AP European History key terms from Chapter 12 of Western Civilization by Jackson Spielvogel
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| 448460863 | Renaissance | word meaning rebirth, a significant cultural movement from 14th to 17th centuries with huge innovations in art, music, literature, and intellect | |
| 448460864 | Jacob Burckhardt | Swiss historian who studied art and culture, crediting Italians with birth of the Renaissance. Wrote The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy | |
| 448460865 | Hanseatic League | Commercial and defensive alliance along coast of northern Europe, to protect economic privileges of coastal cities and states visited by merchants | |
| 448460866 | House of Medici | Prominent banking family from the Republic of Florence, founded most successful European bank of the 15th century | |
| 448460867 | Second Estate | A division of middle age society that included nobility like earls, counts, barons, dukes, and kings | |
| 448480928 | Baldassare Castiglione | Italian writer who wrote The Book of the Courtier | |
| 448480929 | The Book of the Courtier | A popular handbook among aristocrats in Italy for many centuries, describing the attributes of the perfect courtier | |
| 448480930 | Third Estate | A division of middle age society that included peasants, poor people, and slaves | |
| 448509980 | Renaissance slavery | The purchase, ownership, or other trafficking of humans as property during the Renaissance | |
| 448854740 | dowry | Payment or property that is brought to a marriage by the bride's family to give to the groom's | |
| 448854741 | Francisco Sforza | Conquered Milan after the death of the last Visconti, established himself as duke of the city | |
| 448854742 | Cosimo de'Medici | The first of the Medici political dynasty, he took control of the Republic of Florence and made it his oligarchy | |
| 449620727 | Milan | a duchy located in what is now northwestern Italy, conquered by Francisco Sforza | |
| 449620728 | Venice | a "republic" located in what is now northeastern Italy, began to conquer more land to expand its food and trade | |
| 449620729 | Florence | an oligarchic "republic" located in what is now western Italy, conquered by Cosimo De'Medici | |
| 449620730 | Papal States | a theocratic state controlled by the pope, located in what is now central Italy | |
| 449620731 | Naples | a kingdom located in what is now southern Italy. Known for its weakness; France and Aragon fought to dominate it | |
| 449620732 | Urbino | once a city-state in central Italy, became a center of culture and intellect | |
| 449620733 | L'umo universale | a social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person | |
| 449620734 | Federigo da Montefeltro | Ruler of Urbino, known as a great patron of Renaissance culture | |
| 449620735 | Battista Sforza | Wife of Federigo da Montefeltro, she governed Urbino in her husband's absence | |
| 449620736 | Isabella d'Este | known as "the first lady of the world," she was widely known for her wisdom, intellect, and clever negotiations | |
| 449620737 | balance of power | concept designed to prevent the enlargement of one state at the expense of others | |
| 449620738 | Peace of Lodi | a peaceful, 40 year era in Italy after 50 years of warfare, created alliance system (Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and The Papacy) | |
| 449689996 | Ludovico Sforza | Milanese duke who invited French to intervene in Italian politics, allowing the French bring an army and occupy Naples | |
| 449689997 | Charles VIII | King of France who brought army and occupied Naples | |
| 449702865 | Ferdinand | King of Aragon who fought to dominate Naples | |
| 449702866 | Francis I | Son of Charles VIII, continued to fight to dominate Naples | |
| 449702867 | Charles I | Spanish king who continued to fight to dominate Naples after Ferdinand's death, his armies led the Sack of Rome | |
| 449948210 | diplomatic system | the system of negotiations between ambassadors from different states | |
| 449948211 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Florentine diplomat and Republican, sent into exile after Medici family returned to power, wrote The Prince | |
| 449948212 | The Prince | book written by Niccolo Machiavelli, giving concrete expression to Renaissance political power | |
| 450258065 | humanism | literary and linguistic movement in an attempt to revive classical Latin | |
| 450258066 | Individualism | ideology that stressed the goals, desires, and moral worth of the individual | |
