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| 9500990967 | Industrial Revolution | beginning in Britain around 1750 this revolution shifted Europe from a traditional economy focused on farming and labor to a capital economy focused on industry and production of goods; it caused a mass exodus from rural country life to urban areas and a loss of the rural intimacy of life, it led to Britain becoming the wealthiest nation at the time until 50 years later in which they were joined by Germany and the United States. |  | 0 |
| 9500990968 | Agricultural Revolution | led to the Industrial Revolution took place in the 18th century new methods of farming and breeding let to sturdier more abundant harvests and less labor intensive work food was cheaper but there was now a surplus of workers and farmers. |  | 1 |
| 9500990969 | Cotton Industry | in the eighteenth century new advancements in technology caused the this to boom; the flying shuttle sped the process of weaving, the spinning jenny allowed yarn to be produced quicker as well as the water frame and mule. |  | 2 |
| 9500990970 | Canals | used to link rivers and major cities together, it was a cheap easy way to transport products on boats and could move more then horses and mules, changed society |  | 3 |
| 9500990971 | Richard Arkwright's Water Frame | created in 1769 it was another spinning machine that used water or a horse to power the loom. |  | 4 |
| 9500990972 | James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny | finished in 1768 it allowed spinners to use eight threads to produce yarn in larger quantities. |  | 5 |
| 9500990973 | the Cottage System | this system died out with the Industrial Revolution and inventions of new machines like power looms, it was cheaper and easier for them to bring the workers to the factories then send the products out. |  | 6 |
| 9500990974 | Coal and Coke | the steam engine was powered by coal and it's popularity led to an expansion of coal mining, coke was made by slowly burning coal, it heated iron ore more efficiently then charcoal and was used in the processes of smelting and puddling |  | 7 |
| 9500990975 | James Watt and the Rotary Engine | a Scottish engineer who created the rotary engine its purpose was to turn a shaft and drive machinery led to the steam engines wide use it could be used to spin and weave cotton and its use spread to other industries |  | 8 |
| 9500990976 | Puddling | a process in which coke was used to burn pig iron which was formed through smelting to produce wrought iron which was more malleable and sturdy |  | 9 |
| 9500990977 | Richard Trevithick | revealed the first steam powered locomotive it pulled ten tons of irons ore and seventy people at the speed of five miles per hour was the first train |  | 10 |
| 9500990978 | Railroads | ]allowed people and goods to travel long distances and let England prosper; its need for coal and iron led to the growth of these industries and the skills learned from building led to Britain monopolizing the mechanical engineering industry and encouraged people to invest in joint stock companies to fund these endeavors; also created new jobs and caused overall growth of the economy |  | 11 |
| 9500990979 | the Factory | the workplace shifted from the cottage industry to the factory. Due to the large machines now doing most of the work people were hired just to run the machines, owners forced workers to work in hours and shifts |  | 12 |
| 9500990980 | Factory Discipline | this lack of free time and rough hours caused most workers to not want to show up for their shifts; to combat this had to make rules and regulations that were very specific they would fine workers for minor infractions and dismiss them for more serious infractions. For young workers they would beat them. |  | 13 |
| 9500990981 | Great Exhibition of 1851 | The world's first industrial fair, organized by Britain it was housed in the Crystal Palace and hosted 100,000 exhibits that showed products created by the industrial revolution; it was a demonstration of Britain's success and wealth as well as imperial power. |  | 14 |
| 9500990982 | the Crystal Palace | an enormous palace made of glass and iron it was a monument to the industrial revolution and man conquering nature |  | 15 |
| 9500990983 | Tariffs | a tax on imported goods that governments in Europe used to encourage industrialization so their own industries will grow and expand |  | 16 |
| 9500990984 | Joint-Stock Investment Banks | became popular in the Industrial Revolution several small investors would buy stock together for rising new companies in order to make a profit |  | 17 |
| 9500990985 | the Kreditanstalt | Austrian joint-stock bank took money from small investors and put them into stocks in industries |  | 18 |
| 9500990987 | India's cotton cloth production | Country that had been one of the world's greatest exporter of cotton but when it was taken over by Britain, their raw materials like cotton, were exported and they had to buy British goods, this caused a rise of unemployment and ruined their textile industry |  | 19 |
| 9500990988 | Irish Potato Famine | nutritious and easy to grow vegetable for the poor Irish peasants; effect was larger families. This growth of population only made people more dependent on vegetable, but when a disease infected the potatoes millions of peasants died from starvation, or migrated to America and England in large masses. Those that stayed unable to pay rents to wealthy landowners, also showed needed to diversify crops. |  | 20 |
| 9500990990 | Suburbs | outer ring of the city where wealthy middle class resided, they had individual homes with gardens which was a step up from the crowded row houses and slums of the industrial working class, the streets were dirty and the air was full of pollution and smoke from the factories |  | 21 |
| 9500990991 | Britain's Poor Law Commission | they investigated and reported the disgusting conditions of industrial cities, they showed the debilitating effect of urban industrial life on the workers, working class men were shorter, scrawnier and weaker then those not living in the city. |  | 22 |
| 9500990992 | Edwin Chadwick | an British urban reformer he aimed to eliminate the poverty and disgusting conditions in cities he was the Secretary of the Poor Law Commission and after three years of studying the urban slums, he wrote a Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain where he summarized his findings that the waste, pollution festering in these areas caused disease he advocated for sanitary reforms in cities |  | 23 |
| 9500990993 | Cholera | this disease was rampant in overcrowded cities and causes severe vomiting and diarrhea that lead to dehydration and death, once people began to realize that the unsanitary conditions of cities caused this disease the middle and upper class began embracing sanitary reform |  | 24 |
| 9500990994 | Bourgeoisie | the Industrial Revolution caused a rise in the middle class- they moved from not only merchants, officials, artisans, lawyers and scholars but also included people involved in commerce, industry and other professionals |  | 25 |
| 9500990995 | Working Class | mixture of several groups of agricultural laborers, industrial workers, domestic servants, conditions for this social class were wretched especially for factory workers |  | 26 |
| 9500990996 | Child Labor | children worked in mines and factories for little pay in awful conditions. The cramped mines with their polluted air led to kids with deformities and weak lungs, since they were small in size they were hired a lot in cotton factories so they could crawl under machines and between them; they worked long hours with little food. Orphans and abandoned children were forced to work in factories and many children formed deformities from the hard work. Legislation passed in the 1830s and 1840s did help the children have better conditions but it didn't change everything |  | 27 |
| 9500990997 | Domestic Servants | young peasant women often left home to work in this field for the bourgeois by taking care of their house doing cooking and cleaning for many different households as well as laundry |  | 28 |
| 9500990998 | Trades Unions | association and groups of skilled workers in the same profession who formed together to gain benefits from employers and to preserve their own positions they began to carry out strikes against the horrid working conditions |  | 29 |
| 9500990999 | Robert Owen | one of the leaders of the national union moment he wanted to create voluntary associations to encourage cooperative not competitive living; a utopian socialist |  | 30 |
| 9500991000 | the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union | formed in February 1834 it's goal was to coordinate a strike for an eight hour work day and consolidate all the trades into one union the lack of support led to it's collapse and separate trade unions returned |  | 31 |
| 9500991001 | the Amalgamated Society of Engineers | largest and most successful union formed in 1850 it allowed unemployment benefits for a small weekly payment | | 32 |
| 9500991002 | Luddites | skilled craftspeople who lived in Midlands and northern England they attacked machines and the industrial revolution since it was causing them to lose their jobs |  | 33 |
| 9500991003 | Chartism and the People's Charter | movement aimed to create a political democracy; demanded universal male suffrage, wages for Parliament people and eliminating the rule that you have to own land to be in Parliament, also advocated for yearly Parliament sessions |  | 34 |
| 9500991004 | the London Workingmen's Association | they wrote the People's Charter in 1838 that was the basis of the Chartism movement and championed for universal male suffrage. |  | 35 |
| 9500991005 | Factory act of 1833 | made it so that all textile factories fell under those laws; reduced the hours to 8 for children aged nine to thirteen and 12 for thirteen to eighteen and fined factory owners who didn't abide by the laws; children also had to have two hours of education during the day |  | 36 |
