Jasper High School | 2012
Terms : Hide Images
| 587711509 | doge | chief executive of Venice elected for life by the senate body, which represented the nobility | |
| 587711510 | secularism | nonreligious; humanists tended to be more secular with their beliefs/practices/writings as time went on. In the North, however, they especially tried to preserve/blend Christianity into humanism | |
| 587711511 | Treaty of Lodi | political alliance of Milan, Naples, and Florence against the Papal States and Venice; protected against invasions to compensate for the lack of unity in Italy | |
| 587711512 | vernacular | spoken language; text became increasingly written in the vernacular as opposed to in Latin (which many couldn't read), especially because of humanism | |
| 587711513 | War of the Roses | war fought by the noble families in England causing even more turmoil after England had already lost the 100 Years War; the lords fought among themselves, but eventually compromised with the new royal house: the Tudors, who dominated England and centralized power | |
| 587711514 | "Renaissance Man" | a person - often genius - who knew about many things; especially artists who were also interested in fields such as science, politics, etc.; most famous example is da Vinci | |
| 587711515 | rhetoric | art of good writing and speaking; part of the medieval education curriculum and the roots of humanism | |
| 587711516 | scholasticism | attempt to reconcile Christianity with the logic of Greek philosophy; however, by the 14th c., humanists because more secular, drawing their own conclusions | |
| 587711517 | heretics | false believer (in the eyes of the Church); persecuted during the Spanish campaign for Christian uniformity that ended up uniting the Iberian peninsula | |
| 587711518 | humanism | new interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals; stemmed from Greeks; shown in the Renaissance through portraits, autobiographics, and new philosophies that challenged the Church's authority; Petrarch= "Father of Humanism"; impacted education; Machiavelli's //The Prince\\ = humanist writing | |
| 587711519 | Inquisition | set up by Ferdinand and Isabella to monitor the sincerity of Muslims and Jews who had converted to Christianity | |
| 587711520 | new monarch | rulers of England, France, and Spain (e.g., Louis XI, Ferdinand/Isabella); emphasized royal majesty and suppressed opposition (especially from the nobility); continued practices of the Middle Ages; in between Feudal Monarchs and Absolute Monarchs; centralized taxation; fostered a sense of national identity and religious unity | |
| 587711521 | oligarchies | government ruled by a few merchant aristocrats from prominent families; e.g., "republics" of Venice and Florence | |
| 587711522 | Papal States | powerful states in what would become Italy; included Rome; ruled by the popes (neither principality nor republic) | |
| 587711523 | perspective | creating illusory 3-D space on 2-D surface; used in Renaissance paintings (aided with realism) | |
| 587711524 | popolo grosso | literally means "fat people"; the urban elite (wealthy merchants/manufacturers of Italian cities) | |
| 587711525 | Reconquista | Christian kingdoms attacking Muslims (who were weakening); Ferdinand and Isabella used it to drive Muslims out of south Castile | |
| 587711526 | Reichstag | national assembly in the Holy Roman Empire (composed of electors, princes, and other representatives); controlled feuding and launched a court of justice; ultimately didn't lead to any real national unity | |
| 587711527 | Albrecht Durer | Germany | created Apocalypse: woodcuts from book of Revelations | combined northern and southern styles; self-portraits and woodcuts; "Leonardo of the North"; pessimistic view of Christianity | |
| 587711528 | Baldassare Castiglione | Milan | wrote //The Book of the Courtier//: book of etiquette, said men of upperclass should be academic and have spiritual/physical training; shaped European gentlemen | |
| 587711529 | Boccaccio | Florence | wrote "The Decameron": first prose masterpiece written in Italian; helped with the influence of humanism | |
| 587711530 | Christine de Pisan | France | female poet/author who advocated for women's equality; arguably the first woman who made living from being an author | |
| 587711531 | Dante Alighieri | Florence | poet who wrote "Divine Comedy": considered masterpiece and the greatest work written in Italian | |
| 587711532 | Desiderius Erasmus | Netherlands | Northern humanist who tried to fuse classical ideas with Christian virtues; wrote dialogues about how to be a gentleman; had a collection of proverbs/sayings; got into trouble with the Church | |
| 587711533 | Filippo Brunelleschi | Florence | accomplished architect whose work was a symbol of ingenuity, intriguing many; created/designed the dome using ancient Roman architecture as a model | |
| 587711534 | Giorgio Vasari | Italy | painting/architect who was the first who referenced the Renaissance movement; famous for his biographies ("Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Architects, Paintings, and Sculptors in 1550") | |
| 587711535 | Giotto | Florence | great painter who identified with Florence; first in the line of great artists in the Italian Renaissance | |
| 587711536 | Girolamo Savonarola | Florence | religious/political reformer who was against corruption in the clergy (precursor to Luther) | |
| 587711537 | Jan Van Eyck | Netherlands | painter of The Arnolfini Wedding; early proponent of oil painting on wood or canvas | |
| 587711538 | Johannes Gutenberg | Germany; inventor of the printing press, which enhanced humanist influence by making it accessible to wider audiences; increased literacy rates | |
| 587711539 | Leonardo da Vinci | Florence | painter of the Mona Lisa; patron-supported artist who exemplified the "Renaissance Man" (artist, engineer, scientist); paintings reflected humanist interest in facial expressions and realistic landscapes/backgrounds | |
| 587711540 | Michelangelo | Florence/Papal States | sculptor of David, painter of frescoes for the Sistine Chapel (example of humanism, being both religious and classical); excelled in a variety of arts; popular sculptor in Florence | |
| 587711541 | Niccolo Macchiavelli | Florence | wrote "The Prince" (political treatise): influential humanist writing; said that people are bad - one must manipulate to be successful (especially in politics); first treatment of politics as a science, foreshadowing its break from religion | |
| 587711542 | Petrarch | Florence | "Father of Humanism"; wrote scholarly works and was famous for Italian verse; helped to standardize vernacular; searched for a moral life | |
| 587711543 | Pico della Mirandola | Florence | wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man": manifesto of the Italian Renaissance; follower of Savonarola | |
| 587711544 | Raphael | Florence/Papal States | patron-supported artist; painted madonnas and the School of Athens: fresco portraying many philosophers and scientists; perfect example of Renaissance technique | |
| 587711545 | Thomas More | England | Northern humanist who wanted to combine the classics with Christianity; wrote //Utopia//: depicted ideal community which had equality; believed that social institutions led to badness | |
| 587711546 | Cosimo de Medici | Florence | head of the Medici family; supported by patriarchal families to banish rivals when he seized control of Florence political life; helped bring necessary stability; wealthy patron of the arts | |
| 587711547 | Ferdinand & Isabella | Aragon & Castile (Spain) | king and queen of those two places; married during Reconquista (opposed by Castile nobles); created the Kingdom of Spain when they assumed the throne; reinforced authority over the Iberian Peninsula nby reducing power of nobility (resulting in a prosperous Spain); wanted to unify Spain; took to the cause of the Reconquista, establishing the Inquisition | |
| 587711548 | Henry the Navigator | Kingdom of Portugal | responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other countries | |
| 587711549 | Henry VII | England | weak king who ruled during the War of the Roses; initially of the Lancaster family, later become first of the Tudors; new monarch | |
| 587711550 | Lorenzo de Medici | Florence | grandson of Cosimo; called "The Magnificent"; promoted Medici family with his patronage of the arts | |
| 587711551 | Louis XI | France | new monarch; centralized the King's power, seizing Burgundian land; built army and raised taxes without parliamentary consent | |
| 587711552 | Pope Julius II | Papal States | "Warrior Pope" because he brought Renaissance papacy to its peak of military/political strength; helped drive Venetians and French out of territory |
