Important Terms, People, Events from the Renaissance (circa 1450) to the Revolutions of 1848.
Email me if there are any mistakes or if you want me to add more or change something.
NOTE: Now that I am finally FINISHED with the final, I am no longer adding to this set...Sorry, 1st and 5th per peoples. But if you are in the group, you have the permission to add and fix things as you see fit.
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| 17590960 | Ottoman Empire and Europe | The Ottomans and the Europeans fought often for territory. Their relationship was often tense, as the Ottomans were the LARGEST and most STABLE empire to rise after the fall of the Roman Empire | |
| 17590961 | Niccoló Machiavelli | A Renaissance Italian political theorist. His major theory is that rulers are most successful when they inspire FEAR in the subjects. Wanted to urge rulers to use ruthless methods to keep out foreign conquerors of Italy. | |
| 17590962 | Thomas Hobbes | Scientific Revolution thinker. Believed that human nature was BRUTAL and CORRUPT. Advocated ABSOLUTIST government as "necessary" to control subjects. | |
| 17590963 | Emperor Charles V | Holy Roman Empire. SACKED ROME in 1527, ending Italian Renaissance. Called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms, directed Diet of Augsburg, and proclaimed the Peace of Augsburg. Basically, he ended the Italian Renaissance and tried to stop the Reformation but eventually made peace with the Lutherans | |
| 17590964 | John Locke | Scientific Revolution thinker. Criticized absolutism and advocated rights of LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY. Viewed humans as creatures of REASON and GOODWILL. Theory of "TABULA RASA": the mind at birth is a blank slate to be influenced by education and environment | |
| 17590965 | Peace of Augsburg | 1555. (Age of Religious Wars) The RULER of a land determines its RELIGION. Granted for LUTHERANS, but not for Calvinists until end of the 30 Years' War. | |
| 17592283 | Treaty of Westphalia | 1648. ENDED 30 YEARS' WAR. Restated Peace of Augsburg and made CALVINISM acceptable religion. FRANCE emerged afterward as the dominant European power. Swiss and Dutch lands INDEPENDENT. | |
| 17592284 | Protestant Reformation - Political Causes | Rising nation-states, Black Death diminished population | |
| 17592285 | Protestant Reformation - Economic Causes | Large gap between lower and upper classes/domination by lords. Invented PRINTING PRESS spread ideas. | |
| 17592286 | Protestant Reformation - Religious Causes | SALE OF INDULGENCES, church CORRUPTION, growing anticlericalism, the Renaissance encouraged secularism/humanism | |
| 17592287 | Martin Luther | Monk at Univ. of Wittenberg. Posted 95 THESES against indulgences on Oct. 31, 1517. Diet of Worms. Lutheran beliefs---justification by FAITH ALONE, 2 sacraments (baptism and communion), transubstantiation (only Christ's SPIRIT in bread/wine), no papal authority, Bible is most important, clergy can marry. | |
| 17592288 | John Calvin | Genevan Reformation. Theocracy established in Geneva--a haven for Protestant exiles. Calvinist beliefs---PREDESTINATION, transubstantiation is symbolic | |
| 17592289 | Ignatius Loyola | Founder of the JESUITS,a Counter-Reformation movement that was PRO-CATHOLIC, and taught Catholics to fully obey higher church authorities. Emphasis on education. | |
| 17592290 | Erasmus | Northern Renaissance HUMANIST. Criticized corruption in the church. Translated New Testament into Greek and Latin. Inspired religious reform (Martin Luther) | |
| 17609134 | Humanism | A renewed Renaissance and SCHOLARLY INTEREST in Greek and Roman CLASSICS. Advocates the LIBERAL ARTS. Inspired secularism, individualism, and humanist religious reform | |
| 17609135 | Habsburgs | Powerful ROYAL FAMILY in Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain. Fought in a bunch of wars and owned huge territory. Huge impact. | |
| 17609136 | Thirty Years' War | Last and most destructive RELIGIOUS WAR. Began with a failing Peace of Augsburg, religious division, and a fragmented German nation. 4 phases. Began as religious war but ended as a POLITICAL one. Ended 1648 with TREATY OF WESTPHALIA. France emerged dominant while Spain/Habsburgs lost power. | |
| 17609137 | Schmalkaldic League | Formed by newly Protestant/Lutheran princes to DEFEND THEMSELVES against HRE's Charles V's efforts to Catholicize Germany. [Augsburg Confesstion/Schmalkaldic Articles stated their beliefs] | |
| 17609138 | Spanish Inquisition | National agency established by monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to MONITOR CONVERTED Jews and Muslims. Those who refused to convert faced terrible consequences. This kept Spain under a UNIFIED RELIGION and kept Reformation movement out of Spain. | |