| 9500991006 | Ten Hours Act of 1847 | reduced the workday for those who are thirteen to eighteen to 10 hours as well as for women |  | 37 |
| 9500991007 | Coal Mines Act of 1843 | eliminated the employment of men under ten in the mines, and women as well |  | 38 |
| 9500991008 | the Poor Law of 1834 | this law forced poor people to enter work houses where they would be separated from their families, forced to live in small cramped rooms with multiple people, work long hard hours for cheap unsustainable food |  | 39 |
| 9500991009 | the Workhouse | where the poor were forced to live due to the Poor Law unsanitary conditions, bad food, and assigned work hours were all part of the workhouse |  | 40 |
| 9500991010 | Zollverein | German customs unit formed to remove tariffs and trade barriers from inside the German confederation in the 19th century. Gave power to Prussia. | 41 | |
| 9500991011 | Irish Home Rule | The Act of Union in 1801 unites Britain and Ireland. The Irish hate the British and absentee landlords = Irish nationalism. Irish Catholics begin to demand independence = "home rule". | 42 | |
| 9500991013 | Second Industrial Revolution | The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century. Characterized by steel, electricity and scientific advancements. | 43 | |
| 9500991014 | urbanization | The physical growth of urban areas which resulted in rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very large ones. Led to an increase in artistic jobs and a decrease in manual labor, but increased crop production (erased the need for manual labor on farms). | 44 | |
| 9500991015 | Louis Pasteur, germ theory | French chemist who began studying fermentation in 1854 at the request of brewers. Found that fermentation depended on the growth of living organisms and that the activity of these organisms could be suppressed by heat. His ______________ was the idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled. | 45 | |
| 9500991035 | laissez-faire economics | An economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulations of or interference in commerce; non- interference in the affairs of others. Proposed by Adam Smith and championed by liberals. *evidence of the Enlightenment ideas of economics which would be opposed by Utopian Socialists, and Marxist in the coming decades and centuries. | 46 | |
| 9500991036 | Utopian Socialism | Effect of industrialization: Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early 19th century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively. Believed capitalism fragmented society and that private property should by regulated. *evidence of the new emerging philosophies of the era... especially those concerning the growing reaction against the harsh nature of the new industrial society | 47 | |
| 9500991037 | Henri de Saint-Simon | Believed that modern society would require rational management. Wanted directors for the economy that would carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking vast public works project (road, bridges, school, etc) *evidence of Utopian Socialism | 48 | |
| 9500991038 | Charles Fourier | Leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.People should be arranged in communities called phalansteries. *evidence of Utopian Socialism | 49 | |
| 9500991039 | Karl Marx | German journalist and philosopher. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital., This man came up with the idea of communism/dialectic socialism that said that two classes have always battled against each other to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other. Named the working class "proletariat" *evidence of the new emerging philosophies of the era... especially those concerning the growing reaction against the harsh nature of the new industrial society | 50 | |
| 9500991040 | proletariat | a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages, Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production *evidence of the growing gap between social classes. Also, serves as the fundamental argument of Marxist Socialsim | 51 | |
| 9500991041 | Romanticism | a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization, An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against the cold reason of the Enlightenment. *evidence of the new emerging artistic and cultural movements of the era... especially those concerning the growing reaction against the harsh nature of the new industrial society | 52 | |
| 9500991042 | Eugene Delacroix | French Romantic painter, master of dramatic colorful scenes that stirred the emotions. Greatest romantic painters. Fascinated with remote and exotic subjects. Masterpiece: Liberty Leading the People *evidence of Romantic painter | 53 | |
| 9500991043 | William Wordsworth | Romantic poet, used one of the most important aspects of Romanticism: love of nature.(1770-1850) *evidence of Romantic literature | 54 | |
| 9500991044 | Ludwig van Beethoven | (1770-1827) This German composer and pianist was a crucial figure Romantic eras in Western art music. He remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. *evidence of Romantic literature | 55 | |
