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| 187972720 | pulmonary ventilation | the process that moves air into and out of the lungs | |
| 187972721 | process of pulmonary ventilation | exchange of gases between air in the lungs and body, and exchange of gases occurs between the blood and the cells of the body | |
| 187972722 | nasal septum | divides the nasal cavity into two structures, right and left | |
| 187972723 | epiglottis | partially covers the opening of the larynx; prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing | |
| 187972724 | thyroid cartilage | also known as an "Adam's apple", largest piece of cartilage in the larynx | |
| 187972725 | voice box | the structure where sound originates from, uses the two short fibrous bands from the vocal cords that stretch across the interior of the larynx | |
| 187972726 | windpipe | also referred to as the trachea, a tube that is about 11cm (4.5 inches) long and extends from the larynx in the neck to the bronchi in the chest cavity | |
| 187972727 | pleura | covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage; it is an extensive, thin, moist, slippery membrane and lines a large closed cavity of the body and covers the organs within it (two membranes, the parietal and the visceral) | |
| 187972728 | parietal pleura | lines the walls of the thoracic cavity | |
| 187972729 | visceral pleura | covers (lines) the lungs | |
| 187972730 | intrapleural | space between the two pleural membranes | |
| 187972731 | intrapleural fluid | makes both of the portions of the pleura moist and slippery and able to glide easily against each other as the lungs expand and deflate with each breath | |
| 187972732 | external respiration | exchange of gases between air in the lungs and in the blood | |
| 187972733 | internal respiration | exchange of gases occurs between the blood and the cells of the body | |
| 187972734 | inspiration (inhalation) | moves air into the lungs enlarging the chest cavity, air pressure decreases, the diaphragm goes flat and external intercostal muscles contracts and making the chest cavity longer and wider | |
| 187972735 | expiration (exhalation) | moves air out of the lungs, the air pressure increases and the diaphragm is resting/relaxes moving up and returns the chest cavity to normal size, internal intercostal muscles pull the rib cage inward | |
| 187972736 | pharyngitis | a sore throat, caused by streptococcal bacteria, inflammation of the throat with pain, redness, and difficulty swallowing | |
| 187972737 | dissolved carbon dioxide | 5% of carbon dioxide is carried in this form | |
| 187972738 | carbaminohemoglobin | 20% of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood is in this form | |
| 187972739 | bicarbonate ions | 75% of the total carbon dioxide is transported in this form | |
| 187972740 | plasma | 1.5% of blood is dissolved here | |
| 187972741 | oxyhemoglobin | 97% of the blood's hemoglobin unites with oxygen and creates | |
| 187972742 | emphysema | may result from the progression of chronic bronchitis or other conditions (smoking) as air becomes trapped within alveoli and causes them to enlarge and walls to rupture making breathing difficult | |
| 187972743 | infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) | life-threatening condition that often affects prematurely born infants who have a lack of surfactant in the alveolar air sacs causing them to collapse resulting in death | |
| 188012415 | bronchitis | acute inflammation of the bronchi most commonly caused by an infection, also known as tracheobronchitis, caused by a URI the moves down into the trachea and bronchi after several days, often starts with a nonproductive cough that progresses to a deep cough that produces 'sputum' containing mucus and pus | |
| 188012416 | alveoli | function is exchanging gases between air and blood, mainly because they are extremely thin walled; each lies in contact with a blood capillary and there are millions in each lung | |
| 188012417 | bronchioloalveolar carcinoma | primary pulmonary cancer is often referred to as | |
| 188012418 | second primary pulmonary cancer | metastasis; in which quickly invades or spreads into other areas of the lungs | |
| 188012419 | pharynx (throat) | passageway for food and liquids, air distribution; passageway for air and contains the tonsils that provide immune protection | |
| 188012420 | parts of the pharynx ( | throat), divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx; two nasal cavities, mouth, esophagus, larynx, and auditory tubes; pharyngeal tonsils and opening of auditory tubes, is lined with a mucous membrane | |
| 188012421 | bronchi tubes in order of deceasing size (largest to smallest) | trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, terminal bronchioles, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli ducts, alveoli | |
| 188012422 | inspiratory muscles | they increase the volume of the thorax and contract the diaphragm and the external intercostals | |
| 188012423 | expiratory muscles | contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal and decrease the volume in the thorax | |
| 188012424 | medulla (medullary rhythmicity area) | group of control centers that produce the basic rhythm of breathing located in the brain | |
| 188012425 | respiratory control center | located in the brainstem (nervous system) and influenced by inputs from a number of sensory receptors located in different areas of the body, they sense the need for changing the rate of depth of respiration to maintain homeostasis | |
| 188012426 | ventral respiratory (VRG) and dorsal respiratory group (DRG) | the two most important control centers in the medulla (nervous system) for regulating breathing rhythm | |
| 188012427 | ventral respiratory (VRG) | provides the basic rhythm generator for breathing | |
| 188012428 | dorsal respiratory group (DRG) | adjusts the breathing rhythm when blood pH or carbon dioxide levels change- as they would during exercise | |
| 188012429 | pontine respiratory group (PRG) | provides input to the DRG and thus help to modulate the basic rhythm as needed under a variety of changing conditions in the body | |
| 188012430 | sensory receptors | located outside of the central nervous system sending inputs to the nervous system | |
| 188012431 | chemoreceptors | located in the carotid and aortic bodies are sensory receptors that sensitive to increases in blood carbon dioxide level and decrease in blood oxygen level, also can sense and respond to increasing blood acid levels | |
| 188012432 | sensory stretch receptors | located in the lungs and throughout the pulmonary airways and in the alveoli, nerve impulses generated by these receptors influence the normal pattern of breathing and protect the respiratory system from excess stretching caused by harmful over inflation | |
| 188012433 | restrictive pulmonary disorders | reduced stretch of the alveoli, mainly effects inspiration, restriction in breathing also can be caused by the pain that accompanies pleurisy or mechanical injuries (reduces pulmonary volumes and capacities such as inspiratory reserve volume and vital capacity) | |
| 188012434 | obstructive pulmonary disorders | patients have difficulty breathing because air is trapped in the lungs therefore they have a hard time emptying the air out of their lungs, inspiration and expiration is effected, COPD is an example | |
| 188012435 | thyroid cartilage/gland | adam's apple | |
| 188012436 | bronchioles | secondary bronchi turn into this form | |
| 188012437 | pH | acid-bade balance keeping the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in body fluids relatively constant; followed by a number indicates a solution's relative hydrogen ion concentration compared to hydroxide concentration. (mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration (acidity), a value higher than 7 is basic, value less than 7 is acidic, and a value equal to 7 in neutral) | |
| 188012438 | what is the pH of a solution determined by | a number that indicates the relative hydrogen ion (H+) concentration compared to an OH- of a fluid making the solution either acid, alkaline (base), or neutral | |
| 188012439 | buffer | a substance/assistant that resist and try's to fights against the immediate change in the body's pH | |
| 188012440 | kidneys | most powerful buffer organ in our bodies | |
| 188012441 | two most important chemical buffers (buffer pair) | sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) | |
| 188012442 | direct connection with a substance and pH | pH is determined by a substance, with out a substance pH could not be determined | |
| 188012443 | what is the relationship between pH & a concentration of hydrogen ions | the lower the pH, the higher concentration of hydrogen ions; the higher the ph, the lower of hydrogen ions | |
| 188012444 | metabolic disturbances | affect the bicarbonate NaHCO3 element related to changes; metabolic acidosis = bicarbonate deficit and metabolic alkalosis = bicarbonate excess | |
| 188012445 | respiratory disturbances | affect the H2CO3 element related to the lungs (lung disorder); respiratory acidosis = H2CO3 and respiratory alkalosis = H2CO3 deficit | |
| 188012446 | acidosis | condition in which there is an excessive proportion of acid in the blood and thus an abnormally low blood pH | |
| 188012447 | alkalosis | condition in which there is an excessive proportion of alkali (base) in the blood |
