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| 83452064 | Italian Renaissance | a great cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. It marks the transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the 14th century in Italy and the 16th century in northern Europe. It is also known as "Rinascimento" (in Italian). |  |
| 83452065 | Jacob Burckhart | 19th century historian that claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages. | |
| 83452066 | city-states | a political phenomenon of small independent states in the northern Italian peninsula between the 10th and 15th centuries. | |
| 83452067 | commenda system | Contract between merchant and "merchant-adventurer" who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds (for 1/3 of profits) | |
| 83452068 | Republic of Florence | (included Republic of Genoa) a. Center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries. b. Dominated by the Medici family |  |
| 83452069 | Medici family | Family that dominated Republic of Florence | |
| 83452070 | Cosimo | "_____ de' Medici" Allied with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic and most powerful of the Medici rulers. |  |
| 83452071 | Lorenzo | "_____ de' Medici" (1449- 1492): significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo) |  |
| 83452072 | Duchy of Milan | Ruled by Sforza family after 1450 (Milan was a major enemy of Venice and Florence) | |
| 83452073 | Sforza | The family that ruled the Duchy of Milan after 1450. | |
| 83452074 | Peace of Lodi | created a relative 40-year period of peace in northern Italy | |
| 83452075 | Papal States | popes served both as religious and political leaders; controlled much of central Italy |  |
| 83452076 | Naples | a. Included southern Italian region of _____ and the island of Sicily b. Only Italian city-state to officially have a "king" c. Controlled by France between 1266-1435 d. Controlled by Spain after 1435 | |
| 83452077 | Charles VIII | Milan's despot, Ludovico "the Moor," encouraged French King _______ to invade Naples, the traditional enemy of Milan. | |
| 83452078 | Savonarola | (guy whipping himself during the video) became the unofficial leader of Florence between 1494 and 1498. · Pledged to rid Florence of its decadence and corruption · In effect, oversaw a theocracy in Florence · He had earlier predicted the French invasions due to paganism and moral decay in the Italian city-states); became a puppet of the French · When France was removed from Italy in 1498, he was imprisoned and then burned at the stake. | |
| 83452079 | Machiavelli | He wrote "The Prince." The quintessential political treatise of the 16th century b. Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control c. Stated that politically, "the ends justifies the means" d. Stated that for rulers, "it was better to be feared than to be loved" e. Rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless · At times rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning and practical) f. The Prince continued to influence European rulers for centuries. |  |
| 83452080 | Cesare Borgia | Son of Pope Alexander VI who had ambitions to unite Italy under his control. | |
| 83452081 | Sack of Rome | a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States in 1527. | |
| 83452082 | Charles V | Carried out the Sack of Rome. | |
| 83452083 | humanism | an activity of cultural and educational reform, engaged in by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as humanists | |
| 83452084 | civic humanism | idea that education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs | |
| 83452085 | Petrarch | the "father of humanism" 1. Considered the first modern writer · In his writings, literature was no longer subordinate to religion 2. Claimed that the Middle Ages (the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the Renaissance) were the "Dark Ages" 3. He was perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis to ancient texts. | |
| 83452086 | Boccaccio | Wrote Decameron, a. Consisted of 100 earthy tales that comprise a social commentary of 14th century Italy b. Aimed to impart wisdom of human character and behavior (especially sexual and economic misbehavior). | |
| 83452087 | Leonardo Bruni | 1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods |
