank of the Rhine, and most of the Italian peninsula. A clear diplomatic triumph for Napoleon, and a sign of peace with honor and profit. | 52 | |
| 1191693725 | Battle of Trafalgar | On October 21 of 1805, Admiral Nelson of England died in this struggle between France that ultimately destroyed the French fleet and with it any hope of the French landing in England. | 53 | |
| 1191693726 | Battle of Austerlitz | After Austria, Russia, and Sweden joined Great Britain to form the Third Coalition against France, Napoleon scored a brilliant victory at this battle against the Austrians and the Russians in December of 1805. This battle caused Alexander I to pull back, and Austria accept large territorial losses in return for peace as the Third Coalition collapsed. (McKay) | 54 | |
| 1191693727 | Alexander I | The Russian Tsar that decided that it was necessary to make peace with Napoleon after the Battle of Austerlitz. He signed the treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon | 55 | |
| 1191693728 | Battle of Jena | After the Prussians joined the Third Coalition Napoleon set out to destroy them at this battle where obliterated the Prussian army and occupied city of Berlin. | 56 | |
| 1191693729 | Third Coalition | The alliance between the countries of Austria, Russia, and Great Britain against the forces of Napoleon. | 57 | |
| 1191693730 | the German Confederation of the Rhine | After the third coalition collapsed Napoleon abolished many of the tiny German states as well as the Holy Roman Empire when he established this union of fifteen German states minus Austria, Prussia, and Saxony. | 58 | |
| 1191693731 | Treaty of Tilsit | The treaty between Napoleon and Alexander that saved Prussia from extinction and forced Prussia to become an ally of France in its battle against Great Britain. | 59 | |
| 1191693732 | The Hundred Days | Marked the period between Emperor Napoleon I of France's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815. Ended at the Battle of Waterloo | 60 | |
| 1191693733 | Duke of Wellington | The British commander that led a push into France with Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain which led to Napoleons abdication. Later he defeated Napoleon again at the Battle of Waterloo. | 61 | |
| 1191693734 | Battle of Waterloo | On June 18, 1815 the Duke of Wellington along with Marshal Blucher of the Prussian Forces defeated Napoleon's final battle and marked the end of The Hundred Days. | 62 | |
| 1191693735 | Levee en Masse | Responding to continued military crisis during the French Revolutionary wars, the National Convention sought to call up more troops to defend the new republic in this deceleration from the National Convention | 63 | |
| 1191693736 | Decrees of August 4 | These were nineteen decrees or articles made in August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution. | 64 | |
| 1191693737 | Elba | Napoleon was first exiled to this Mediterranean island where he was allowed to keep a small army and maintain his title of Emperor. | 65 | |
| 1191693738 | St. Helena | The place where Napoleon was exiled once again, in the distant island where he died in 1821. | 66 | |
| 1191693739 | Grand Armee | The gigantic army of 600,000 Napoleon took to Russia in 1812 , and where eventually mostly killed off in the retreat from the cold winter of Russia. | 67 | |
| 1191693740 | Flight to Varennes | Was a significant episode in the French Revolution during which King Louis XVI of France, his wife Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family attempted unsuccessfully to escape from Paris in order to initiate a counter-revolution. | 68 | |
| 1191693741 | Marie Antoinette | queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793) | 69 | |
| 1191693742 | September Massacres | The September Massacres were a wave of mob violence which overtook Paris in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution. By the time it had subsided, half the prison population of Paris had been executed: some 1,200 trapped prisoners, including many women and young boys. | 70 |