| 17609139 | Anabaptists | Radical Protestant group that believed only ADULT BAPTISM conformed to Scripture. Established Old Testament theocracy in Münster; allowed polygamy. Rebaptism becomes capital offense in HRE. | |
| 17612035 | French Civil War | STRUGGLE FOR POWER between 3 noble families led to ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE, initiating War of the Three Henrys (French civil war) in which HENRY IV of Navarre (Bourbon) emerged victorious | |
| 17612036 | Catherine de Medici | Mother of 3 sucky French kings and CONTROLLED THEM ALL. Fought to maintain CATHOLIC DOMINANCE in France. Ordered the killings of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. | |
| 17612037 | Council of Trent | Established by church to ADDRESS CATHOLIC DOGMA and make necessary reforms. Important reforms regarded INTERNAL CHURCH DISCIPLINE. Curtailed simony, rules established for bishops, required seminaries etc. Counter-Reformation. Frequently interrupted by war, plague, politics. | |
| 17612038 | Huguenots | FRENCH CALVINISTS. French Civil War: Conflict/oppression from Catholics. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. | |
| 17612039 | Opening of the Atlantic | Allowed EUROPEAN CONQUEST in the Americas. Portugal/Great Britain/Spain/France. Spanish domination in the Americas. Atlantic Exchange of crops, slaves, diseases, valuables etc. MERCANTILISM/ | |
| 17612040 | Goods in the Atlantic Exchange | 3 major economic components: mining, agriculture, and shipping. Also exchanged sugar, gold, silver, slaves, tobacco, disease, spices, religion etc. | |
| 17619705 | Mercantilism | CLOSE GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF ECONOMY that seeks to MAXIMIZE EXPORTS and accumulate as much precious metals (bullion) as possible for the state to defend its economic and political interests. Belief that RESOURCES ARE LIMITED; expansion through CONQUEST. | |
| 17619706 | Scientific Revolution | Changing views of the universe in the 16th and 17th centuries. SECULAR SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT in astronomy, philosophy etc. | |
| 17619707 | Francis Bacon | Experimental EMPIRICAL METHOD. Using sensory EXPERIMENTS and OBSERVATIONS to construct scientific theories and philosophy. Backbone for modern scientific method. | |
| 17619708 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who developed the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY, challenging the Ptolemaic and Aristotelian worldview. Theories condemned by Catholic church. Influenced scientific study of astronomy by Kepler, Galileo etc. | |
| 17619709 | Johannes Kepler | Used Tycho Brahe's data for 3 laws of planetary motion; ELLIPTICAL ORBITS | |
| 17627123 | Galileo Galilei | Mathematician, astronomer. Laws of MOTION, created telescope, Discovered the moon was rough, the EARTH MOVED, and PROVED COPERNICUS' HELIOCENTRIC THEORY. Findings conflicted with Catholic church until 1992. | |
| 17627124 | Isaac Newton | English scientist who discovered the LAWS OF GRAVITATION AND ATTRACTION | |
| 17627125 | René Descartes | French philosopher/mathematician. Advocated DEDUCTIVE REASONING. Invented analytical geometry. Divided all existence into MIND and BODY. | |
| 17627126 | Scientific Revolution Philosophy | Bacon's and Descartes' INDUCTIVE and DEDUCTIVE reasoning. The theories of HOBBES and LOCKE. Also, PASCAL and his wager. | |
| 17627127 | Pascal's Wager | It is better to wager everything on God's existence than to be a skeptic. Believing results in greater benefits than not believing. | |
| 17627128 | Blaise Pascal | French mathematician and physical scientist. Allied with JANSENISTS, Catholic opponents of the Jesuits. Religious WAGER | |
| 17627129 | Scientific Revolution Religion | Increased SECULARISM from interest in the sciences. Pascal and his famous WAGER. | |
| 17627130 | Scientific Revolution Worldview | Changed 17th and 18th century by making it more SECULAR, advancing EXPLORATION, and advocating EDUCATION. | |
| 17628164 | English Civil War | Charles I's CAVALIERS vs. Parliament's ROUNDHEADS. Ended with execution of Charles I, the CROMWELL Puritan republic. | |
| 17628165 | Charles I | First king in European history to be executed by his own subjects. Beginning of the commonwealth/republican governments. | |
| 17661863 | Politique | A ruler who puts the interests of his or her COUNTRY before his or her personal needs. Examples: Henry IV (France) or Elizabeth I (England) | |
