These are from the whole year. Good luck.
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| 6822828141 | The Medici | a banking family of Florence that controlled much power in the city state; they helped patron much of the arts and made Florence the center of the Renaissance | 0 | |
| 6822828153 | Niccolo Maciavelli | wrote The Prince that described that the acquisition and expansion of political power as the means to restore and mantain order. It was secular and said the ends justified the means. |  | 1 |
| 6822828155 | Humanism | an intellectual movement based on the study of the classical literary works of Greee and Rome. They studied the liberal arts and antiquity. They were largely secular. | 2 | |
| 6822828166 | Leonard da Vinci | transitional figure to the High Renaissance that carried on experimenting and even disecting human bodies. He advanced the idealization of nature from natural to ideal form. It uses space and perspective to show people as three dimensional. |  | 3 |
| 6822828180 | John Wyclif | disgust with clerical corruption led him to far-ranging attack on papal authority and medieval Christian beliefs and practices. Alleged that there was no basis in Scripture for papal claims and advocated popes to be stripped of their power. He attracted followers called Lollards |  | 4 |
| 6822828187 | Thomas More | wrote Utopia that gave an account of idealistic life and institutions. A new social system in which cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as the proper motivating agents for human society. All people work together. They are carefully controlled for the moral welfare of society and its members. |  | 5 |
| 6822828188 | Martin Luther | he believed that salvation through faith alone in promises of God. This became from the primary Protestant Reformatio. Luther arived from this as the sole authority of the Bible. |  | 6 |
| 6822828189 | 95 Theses | a statement that criticized that the sale of indulgences was not just. It was originally just to spark debate and not a break with the church. |  | 7 |
| 6822828191 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor that ruled over an empire consisting of Spain and its overseas possessions, Austrian-Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries and the kingdom of Naples. He could not control his empire. | 8 | |
| 6822828192 | Habsburg-Valois Wars | rivalry between Charles V and Valois king of France, Francis I that became in conflict after disputed territory in southern France, the Netherlands, the Rhineland, northern Spain and Italy. |  | 9 |
| 6822828195 | Peace of Augsburg | the division between Christianity was formally established. Lutheranism granted equal legal standing with Catholicism. Each German ruler could choose the religion for their subjects. |  | 10 |
| 6822828196 | Anabaptists | went to simple living. Believed that The Lord's Supper was interpreted as a remembrance, a meal of fellowship celebrated in the evening in private houses. They believed in adult baptism and complete seperation of church and state. |  | 11 |
| 6822828197 | Ulrich Zwingil | Swiss reformer that spread rthe reformation. Relics and images were abolushed, paintings and decorations were removed from the churches and repaced by whitewashed walls. The Mass was replaced by reading of the Bible. | 12 | |
| 6822828198 | Henry VIII | wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragone. he cut off all appeals from English church courts to Rome. He abolished pope authority in England. |  | 13 |
| 6822828201 | Act of Supremacy, 1534 | The King was the only supreme head of the Church of England. They could control doctrine, appointments, and discipline. | 14 | |
| 6822828204 | Mary I | Catholic who intended to restore Englan back. She burned more than 300 heretics that actually made England more Protestant. | 15 | |
| 6822828205 | John Calvin | The founder of Calvinism that wrote The Institutes of Christian Religion that adhered to justification of faith alone. |  | 16 |
| 6822828210 | Society of Jesus | Jesuits became the chief instrument for the Catholic reformation that submitted to will of the church. They emphasized that human will can be strengthened by the church. The believed in strong heirarchy as well as education of the masses. |  | 17 |
| 6822828214 | Council of Trent | upheld traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs. |  | 18 |
| 6822828215 | Huguenots | French Calvinists that made up to 50 percent of the nobility icluding the house of Bourbon which was a threat to monarchial power. | 19 | |
| 6822828219 | Edict of Nantes | acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed Huguenots could worship in select areas and recieve fortified towns as well as political privileges. | 20 | |
| 6822828226 | *Prince Henry the Navigator* | founded a school for navigation in Portugal. This caused Portuguese fleets to probe around the coast of west Africa for Gold. It brought back slaves from the Senegal river and gold on the southern coast of the hump of West Africa. |  | 21 |