| 9500991045 | Battle of Peterloo | (1819) This battle, occurred in Manchester, England. It was more of a massacre than a battle; people had gathered to discuss political reform and spread new ideas, and were killed by government troops., Battle in 1819 that happened in Manchester, England; because of the riots people had over the Corn Law issue. The government was scared of having more revolts or a revolution, that they sent the army and basically kill the British peasants. *evidence of people demonstrating for liberal reforms of government countering the dominant conservative control of the era. | 56 | |
| 9500991046 | Corn Laws | 1815- tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. These laws didn't allow for importing of cheap grain, this gave way to great anger towards the landed aristocracy who imposed them for their own good. Repealed in 1846. Their repeal signified the end of dominance by the landed nobility *evidence of dominance of conservative policies in government that benefitted the rich and powerful during the early part of the 1800s. | 57 | |
| 9500991047 | Reform Bill of 1832 | England- Whig party bill which redistributed the seats in the House of Commons to reflect the shift in population to the northern manufacturing counties and the gradual emergence of an urban society. Gave representation to industrial towns. Number of voters increased by 50%, giving the vote to middle class urbanites and wealthier farmers. Proved Britain could achieve reform within their existing political systems. *evidence of liberal changes starting to undo the conservative dominance of the era. | 58 | |
| 9500991018 | Louis Blanc | Effect of Industrialization-French socialist who maintained that social problems could be solved by government assistance. Denounced competition as the main cause of the economic problems, called for the establishment of workshops and factories owned and operated by the government. | 59 | |
| 9500991019 | Pierre Joseph Proudhon | Radical socialist who claimed property was theft and that profit was stolen from the worker. | 60 | |
| 9500991020 | Victor Hugo | French Romantic writer. Author of Hunchback of Notre Dame. Renounced his early conservatism and later became a writer of Realism works such as Les Miserable. | 61 | |
| 9500991021 | Chartist Movement | Radical reformers in Britain who pressed for universal male suffrage. | 62 | |
| 9500991022 | Bessemer Process | A cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850 | 63 | |
| 9500991023 | Krupp Family | German family dynasty from Essen founded the Gusstahlfabrik (Cast Steel Works) and began producing smelted steel in 1816, turning the company into a major industrial power. The foundations were laid for the steel empire that would come to dominate the world for nearly a century under Alfred became the arms manufacturer for the Kingdom of Prussia in 1859 and later the German Empire. | 64 | |
| 9500991024 | Flora Tristan | (1803-1844) Socialist and feminist who called for working woman's social and political rights. |  | 65 |
| 9500991025 | Clara Zetkin | German Marxist who focused on women's issues in the Communist Party (1857-1933) | 66 | |
| 9500991026 | Anti-Corn Law League | Richard Cobden and John Bright who formed it to help workers by lowering bread prices. | 67 | |
| 9500991027 | Jeremy Bentham | British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism |  | 68 |
| 9500991028 | Edmund Burke | British conservative who supported traditional political and religious authorities during a time when political revolutions and complications resulted from industrialization. | 69 | |
| 9500991029 | Abraham Darnby | made an important step towards the Industrial Revolution. His method of casting pots in sand provided his successors with a viable business that operated for over two centuries. Coke-smelted cast iron went into steam engines, bridges, and many of the inventions of the 19th century. Only with coke smelting could there be produced the great quantities of iron made to meet the requirements of the Industrial Revolution. | 70 | |
| 9501052399 | communism | the idea that society should be based on public ownership and communal control of property; Karl Marx originated theory that two classes have always battled against each other to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other. Named the working class "proletariat" | 71 | |
| 9501057141 | socialism | the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all; a political ideology that emphasizes social ownership and strong government | 72 | |
| 9501062204 | utilitarianism | doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority; an action is right insofar as it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct. Theory originated by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century. | 73 | |
| 9501072302 | David Ricardo | English business leader and politician who believed supply and demand determine wages. | 74 | |
| 9501104556 | Thomas Malthus | English economist: Said that population tends to increase more rapidly than food supplies | 75 |