| 17661864 | Henry IV (of Navarre) | French Bourbon king. A POLITIQUE. Converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to support his country. ("Paris is worth a Mass"). Proclaimed the EDICT OF NANTES. LAID FOUNDATION FOR FRANCE TO BECOME THE STRONGEST EUROPEAN POWER IN THE 17TH CENTURY | |
| 17661865 | Edict of Nantes | 1598. By Henry IV. Assured RELIGIOUS TOLERATION for HUGUENOTS in France within their own territories. Catholics disapproved. "Long hot war" --> "Long cold war". | |
| 17661866 | Cardinal Richelieu | Politique CHIEF MINISTER for Louis XIII and XIV. Laid groundwork for Louis XIV's ABSOLUTISM. Developed INTENDANT SYSTEM | |
| 17661867 | Cardinal Mazarin | CHIEF MINISTER for Louis XIII and XIV. Laid groundwork for Louis XIV's ABSOLUTISM. Controlled France for Louis XIV when Louis was a kid and provoked the FRONDE | |
| 17661868 | Fronde | 1649-1652. French noble REVOLTS against MAZARIN. The humiliation forced Louis XIV to carefully control nobility. | |
| 17661869 | Louis XIV | French ABSOLUTIST king. Believed in DIVINE RIGHT of kings. In his 75-yr reign, France became a huge EUROPEAN POWER with HIGH CULTURE and POPULATION. Lived at VERSAILLES. | |
| 17661870 | Versailles. | The fancy-schmancy PALACE outside Paris built by LOUIS XIV. A shrine to the "SUN KING". Louis tried keeping NOBILITY there so he could spy on them and exert his INFLUENCE on them. | |
| 17661871 | Jean Baptiste Colbert | Louis XIV's FINANCE MINISTER who changed French economy by establishing MERCANTILISM and the FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY for international trade. | |
| 17663728 | Johannes Gutenberg | Invented the PRINTING PRESS and MOVABLE TYPE, one of human history's biggest inventions, leading to the increase in EDUCATION and spread of IDEAS. First printed BIBLE. | |
| 17663729 | Renaissance Women | Privileged ones received more EDUCATION, with humanist influence. Some women gained ruling POWER during Renaissance. LEGAL STATUS DECLINED--WORSE than Middle Ages. | |
| 17663730 | Renaissance Art | More SECULAR themes, a focus on naturalistic things, study of PERSPECTIVE, CHIAROSCURO. Developed FRESCOES and OIL paints. HUMANISTIC ideals and EMOTION. PATRONIZATION by Renaissance merchants. | |
| 17663731 | Renaissance Family Life | Women had to make themselves pleasing to men. Marriages more on ROMANCE...more prostitution. POOR had NUCLEAR FAMILIES while RICH had EXTENDED FAMILIES. DOWRIES IMPORTANT. | |
| 17663732 | Thomas More | Northern HUMANIST. Wrote UTOPIA, describing a PERFECT world which mixes civic humanism with religious ideals. | |
| 17663733 | William Shakespeare | Elizabethan era PLAYWRIGHT. Works widely read and reflects many RENAISSANCE CONCEPTS. | |
| 17663734 | Francesco Petrarch | "FATHER OF HUMANISM" First person to study actual literary classics and NOT their secondary commentaries. | |
| 17663735 | Renaissance artists | Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Albrecht Dürer etc. | |
| 17663736 | Civic Humanism | Inspired by PETRARCH. In Florence. Used their classical education for the public good. | |
| 17663737 | Ciompi Revolt | Urban UNDERCLASS revolt against government in FLORENCE in which poor had a 4-yr control of government. | |
| 17673780 | Portuguese Age of Exploration | Africa and Indian Ocean | |
| 17673781 | Columbus' Voyage | 1492. Landed in SAN SALVADOR. Marked beginning of SPANISH EMPIRE in Americas | |
| 17673782 | City of Florence | Center of ITALIAN RENAISSANCE. City of DE MEDICIs. | |
| 17673783 | Ulrich Zwingli | Leader of SWISS REFORMATION. Established THEOCRACY in ZURICH. Only the EUCHARIST was symbolic. LITERAL interpretation of Scripture. | |
| 17673784 | German Peasants' Revolt | Peasants demanded the end of SERFDOM in the TWELVE ARTICLES and cited MARTIN LUTHER, which really pissed him off since Luther was SOCIALLY CONSERVATIVE | |
| 17673785 | Habsburg-Valois Wars | France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states. | |
| 17673786 | English defeat of Spanish Armada | 1588. PHILIP II (Spain) vs. ELIZABETH I (England) on England's Protestantism. Defeat marked DECLINE of SPAIN'S GOLDEN AGE. | |
| 17673787 | Elizabeth I | Elizabethan Era Tudor queen. Established MODERATE PROTESTANTISM in Church of England (39 Articles), avoiding Catholic/Protestant extremism. Naval wars with SPAIN led to defeating SPANISH ARMADA in 1588. | |
| 17673788 | Mary I | "Bloody Mary". Super-Catholic. Married PHILIP II of Spain. KILLED PROTESTANTS, or exiled them. | |
| 17673789 | Philip II | The king of Spain during their GOLDEN AGE. Pro-Catholic. Married to Mary I | |
| 17673790 | Spain's Golden Age. | Rule of PHILIP II. Riches from NEW WORLD. Increased POPULATION.--> Triggered INFLATION. Efficient bureaucracy and MILITARY. Ended with Spanish ARMADA DEFEAT. | |