| 6822828231 | Treaty of Tordesillas | split the land claims between the Spanish and the Portuguese. Spain got most of Latin American and the Portuguese got the Cape of Good Hope |  | 22 |
| 6822828232 | Hernan Cortez | arrived to the capital of the Aztecs and was greeted by Moctezuma. He believedthat he was a God and gave him gold. But eventually he tookhimgostage and pillaged the city. The disease they brought killed many of the Aztecs and led for the Spanish to take over. |  | 23 |
| 6822828233 | Francisco Pizzaro | had steel weapons, gunpowder and horses that were unfamiliar to the Incan empire. They already were ravaged by smallpox. The emporer died because of it and his two sons claimed the throne which caused a civil war. He captured the capital and took it for the Spanish. |  | 24 |
| 6822828243 | Mercantilism | belief that the total volume of trade was unchangeable. It's economic activity was war carried on by peaceful means. The properity of a nation depended on a plentiful supply of gold and silver. It was desirable to have more exports and imports. It focused on the role of the state with tarrifs on foreign goods. |  | 25 |
| 6822828245 | Thirty Years War | last of the religious wars between militant Catholicism and Calvinism |  | 26 |
| 6822828251 | Peace of Westphalia | ended the Thirty Years' War. Made it clear that religion and politics were seperate. It also made Calvinists, Protestants or Catholic Kings decide the religion of their people. | | 27 |
| 6822828252 | Louis XIII | a young king that passed his power down to the many cardinals at the time |  | 28 |
| 6822828254 | Cardinal Richelieu | Louis XIII's chief minister that initiated policies that eventually strengthed the power of the monarchy. He eliminated the political and military rights of the Huguenots while preserving their religious ones, Richelieu transformed them into more reliable subjects. He uncovered noble plots and crushed conspiracies. |  | 29 |
| 6822828255 | Intendents | royal officials that were sent to the provines to execute the orders of the central government. They further strengthened the power of the King. | 30 | |
| 6822828256 | Cardinal Manzarian | trained successor to Richelieu that dominated the government under Anne of Austria. He was an Italian that came to France to carry out policies of his teacher. | 31 | |
| 6822828259 | Louis XIV | the supreme power of France thatwas an absolute power. He was willing pay the price of being a strong ruler and created an absolute monarchy. |  | 32 |
| 6822828261 | Versailles | a palace that was the household of the king, the location of central governmental machinery and where powerful subjects found themselves. He used it as a way to keep powerful people out of politics. |  | 33 |
| 6822828270 | Frederick William the Great Elector | came into power during the 30 Years' War. He built an efficient army and sustained it. He levied taxes for the army and oversee its training. He governed the state. He made a deal with the nobles in exchange for a free hand in government, nobles had unlimited power over peasants and were exempt from taxation. |  | 34 |
| 6822828271 | Frederick I | granted the title King of Prussia |  | 35 |
| 6822828273 | Peter the Great | encountered the West and had determination to westernize Russia. He wanted to transplant technology to Russia by reorganizing the army as well as the central government. Split Russia into provinces. |  | 36 |
| 6822828280 | James I | son of Mary Queen of Scots that became king of England. Undersood little about the laws, institutions and customs of the English. Believed in divine right of kings that alienated the parliament. Puritans were opposing of the policy of the king. | 37 | |
| 6822828281 | Charles I | Parliament passed the petition of right that the king was supposed to accept before being granted any tax revenues that granted many freedoms. He originally accepted it but decided not to. He decided that he would not summon parliament. He collected taxes on seacoast towns called ship money. He married a Catholic that aroused suspicions. | 38 | |
| 6822828282 | Long Parliament | took a series of steps to limit authority of the royal governemnt. There were to be no arbitrary courts, the abolition of taxes that the king had collected without their consent and the Triennial act that said they were to meet at least every 3 years. |  | 39 |
| 6822828283 | English Civil War | King tried to take advantage of split between radicals and moderates and arrested some radicals. He arrested Putitans and started the English CivilWar. | 40 | |
| 6822828284 | Oliver Cromwell | made The New Model Army that was made of Puritans that believed they were fighting for the lord. He became a leader after the death of the King. He made a military dictatorship. |  | 41 |
| 6822828290 | Glorious Revolution | William of Orange and Mary were invited to invade England. With almost no bloodshed, there were acts of new king and queen to prevent Catholic power. |  | 42 |
| 6822828291 | William and Mary | raised an army and invaded England while James, his wife and son fled to France. They accepted a declaration of rights and Parliament's authority |  | 43 |
| 6822828292 | Thomas Hobbes | wrote Leviathan that claimed that the state of natre was terrible. They were guided by animalistic instincts and self-preservation. They said that a commonwealth with absolute authority should be the most powerful. It should strike fear in the citizens. |  | 44 |
| 6822828293 | John Locke | wrote Two Treatises of Government that said humans lived in equality in the state of nature. They made government to protect their rights while people would act reasonably. If the government broke this, people could form a new government. |  | 45 |
| 6822828305 | heliocentric | a system that put the Sun in the center of the Solar System with the Earth revolving around it with other planets. It brought the human view to feel more small to the universe around them. |  | 46 |
| 6822828310 | Issac Newton | Invented calculus as well as composition of light. He wrote Principa which focused on the culmination of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo. He defined the 3 laws of motion: ever object continues in a state of rest unless deflected by a force; the rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force acting on it and every action has an equal of opposite reaction. He argued the laws of gravitation. |  | 47 |
| 6822828317 | Rene Descartes | He believed that he would only accept things that his reason said was true. He seperated mind and matter that created Cartesian dualism. Mathematics would help humans understand the world arund them. Believed in deductive methods. |  | 48 |
| 6822828318 | Francis Bacon | wrote The Great Instauration that created inductive science. He went from particular to general for practical reasons. He was not a scientist but he wanted science to be logical. |  | 49 |
| 6822828325 | Tabula Rasa | Locke's belief that every human is born with a blank mind. People were molded by their environment and subject to influence. By change the enviornment and influence, society would be changed. This could be achieved through Newton's reason. |  | 50 |
| 6822828326 | Philosophes | French term; literary people, professors, journalists, statesmen, economists, political scientists and social reformers from nobility and middle class. Paris was heir capital and affected the Western World. Rational criticism should be applied to everything. Subject to state censoring. |  | 51 |
| 6822828327 | Montesquieu | French noble that wrote The Persian Letters and attacked traditional religion. The Spirit of the Laws compared governments that applied the scientific method to the social and political arena to ascertain the natural laws. There were 3 governments: republic (small states), monarchy (middle-sized) and despotism (large empires). He believed in the power of checks and balances to play a part in government |  | 52 |
| 6822828328 | Voltaire | Wrote French tragedy. Impressed with England (had to flee for 2 years) he wrote Philosophic Letters on the English that showed a deep admiration for English life, its freedom of the press, political freedom and religious toleration. Criticized royal absolutism in France. Attacked traditional religion and advocated for religious toleration. |  | 53 |
| 6822828330 | Denis Diderot | Condemned Christianity as fanatical. He said that it was the worst religion. Wrote the Encyclopedia that attacked superstition and tolerationas well as improvements. Spread to the masses when it was lowered in price. |  | 54 |
| 6822828333 | Adam Smith | Wrote Wealth of Nations that condemned mercantilist use of tarriffs to protect home industries. Believed that labor was true wealth of a nation as well as the government should leave the economy alone and only be used for army, police and public works. |  | 55 |
| 6822828336 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind that saw humans were happy in equality in the state of nature. In order to preserve their private property they turned to government. He also wrote The Social Contract to harmonize individual liberty and government authority. Best for all was best of individual. |  | 56 |
| 6822828338 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Founder of modern feminism. Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman that pointed at the contradictions of the point of view of women. The subjection of women were wrong. Women had same rights as men. |  | 57 |
| 6822828358 | *Enlightened Absolutism* | Absolute monarchies that gave freedom of speech and press. the right to hold private property, fostering the arts, sciences and education. They must obey laws and enforce them equally on all subjects. | 58 | |
| 6822828360 | Louis XV | Lazy and weak ruler that allowed ministers and mistresses to influence him, control the affairs of state and underminethe prestige of the monarchy. He lost the overseas empire in the Seven Years' War and gave burdensom taxes. |  | 59 |
| 6822828365 | Junkers | Nobility/Landed Aristocracy of Prussia that owned large estates with many sefs that played a dominate role. They had monopoly of officers in the Prussia army. |  | 60 |
| 6822828366 | Frederick the Great | Best educated and most ultured monarchs in the 18th century. Establismed single code of laws that eliminated torture exept for treason and murder. Limited freedom of speech and press as well as full religious toleration. Took away Frederick I abiliy for commoners to rise to power. Expanded army. Made Prussia a military power. | | 61 |
| 6822828368 | Joseph II | Abolished serfdom and tried to give peasants heriditary rights. He abandoned economic restraints by removing guild restrictions, eliminating internal trade barriers and ending monopolies. He established equality under the law in Austria as well as religious toleration. He made 6,000 decrees and 11,000 laws. His reforms were undone. |  | 62 |
| 6822828371 | Pugachev's Rebellion | Peasant that won support by freeing all peasants from taxes and military service. He encouraged them to sieze their landlords' estates and killed. The rebellion collapsed and serfdom expanded. |  | 63 |
| 6822828378 | Agricultural Revolution | Increase in food production due to more farmland, increased yields per acre, healthier and more abundant livestock and an improved climate. It improved living conditions. |  | 64 |
| 6822828389 | Estates-General | Fench Parliamentary body that was conveened in order to gain consent to raise taxes to pay for the deby by the government. |  | 65 |
| 6822828390 | Cahiers de Doleances | Statements of local grievances that were drafted throughout France during the elections to the Estates-General; advocated a refular constitutional government that would abolish the fiscal privileges of the church and the nobility |  | 66 |
| 6822828391 | Abbe Sieyes | Wrote What is the Third Estate? that says that it is everything. It hasn't been represented and wants to. This showed the view of changes within a framework in the respect of the king. |  | 67 |
| 6822828392 | National Assembly | When the First Estate refused to vote by head, the Third Estate voted to create this and decided to draw up a constitution. |  | 68 |
| 6822828393 | Tennis Court Oath | The meeting place of the National Assembly was locked so they moved to an indoor Tennis Court and swore to meet until they produced a Constitution. |  | 69 |
| 6822828396 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Charter of basic liberties that reflected the ideas of the major philosophes of the Enlightenment. It went to affirm the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaimed an end to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all men and access to public office by talent. Monarchy was restricted. Freedom of speech and press as well as the outlawing of arbitrary arrests were also made. |  | 70 |
| 6822828398 | Women's March to Versailles | Parisian women marced to demand bread from the king. They had starving children. Louis XVI promised grain supplies but this did not end the protest. Lafayette ordered them to march and now they ordered the family return to Paris. The king also brought flour from the Paris stores. |  | 71 |
| 6822828399 | Assignats | Form of paper money that was issued based on the collateral of the newly nationalized church property. | 72 | |
| 6822828400 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | Bishops and priests of the Catholic church were to be elected by the people and paid by the state. They were required to swear an oath to the Civil Constitution. The pope forbade it, so only 54 percent took the oath. |  | 73 |
| 6822828404 | Declaration of Pillnitz | Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick II of Prussia invited other European monarchs to take the most effectual means to put the king back into power. However, the leaders were suspicious of one another that did not do much of anything. | 74 | |
| 6822828407 | Sans-Culottes | Ordinary patriots that were both the working people and poor but also merchants and better-off artisans who were the elite of their neighborhoods and trades. |  | 75 |
| 6822828411 | Committee of Public Safety | In order to curb domestic crisis, the National Convention made this. They were organized to protect the republic from internal enemies. |  | 76 |
| 6822828412 | Maximillien Robespierre | The leader of the Committee of Public Safety that governed France. He centralized the administration of France and helped expand the Reign of Terror. |  | 77 |
| 6822828413 | Reign of Terror | Killed royalists, former revolutionary Girodins and peasants. Many who opposed the san-culottes were killed by guillotime. 16,000 were formally killed. The true number was near 50,000. |  | 78 |
| 6822828421 | Napoleon Bonaparte | A military general that rose through the ranks in the French Revolution. He had energy and charm as well as intelligence that allowed him to take over France in a coup after escaping from Egypt. He formed a new government of a bicameral legislative assembly voted indirectly to reduce role of election. |  | 79 |
| 6822828427 | Continental System | Napoleon attempted to prevent British goods from reaching the European continent in order to weaken Britain economically and destroy its capacity to wage war. But countries resisted and this failed as well. | 80 | |
| 6822828430 | Waterloo | Napoleon met combined British and Prussian forces and suffered defeat. He was then exiled to tiny St. Helena. |  | 81 |
| 6822828441 | Factory Act of 1833 | strengthened earlier labor legislation. All textile factories were included, and children between 9-13 could work only 8 hours and 13-18 could work only 12. |  | 82 |
| 6822828449 | Klemens von Metternich | Austrian foreign minister that was an experienced diplomat that was concerned about reestablishing peace and stability in Europe. He believed that legitimate monarchs were the only ones who could preseve traditional institutions. |  | 83 |
| 6822828451 | Concert of Europe | a means to maintain the new status quo. It grew out of the reaffirmation of the Quadruple Alliance that renewed their commitment against any attempted restoration of Bonapartist power and agreed to meet periodically in conferences to discuss their common interests and examine measures to maintain peace. |  | 84 |
| 6822828457 | Greek Revolution | revolted against the Turk masters for 400 years that allowed them to maintain language and faith. Their national sentiment brought a revolt. The British and French defeated an Ottoman armada as well as Russia declaring war on them. The Treaty of Adrianople ended the Russian-Turkish war and caused them to protect two provinces. The Turks gave Britian, Russia and France the right to decide the fate of Greece.Declared Greece an independent kingdom and two years later a new royal dynasty. The revolution was successful because the great powers supported it. | 85 | |
| 6822828462 | Charles X | granted indemnity to aristocrats whose land had been confiscated during the revolution. He pursued a religious policy that encouraged the Catholic church to reestablish control over the French educational system. Outrage occured and forced the king to compromise in 1827 and accept the principle that ministers of the king were responsible to the legislature. A protest by the deputies led the king to dissolve the legislature and call for new elections. |  | 86 |
| 6822828468 | Thomas Malthus | wrote Essay on the Principles of Population that argued that population left unchecked, increases at a geometric rate while food increases at a much slower rate. Sever overpopulation and utimately starvation for the human race if this growth is not in check. Misery and poverty were inevitable result of the law of nature and no one should interfere with its operation. | 87 | |
| 6822828490 | Giuseppe Mazzini | leader of the resurgence of Italy that was a dedicated Italian nationalist who founded the organization of Young Italy in 1831 that set its goalin the creation of a united Italian republic. He wrote The Duties of Man that urged Italians to dedicate their lives to the Italian nation. Inspired by him, rebellions spread as ruler after ruler granted a constitution for his people. They rebelled against their Austrian overlords in Venitia and declared a republic in Venice. Charles Albert assumed leadership for a war of liberation and was unsuccessful and Austrians reestablished control over them. | 88 | |
| 6822828493 | Romanticism | tried to balance the use of reason by stressing the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion and imagination as sources of knowing. They believed in inner drives and rebelling against middle-class conventions. They were passionate about the past especial the medieval ages. Worshipped nature. | 89 | |
| 6822828511 | Social Darwinism | application of Darwin's principle of organic evolution to social order. | 90 | |
| 6822828552 | Revolution of 1905 | started by peasants that went to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition of grievances to the tsar. | 91 | |
| 6822828556 | New Imperialism | when European states embarked on an intense scramble for overseas territory in a revival of imperialism for Africa and Asia. | 92 | |
| 6822828557 | "White Man's Burden" | the belief that the superiority of their civilization obligated Europeans to impose their practices, such as industrialization and medicine, to nonwhite people. | 93 | |
| 6822828580 | Francis Fernidad | heir to the Austrian throne that was assasinated in Sarajevo that precipitated the confrontation between Austria and Serbia. | 94 | |
| 6822828602 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | signed a treaty with Germany that gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland and the Baltic probinvrs to try to keep peace. | 95 |
