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| 189884237 | Henry VII | 1485-1509, First Tudor king of England after gaining throne by force - Battle of Bosworth Field from Richard III. Brought England out of War of Roses, restored order and established strong monarchy. Many ministers from the middle classes (thereby further undermining nobility) & suspended livery and maintenance, encouraged trade, balanced budget, established Star Chamber for law & order. Frugality freed him of dependence on Parliament - power of which declined. Diplomacy - used marriage in Foreign Affairs with Scotland & Hapsburgs. National feeling consolidated around Tudors. | |
| 189884238 | Wars of the Roses | 1455-1485 in England btween House of Lancaster(Red) and House of York(White). HVI(Lanc) - Ed.IV(York) -EdV(Murdered in Tower) - Richard III-Battle of Bos. - Henry VII. Left Eng. in state of civil turmoil after 100 yrs. war v. France. | |
| 189884239 | Tudors | Tudor line established by Henry VII ( Hse of Lancaster) in 1485 - lasted until 1603. HVII - HVIII - Ed. VI - Mary I - Eliz. I. In general one of more successful lines - furthered sense of national unity. English still have romance with this line of monarchs. | |
| 189884240 | Livery and Maintenance | English practice where great lords maintained private armies wearing their own livery or insignia. Henry VII ended this as way to further reduce the power of the nobility. | |
| 189884241 | Star Chamber | Reign of HVII 1485-1509 used this royal council as a new court to deal with property disputes and infractions of the public peace. Room decorated with stars. Operated without a jury. Popular at first - restored law and order - later denounced as an instrument of despotism. | |
| 189884243 | Louis XI | 1461-1483, Valois king of France. Rounded out French borders, built up royal army , suppressed nobles. Centralized bureaucracy, used middle class advisers, Estates General met only once, laws by decree. Increased royal income. In foreign affairs preferred diplomacy to force. Wove intricate web of political and diplomatic intrigue - thus known as Universal Spider. Struggle over Burgundy - eventually acquired along with Anjou, Maine and Provence. Succeeded by Charles VIII and Louis XII and then Francis I - all three Valois kings pursued unsuccessful/costly wars in Italy vs. Hapsburgs - establishing enmity betw France & HRE. | |
| 189884244 | Concordat of Bologna | 1516 - Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. | |
| 189884246 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Married in 1469 and brought Castile(Isa) and Aragon(Ferd) together. But little or no Spanish feeling of national identity. Used RC Ch. as unifying theme. Increased royal power at expense of nobility and towns. Used cortes (medieval representative assembly) as infrequently as possible. Developed Spanish army. Reconquista (reconquest) in 1492 defeated Moorish occupiers of Granada in southern Spain. Isa sponsored Columbus in 1492. Expelled Jews 1492 & Moors in 1501, persecuted Morriscos and Maranos. Use of Inquisition - idea of queen's priest - Tomas de Torquemada. Isa and Torqu. motivated by religious concerns, Ferdinand used Inquisition for political purposes - eliminated enemies with it. 2,000+ burned at stake after auto-da-fe (act of faith). | |
| 189884247 | Spanish Inquisition | Church court - Established in reign of Isabella of Castile, 1480 and in Aragon in 1487. Used by F & A as instrument of royal authority. Dominican priest, Torquemada, advised Isa on this & became Inquisitor General. Isa and Torq. religiously motivated but Ferd. used it for political purposes agnst rebellious nobles and churchmen. Announced its sentences at Auto Da Fe. Exec. by burning. During 15 yrs that Torqu. was I.G. - 2,000 victims. Inqu. went on to persecute Moriscos and Marranos. Torture used to extract confessions. Goal was to achieve religious conformity - Spanish-ness - Catholicity. Surrendered Spain's reputation for religious toleration. | |
| 189884248 | Conquest of Granada | Final stage of Reconquista(1492) - by Spain of Granada from Moslems. Been gradually expelled from other areas of Iberian Pen. Granada last stronghold. Final wave of crusade but took further - persecuted Moriscos and pursued Moslems into Africa. Continued crusading spirit into Americas and even against Protestants in Europe(Netherlands). Moslems expelled in 1501, last of Moriscos expelled in 1609. | |
| 189884249 | Moriscos | Moslems in Spain who had converted to Christianity - 1501. Their conversion was often questioned. They were persecuted and often came before the Inquisition. Finally, Moriscos were expelled from Spain in 1609. Loss to the economy of Spain. | |
| 189884250 | Marranos | Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity rather than be expelled(1492). Their conversion was often questioned and they were tested-forced to eat pork, etc. They were often persecuted by Inquisition. Over 200,000 Jews left Spain -> N. Af., Italy, Ottoman Emp.(Sephardic) or Poland, Germany, Russia(Ashkenazic). | |
| 189884252 | Maximilian I | Habsburg HRE, 1493-1519, "WHERE OTHERS HAVE TO FIGHT WARS YOU, FORTUNATE AUSTRIA, MARRY!" Brought in Burgundy this way and married son Philip to Joanna of Spain(Ferd & Isa's daughter) - from this union came Chas. I/V. Combined possessions of 4 grandparents thus ruled largest expanse of territory of any at time. | |
| 189884253 | Charles V | Ruler of Austria, Netherlands, Spain & its possessions and elected HRE. Most powerful ruler of his day. Then acquired Hungary and Bohemia - afraid of Turks who were pushing westwards. Also under constant challenge from Valois kings of France and faced with upheaval of Reformation (religious upset) Many feared that Euro faced with Universal Monarchy i.e. a dominating, all-powerful ruler. THIS CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL MONARCHY WILL BE A REPEATING THEME IN EURO HISTORY. |