| 17679478 | Oliver Cromwell | Led ARMY for Parliament during ENGLISH CIVIL WAR. Established himself as head of a PURITAN REPUBLIC . | |
| 17679479 | Jansenism | Teachings of St. Augustine. Success with Paris' noble families until suppressed it. | |
| 17679480 | War of the Spanish Succession | Spanish Habsburg king Charles II gave Spanish territories to Louis XIV's grandson, and the other countries feared European domination by Louis XIV. French poorly equipped in war against England. | |
| 17679481 | Treaty of Utrecht | 1713. Ended WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION. Maintained BALANCE OF POWER in Europe. BRITAIN received huge gains. AUSTRIA got BELGIUM. | |
| 17685987 | Test Act | Civil/military officials of crown to swear OATH against TRANSUBSTANTIATION. CATHOLICS banned from serving as officials or in military | |
| 17685988 | Polish Sejm | The Polish DIET (the legislative kind, not the one involving food). Led to EGREGIOUS (ahaha, one of the DVHS vocab words) government in Poland | |
| 17685989 | Pragmatic Sanction | Allowed lands of HABSBURG EMPIRE to pass to Empress MARIA THERESA, who was not a MALE HEIR | |
| 17685990 | Frederick William the Great Elector | Formed the PRUSSIAN lands into a MODERN STATE. HIs son FREDERICK I made Prussian into a KINGDOM | |
| 17685991 | Junkers | German/Prussian noble landlords | |
| 17685992 | War of the Austrian Succession | Prussia's Frederick II seized SILESIA, violating PRAGMATIC SANCTION, and it grew into a huge WAR with Austria gaining ALLIES from all over the place. Led to SEVEN YEARS' WAR. | |
| 17688429 | Maria Theresa | Ruled HABSBURG Empire under PRAGMATIC SANCTION. Said to have PRESERVED the Habsburg state. Allowed Magyar nobility autonomy. War of AUSTRIA SUCCESSION. | |
| 17688430 | Seven Years' War | Frederick II gets aggressive and starts attacking countries left and right. Fought in NORTH AMERICA and INDIA | |
| 17688431 | Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | Prussia formally GAINED SILESIA. Austrian throne saved. Prussia becomes one of "Europe's Great powers". Spain/Britain renew slave imports from Treaty of Utrecht. | |
| 17688432 | Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 | France/Austria ally. Britain/Prussia ally. | |
| 17688433 | Treaty of Paris | 1763. Prussia gets Silesia. Britain gains ALL of France's North American COLONIES. | |
| 17688434 | Ivan the Terrible | Aggressive Russian ruler who had a very violent "TIME OF TROUBLES". His death marked the beginning of the ROMANOV DYNASTY. | |
| 17688435 | Romanov | This Russian dynasty lasted until until 1917 with the Anastasia thing and all. Began with Michael ROMANOV (*coughcough*) | |
| 17688436 | Michael Romanov | First of the Romanov dynasty. Brought STABILITY and BUREAUCRATIC CENTRALIZATION to Russia. | |
| 17690825 | Peter the Great | Russian tsar changed Russia FOREVER (*dundun*) by taming streltsy and boyars, developing a NAVY, expanding Russia to the BALTIC (war w/Sweden) and founding ST. PETERSBURG. | |
| 17690826 | Table of Ranks | Established by PETER THE GREAT to draw NOBILITY INTO STATE SERVICE. Equated social status with rank in bureaucracy/military instead of lineage. | |
| 17697669 | Ottoman Expansion | Expansion to EUROPE. Went all the way into VIENNA. TREATY OF CARLOWITZ forced Ottomans to relinquish their European empire. | |
| 17697670 | Scientific Revolution Women | Only NOBLEWOMEN and women from the ARTISAN CLASS could dabble slightly in science. | |
| 17697671 | Enlightenment Women | Mainly SPONSORED SALONS for philosophe discussion. Argued for higher women's EDUCATION since they were stuck in DOMESTIC gender spheres. | |
| 17697672 | War of the Roses | 1455-85. Great Britain. House of LANCASTER vs. House of YORK. Won with the TUDORS. | |
| 17697673 | Witch Hunts | 80% were single, widowed, 40+ WOMEN. Up to maybe 100,000 people sentenced to burn for witchcraft. Accused of doing perverted stuff with the devil. Bad reputation from CLERGY. Ended partly because SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION reduced SUPERSTITION. | |
| 17697674 | Baroque Art | Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious AND secular themes. Involved with ABSOLUTISM. | |
| 17697675 | Old Regime | The ancient SOCIAL ORDER embraced by most of Europe. Privileged NOBILITY at the top (all the land, no taxes), and everyone else INFERIOR (no land, all taxes) | |
| 17697676 | American Revolution | British colony in N. America revolted against Britain. TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION and the INTOLERABLE ACTS really ticked them off. Signed DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE against Britain, fought a war, British surrendered at YORKTOWN, history was made, and we have the good ol' USA. :] | |