| 450428149 | Petrarch | One of Europe's greatest lyric poets. Wrote in vernacular Italian, known as the Father of Humanism | |
| 450428150 | civic humanism | humanism that includes involvement in politics with intellect | |
| 450428151 | The New Cicero | a biography of Marcus Tullius Cicero, written by Leonardo Bruni | |
| 450428152 | Leonardo Bruni | A humanist, writer of The New Cicero | |
| 450428153 | Lorenzo Valla | Papal secretary who wrote The Elegances of the Latin Language, tried to purify Latin | |
| 450428154 | Marcilio Ficino | known for translating Plato and the exposition of Neoplatonism | |
| 450428155 | neoplatonism | Platonic philosophy, based on the ideas of hierarchy of substance and spiritual love | |
| 450937030 | Marsilio Ficino | Began neoplatonism, translated Plato | |
| 450937031 | hermeticism | set of beliefs stressing astrology, alchemy, and magic as well as theological and philosophical speculations | |
| 450937032 | Pico Della Mirandola | A prominent Italian intellect, wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man | |
| 450937033 | liberal studies | studies offered at Vittorino's school including history, philosophy, eloquence, language arts, math, astronomy, and music | |
| 450937034 | Vittorino | He founded a school in Mantua which provided a humanist education for children (just boys) | |
| 450937035 | Francesco Guicciardini | Italian historian, wrote History of Italy and History of Florence | |
| 450937036 | Johannes Gutenberg | First European to use printing with movable metal type | |
| 450937037 | Leonardo da Vinci | Italian renaissance painter, known for his diversely varied talents and his masterpieces The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Virgin and the Child | |
| 450937038 | Masaccio | Early Italian renaissance painter, painted Tribute Money | |
| 450937039 | Lorenzo the Magnificent | A leading citizen of Florence, he contributed large sums of money to artists so they could create master works of art | |
| 450937040 | Botticelli | Italian painter whose interest in Greek and Roman mythology is reflected in his famous Primavera | |
| 450937041 | Donatello | Italian sculptor, created life-size statue David, shown with the head of Goliath at his feet | |
| 450937042 | Brunelleschi | Italian architect, designed the Dome of the Duomo and the Church of San Lorenzo | |
| 451055225 | Raphael | Italian painter and architect, known for his work School of Athens | |
| 451055226 | Michelangelo | Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, known for painting the Sistine Chapel and creating the Statue of David | |
| 451055227 | Bramante | Italian Renaissance architect, known for designing the Tempietto and Saint Peter's Basilica | |
| 451439914 | Jan Van Eyck | Flemish painter, known for his famous painting of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride | |
| 451439915 | Albrecht Durer | German painter, known for his painting Adoration of the Magi, greatly affected by Italians | |
| 451439916 | Guillaume Dufay | One of the most important composers of the 1400s | |
| 451439917 | madrigal | poem set to music, originating from 14th century Italian courts, written for 5 to 6 voices | |
| 451439918 | Louis XI | King of France, also known as the Spider, he generated a sound source of revenue for the government with the Taille | |
| 451439919 | Henry VII | King of England, established Tudor Dynasty by overthrowing Richard III | |
| 451439920 | Ferdinand | King of Spain, husband of Isabella | |
| 451439921 | Isabella | Queen of Spain, wife of Ferdinand | |
| 451439922 | Habsburgs | A ruling dynasty of the HRE, one of the wealthiest landholders in the Empire | |
| 451439923 | Matthias Corvinus | King of Hungary who patronized the new humanist culture | |
| 451439924 | Ivan III | Russian king, formed the Principality of Moscow, expelled Mongols from the land | |
| 451439925 | Ottoman Turks | Advanced rapidly on Eastern Europe, capturing land and ending the Byzantine Empire, beginning their own empire. Eventually faced off against HRE | |
| 451439926 | John Wyclif | English theologian from Oxford who challenged the pope and rituals of the medieval Church | |
| 451439927 | the Lollards | a group John Wyclif's followers | |
| 451439928 | John Hus | Chancellor who attacked the excessive power of the papacy, later burned at the stake by Council of Constance | |
| 451439929 | nepotism | Favoritism granted to family members regardless of merit, used among Popes | |
| 451439930 | Execrabilis | Papal bull condemning appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical |
