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| 302361070 | Leo XIII | More liberal because of growing social doctrine. Still maintained a counteroffensive against irreligious attitudes but also showed a revival of Acquinas' medieval philosophies(faith and reason NOT in conflict). | |
| 302361071 | Rerum Novarum | Leo XIII's encyclical. Issued 1891. Expressed that private property ownership is acceptable but recognized that capitalism also had faults. Declared that much in socialism is Christian in principle but, as practised by many, said socialism was also materialistic and anti-religious. Suggested that Catholics form their own socialist parties/unions. | |
| 302361072 | Lateran Treaty of 1929 | Papacy recognised Italian State and Italy granted RC Church a square mile area in Rome to be Vatican City - an independent state - no longer a part of Italy but sovereign and independent from national and secular authority. Acknowledged this as necessary to performance of its role. | |
| 302361073 | Theodor Herzl | Hungarian-born, Jewish journalist. Expressed a new sense of Jewish identity. Witnessed the Dreyfus affair and all the virulent anti-Semitism it brought to the surface. This stimulated him to found the Zionist movement which sought a Palestinian homeland. The First International Jewish Congress was held in Basel in 1897. | |
| 302361074 | Economic Liberalism | Liberals thought whole world would be peopled by individuals doing business with each other without interference from government. Liberals supported laissez-faire theories and wanted free trade and an international/non-national economic system. Politically, economic liberalism was best represented in 19th century England by William Gladstone. | |
| 302361075 | John Stuart Mill | Best expressed economic liberalism in his writings - On Liberty - see the Sherman H/O for excerpts from this and review for test. Note: Mill was one of few liberals who early on supported notion of equality of sexes. Wrote On the Subjection of Women. He is also sometimes paired with Jeremy Bentham though Mill came later in the 19th century. | |
| 302361076 | Neomercantilism | Laissez-faire fading and govts beginning to subordinate economic activity to political ends /economic nationalism by 1900. Nations again struggling to better themselves through tariffs and regulations. | |
| 302361077 | Realism | A kind of unrealistic faith in constructive value of struggle and tough-minded rejection of ideas and ideals. Marxism and Social Darwinism had both stressed struggle as had Nietzsche. As faith in man as rational was shaken, this "realism" spread and notion of struggle became more acceptable. | |
| 302361078 | Irrationalism | ex. Georges Sorrel - in his writings had stated that violence was good, irrespective of the end it accomplished. Advocated keeping people agitated and excited. Fed into rise of facism and other activist movements of the 20th century. | |
| 302361079 | Reflections of Violence | by Georges Sorrel - the philosopher of syndicalism. Wrote this in 1908 and advocated violence. Said it was good, irrespective of the ends. So much did he hate existing society that violence was seen as good disrupter. Believed that workers should be kept alert in the class war through believing the "myth" of a future general strike. | |
| 302361080 | Caroline Norton | (1808-1877): British feminist whose legal persistence resulted in the Married Women's Property Act (1883), which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women. | |
| 302361081 | Suffragettes | Group of women in England in second half of 19th century who were seeking vote for women. Resorted to amazingly unEnglish behavior - chained themselves to railings, public buildings, smashed store windows, broke porcelains. When imprisoned, they went on hunger strikes. Also wanted educational, professional, legal and occupational equality with men. | |
| 302361082 | Emmeline Pankhurst | (1858-1928): British suffragette and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union. | |
| 302361083 | Cat and Mouse Act | 1913 - Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again. (Women were also force-fed in jail). | |
| 302361084 | Benjamin Disraeli | 1804-1881 Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867 which extended the franchise to the working class. Tories less sensitive to pressure from manufacturing class therefore made more reforms in labor conditions - mines, factories and housing. Note special relationship with Queen Victoria. | |
| 302361085 | William Goldstone | 1809-1898 British Liberal Party leader and prime minister, a chief rival of Disraeli. Gladstone's ministry included reforms in public education( FORSTER EDUCATION ACT OF 1870), civil service exams, and secret balloting. In second ministry, Gladstone too made reforms in labor conditions. By 1900 Liberal Party was abandoning its laizzez-faire economic policy and responded to the rise of labor and the new Labor Party. Lib-Lab (Liberal-Labor) combo would be very effective - tho' this happened after Gladstone's death. In general, the liberal party became more open (to change) and sensitive to the needs of the growing urban working class. |