| 17697677 | Nobles of the Sword | FRENCH aristocracy whose nobility came from MILITARY SERVICE | |
| 17697678 | Nobles of the Robe | FRENCH aristocracy whose nobility came from serving in the BUREAUCRACY or BUYING their title | |
| 17697679 | Charter of the Nobility | Defined rights of Russian NOBILITY, as long as they SERVED THE STATE voluntarily. Rights: no taxes, power over serfs, hereditary nobility. | |
| 17697680 | Aristocratic Resurgence | 18th aristocratic efforts to resist growing power of European monarchs | |
| 17697681 | House of Lords | The exclusive "club" that the patriarch of a noble British family got in. | |
| 17697682 | Pugachev Rebellion | Largest PEASANT REVOLT in Russian history. Other similar revolts in Europe during this time. | |
| 17697683 | English Game Laws | 1671-1831. English NOBILITY got exclusive right to hunt what they wanted. CAPITAL OFFENSE for non-nobles, but black market/illegal poaching of game ensued. | |
| 17697684 | Dutch Golden Age | Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry. | |
| 17698621 | Family Economy | Basic structure of PRODUCTION and CONSUMPTION in PRE-INDUSTRIAL Europe. Everybody worked, but the dad was the chief artisan. | |
| 17698622 | Northwestern European Household | Kids lived in households until teens, then moved out for job, then left home and got their own families, having kids ASAP. Servants lived with them and was very important. | |
| 17698623 | Eastern European Household | Marriage before twenty. Wives older than husbands. Serfs cultivated land. | |
| 17698624 | Neolocalism | The practice of MOVING AWAY FROM HOME to start your own family. | |
| 17698625 | Agricultural Revolution | INNOVATIONS in FARM PRODUCTION in 18th century that led to SCIENTIFIC and MECHANIZED agriculture. | |
| 17698626 | Bread prices | 18th century prices of this major food staple steadily ROSE with POPULATION GROWTH. Bad for the POOR but benefited LANDOWNERS. Economic cause of FRENCH REVOLUTION. | |
| 17698627 | Enclosure Method | Replaced the OPEN FIELD method in ENGLAND. Lands FENCED to increase PRODUCTION and COMMERCIAL PROFITS. | |
| 17698628 | Industrial Revolution | MECHANIZATION and INDUSTRIALIZATION of European ECONOMY beginning with BRITAIN in late 1700s. | |
| 17698629 | British Industrialization | Enclosure movement, developed transportation (railways/canals), good resources (coal, iron, steel), industrial innovations, political stability, developed banking system and culture all led to Britain being the first to industrialize. | |
| 17728990 | Putting-out system | TEXTILE PRODUCTION. Agents brought raw materials to HOUSEHOLDS that spun/wove thread and cloth, and the agents sold those as finished products | |
| 17728991 | Steam Engine | This invention allowed INDUSTRIALIZATION to grow on itself and EXPAND. Invented by JAMES WATT and used in PUMP WATER for MINES. | |
| 17728992 | Iron, Coal, Steel | Valuable resources for British industrialization | |
| 17728993 | Industrial Women | Were DISPLACED out of domestic tasks by MECHANIZATION. Turned to DOMESTIC COTTAGE INDUSTRIES or were DOMESTIC SERVANTS. DISTINCT GENDER SPHERES. | |
| 17728994 | Preindustrial Urbanization | Growth of CAPITALS and PORTS, emerging new CITIES and growth of SMALL TOWNS. increased POPULATION | |
| 17728995 | Urban Social Classes | The upper class who controlled town's gov't and economy, the middle class (bourgeoisie) who tried to break into the upper class and worked aggressively/ambitiously for it, the ARTISANS (largest group) in their guilds | |
| 17728996 | Bread Riots | Artisans would RIOT if they thought the price of something, particularly BREAD became UNJUST. Would CONFISCATE the item and sell it for a "JUST PRICE" | |
| 17728997 | Jewish Ghettos | Jews faced much OPPRESSION from Europeans in Russia/Habsburgs etc. Forced to live in separate GHETTOS. Based on RELIGIOUS PREJUDICE. A few of them, "COURT JEWS", worked with royal finance. | |
| 17760469 | Stages of Mercantilism | 1) Initial European discovery and conquest 2) Mercantile empires and slavery 3) Empires in Asia/Africa etc. 4) Decolonization | |
| 17760470 | French-British Rivalry | Both coveted spots in N. AMERICA. Major rivalry in the WEST INDIES and INDIA. | |
| 17760471 | Sugar | The major CROP in the WEST INDIES. Became a STAPLE in European life. SLAVE LABOR used for maximum PRODUCTIVITY. | |
| 17760472 | Peninsulares | People born in SPAIN but worked in the NEW WORLD | |
| 17760473 | Creoles | People born in the NEW WORLD of SPANISH DESCENT | |
| 17760474 | Triangular Trade | Slaves in W. AFRICA --> New World COLONIES (W. Indies and Brazil, mostly) where SUGAR --> Europe where GOODS --> Back to Africa | |
| 17760475 | Slave Life | Process called SEASONING upon arrival to new life, tried to group according to LANGUAGE and CULTURE, and forced to CONVERT to Christianity. Europeans HATED them. | |
| 17760476 | Intolerable Acts | Passed by British PARLIAMENT for AMERICAN colonies. Closed BOSTON port, allowed QUARTERING of troops etc. | |
| 17760477 | Thomas Paine | Pamphlet COMMON SENSE motivated American colonists to separate from Britain. | |
| 17760478 | Print Culture | The spread of printed materials influencing the general public | |
| 17760479 | Public Opinion | A force that arose from PRINT CULTURE. Influential and social. | |
| 17760480 | Philosophe | ENLIGHTENMENT WRITERS AND CRITICS who forged attitudes favoring CHANGE. Championed REFORM | |
| 17760481 | Voltaire | Prominent PHILOSOPHE advocating religious toleration. | |
| 17760482 | Deism | Belief in a RATIONAL GOD who created the universe but then stepped back and let it function WITHOUT His interference | |
| 17760483 | Spinoza and Mendelssohn | Jewish Enlightenment writers | |
| 17760484 | Islam in Enlightenment Thought | Christians HOSTILE to Islam and viewed it as rivaling Christianity | |
| 17768515 | Denis Diderot | EDITOR of a 17-volume ENCYCLOPEDIA. "Freedom and Economic Improvement" | |
| 17768516 | Beccaria | "On Crimes and Punishment". CRITICAL ANALYSIS to make punishments effective and just. "SOCIAL SCIENCE" | |
| 17768517 | Physiocrats | Enlightenment ECONOMIC reformers | |
| 17768518 | Adam Smith | LAISSEZ-FAIRE. Letting people do what they want in the economy w/o gov't interfering for the maximum wealth. Applied FOUR-STAGE THEORY. | |
| 17768519 | Montesquieu | "Spirit of the Laws" Believed BRITISH had the best government and the best political system depended on various FACTORS about the country. (Size, culture etc). Believed in DIVISION OF POWER in gov't...judicial/executive/legislative. | |
| 17768520 | Rousseau | DEMOCRATIC and EGALITARIAN (but evil w/women). Was rather emo and HATED THE WORLD. " THE SOCIAL CONTRACT" states that people should work towards helping all society not just themselves. | |
| 17768521 | Salon | Sponsored by wealthy women, it was where the philosophes could gather and discuss opinions freely. | |
| 17768522 | Separate Gender Spheres | Rousseau advocated this, that men and women be kept in different areas of work and life. | |
| 17768523 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Woman Enlightenment thinker who defended EQUALITY FOR WOMEN and EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. | |
| 17768524 | Rococo Art | Depicted FRENCH NOBILITY, and was PASTEL AND PLAYFUL. Post-Baroque | |
| 17768525 | Neoclassical Art | Emphasized a RETURN TO THE PAST with MORAL THEMES and ideas from CLASSIC GREEK/ROMAN stuff. | |
| 17768526 | Enlightened absolutism | MONARCHIAL government in which absolutist power was STRENGTHENED at the cost of others. | |
| 17768527 | Frederick the Great | PRUSSIA. Enlightened monarch. Promotion through merit, religious toleration, administrative and economic reforms. | |
| 17768528 | Joseph II | Enlightened monarch. Austria. Centralized Authority, ecclesiastical policies, economic and agrarian reform | |
| 17768529 | Catherine the Great | Russian Enlightened Monarch. Limited administrative reforms, economic growth, territorial expansion (tons of it) | |
| 17768530 | Partition of Poland | Poland divided by RUSSIA, AUSTRIA, and PRUSSIA. | |
| 17768531 | Parlements | French noble councils that regulated the legislation of the king | |
| 17768532 | Taxes | The French monarchy needed this desperately following the 7 Yrs' War | |
| 17768533 | Jacques Necker | Louis XVI's minister of FINANCE who suggested the situation wasn't so bad if nobles didn't hoard money. Fired, rehired, fired again the second marking beginning of revolution | |
| 17768534 | French Revolution | 1789-99. POLITICAL revolution in which the lesser citizens of France sought to REFORM the gov't and establish a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY. Ripple effect through Europe. | |
| 17768535 | Calonne | Briefly replaced Necker as minister of FINANCE. Wanted new land tax, lower taxes, internal trade, grain/salt trade etc. Needed approval of Estates General | |
| 17768536 | Estates General | Ancient institution in FRANCE. Called during eve of French Revolution to discuss new taxes. First Estate--clergy. 2nd--nobles. 3rd--everyone else | |
| 17768537 | Voting | The Estates General debated over this conflict. The 1st/2nd Estates wanted ______ by order but 3rd Estate wanted ______ by head | |
| 17768538 | Cahiers de Doléances | Lists of grievances/COMPLAINTS brought by the Estates General to the king. | |
| 17768539 | National Assembly | members of THIRD ESTATE broke away from Estates General, and with some of the other Estates members, formed this new legislative body | |
| 17768540 | Tennis Court Oath | An oath taken by the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY when they were forced to write a CONSTITUTION for France in a TENNIS COURT. | |
| 17768541 | Bastille | A PRISON near Paris torn down by Parisians following bread riots and the dismissal of Jacques Necker | |
| 17768542 | Great Fear | Movement that swept through French COUNTRYSIDE that royal TROOPS were coming...encouraged peasant DEFIANCE to nobility. Led to AUGUST 4, which Nat'l Assembly RENOUNCED their feudal rights, declaring selves equal to lower classes. | |
| 17768543 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Statement of broad POLITICAL PRINCIPLES published by NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. Men "born free and remain free in rights". Did NOT apply to women. | |
| 17768544 | Parisian Women | These people marched to Versailles with weapons to protest bread prices and brought King Louis XVI back to Versailles | |
| 17782882 | Olympe de Gouges | Added the word "woman" to DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN | |
| 17782883 | Assignat | government bonds based on value of CONFISCATED CHURCH LANDS in the French Revolution | |
| 17782884 | Civil Constitution of then Clergy | Embittered relations between French church and state by making church a secular branch of the state | |
| 17782885 | émigrés | Aristocrats who left France for counterrevolutionary reasons | |
| 17782886 | Jacobins | Radical Republican party in French Revolution that displaced Girondins in Legislative Assembly | |
| 17782887 | Girondins | Assumed leadership of Legislative Assembly, opposed counterrevolution | |
| 17782888 | Legislative Assembly | Created by National Assembly to face challenges of Civil Constitution of the Clergy, king's flight to Varennes, and Declaration of Pillnitz | |
| 17782889 | September Massacres | Paris Commune killed people in prisoners for no apparent reasons other than the fact they believed they were counterrevolutionaries | |
| 17782890 | Sans-culottes | Working class and lower/middles classes during the French Revolution who sought immediate relief from food shortages and rising prices through price controls | |
| 17782891 | Mountain | The name for the Jacobins who had seats high up in the assembly hall in the National Convention | |
| 17782892 | National Convention | French radical legislative body called to write a democratic constitution. | |
| 17782893 | William the Pitt the Younger | Suppressed reform in Britain that possibly resulted from the French Revolution | |
| 17782894 | Edmund Burke | British writer who attacked the Revolution as application of blind rationalism that ignored historic realities of political development. | |
| 17782895 | Committee of Public Safety | This committee was established by the Convention to carry out the government's executive duties. Almost all the dictatorial power in France. | |
| 17782896 | Levée en Masse | French Revolution's conscription of all males into the army; economy for war production | |
| 17782897 | Robespierre | Dominant radical Jacobin figure of the Committee of Public Safety who embraced a "Republic of Virtue". | |
| 17782898 | Reign of Terror | The time when Robespierre/Committee of Public Safety. Non-radicals instantly guillotined. Stringent policies repressing women, de-Christianization, Revolutionary Tribunals | |
| 17782899 | Thermidorian Reaction | Reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution associated with the end of the Reign of Terror establishment of the Directory | |
| 17782900 | Bands of Jesus | Gangs of people who hunted Jacobins down in the Thermidorian Reaction and beat them up. | |
| 17782901 | Directory | A five-person council established during the Thermidorian Reaction to curtail monarchial power. | |
| 17782902 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Army general who rose to become Emperor of France and conquered more the half of Europe. Established a Consulate, Concordat with the church, and Civil Code. Defeated 1815 at Waterloo. | |
| 17782903 | Consulate | The French government established by Napoleon in which he dominated from 1799-1804 | |
| 17782904 | Concordat | Napoleon had a _____ with the Roman Catholic Church in which he pronounced Roman Catholicism the majority of French religion. Secretly placed church inferior to state | |
| 17782905 | Napoleonic Code | Established by Napoleon in which he reformed French law and imposed it in all his conquered lands. Forbid guilds, primogeniture, gave fathers control, etc. | |
| 17782906 | Continental System | Napoleon's attempt to cut off British trade and make them SUFFER. The British, with control of the seas and industrialization, didn't. | |
| 17782907 | Liberation | Wars of ________ fought by Napoleon's conquered countries to LIBERATE themselves from his power. | |
| 17782908 | Russia | Napoleon invaded this country but their clever citizens had a scorched earth policy, and finally he faced the winter. Began with 600000 men --> 160000 | |
| 17782909 | Coalitions | A bunch of these secret unions were set up against Napoleon | |
| 17782910 | Congress of Vienna (Quadruple Alliance) | Assembled in Vienna to get rid of Napoleon. Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia. | |
| 17782911 | Waterloo | The location of Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 | |
| 17782912 | Hundred Days | Name given to the 3 months that Napoleon escaped his first exile, returned to France, and attempted to rule. | |
| 17782913 | Romanticism | Reaction in literature, philosophy, religion against the rationality and scientific narrowness of the Enlightenment. Was emotional, fantastical, and full of Sturm und Drang. Inspired German nationalism. | |
| 17782914 | Kant | Immanuel ____ believed all humans possessed reasoning called categorical imperative. | |
| 17782915 | Romantic | Coleridge, Wordsworth, Schlegel, Goethe were ______ writers. _______ art was emotional and idealized nature and rural life. | |
| 17782916 | Methodism | Founded by John Wesley during Romantic movement. Emphasized emotion in Christianity and Christian perfection | |
| 17782917 | Herder | This guy emphasized the necessity of having distinct culture. Revived German folk culture | |
| 17782918 | Hegel | This dude was the most important philosopher of history in Romanticism. His beliefs lie in the fact that history is a repeating cycle of the thesis and the antithesis clashing to form a synthesis | |
| 17782919 | nationalism | Belief that one is part of a distinct nation that has its own language, culture and history. This nation is the primary source of a person's loyalty and sense of identity. Spread through the print culture | |
| 17782920 | Liberalism | Support for representative government dominated by propertied classes and a laissez-faire economy | |
| 17782921 | Conservatism | Support for the established order of church and state. Implied legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, established churches and organic change only. | |
| 17789653 | Metternich | Epitomized 19th century conservatism. Fought hard to keep Austria as conservative as possible. | |
| 17789654 | Carlsbad Decrees | Outlawed student groups in Germany | |
| 17789655 | Bourbons | This French noble family/dynasty was restored to the French throne under a constitutional monarchy after Napoleon | |
| 17789656 | Charter | Louis XVIII's constitution with a hereditary monarchy and a bicameral legislature | |
| 17789657 | Concert of Europe | The arrangement for major powers to consult with each other to maintain a balance of power and to resolve foreign policy issues | |
| 17789658 | Protocol of Troppau | Stable governments could intervene to restore order in countries experiencing revolution | |
| 17789659 | Greek | The _____ Revolution of 1821 from the Ottomans drew attention because liberals saw it as democracy rightfully being restored to its birthplace. | |
| 17789660 | Serbia | Russia was the formal protector of this Slav state during its revolution from Ottomans | |
| 17789661 | Toussaint | __________ L'Ouverture began the revolt that eventually led to Haitian independence. Haiti becomes the first successful assault on colonial gov't. | |
| 17789662 | Simon Bolivar | Liberated Venezula. Firmly advocated republic and independence. | |
| 17789663 | Decembrist Revolt | Occurred as a result of Tsar Alexander I's death, and Nicholas I was named the new tsar...he forced army to take oath of allegiance and they refused. People attacked. FIRST REBELLION IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORY WHOSE INSTIGATORS HAD SPECIFIC POLITICAL GOALS | |
| 17789664 | Official Nationality | Nicholas I's program for Russian Orthodox church to provide basis for morality, education, and intellectual life. Brainwashed Russian children. | |
| 17789665 | Reactionary | Charles X's (France) policies were very __________. During the July Revolution he staged a coup d'etat and restored primogeniture | |
| 17789666 | Great Reform Bill | Reformed British house of Commons and expanded electorate to include wider variety of propertied classes. Laid groundwork for further reforms in British constitution |
