Terms : Hide Images
| 5615314665 | sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, ganglia, efferent motor endings | What makes up the peripheral nervous system | 0 | |
| 5615325831 | sensory receptors | specialized to respond to changes in their environment | 1 | |
| 5615328287 | stimuli | changes in the environment | 2 | |
| 5615328288 | sensation | awareness of the stimuli | 3 | |
| 5615334777 | perception | interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus | 4 | |
| 5615354576 | mechanoreceptors | respond to mechanical force such as as touch, pressure, vibration, touch. | 5 | |
| 5615360544 | thermoreceptors | respond to temperature changes. | 6 | |
| 5615367027 | photoreceptors | such as those in the retina of the eye, respond to light | 7 | |
| 5615372558 | chemoreceptors | responds to chemicals in solution | 8 | |
| 5615438661 | nocireceptors | respond to potentially dangerous stimuli that results in pain | 9 | |
| 5615544795 | exteroceptors | sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body, most are near or at body's surface. | 10 | |
| 5615553811 | interoceptors | visceropters, respond to stimuli with in the body | 11 | |
| 5615558167 | proprioceptors | respond to internal stimuli occur in skeletal muscles, tendons, joint, ligaments and in connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles | 12 | |
| 5615678873 | general senses | simply modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons | 13 | |
| 5615689836 | special sense | housed in special sense organs | 14 | |
| 5615698716 | nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings encapsulated nerve endings | types of simple receptors of general senses | 15 | |
| 5615712502 | nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings | abundant in epethelia and connective tissues | 16 | |
| 5615722307 | free nerve endings | respond to temp, chemical change, pain, pressure, itch | 17 | |
| 5615729889 | tactile (merkel) discs | respond to light touch, in deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basale) | 18 | |
| 5615736813 | hair follicle receptors | respond to light touch, wrap around hair follicles | 19 | |
| 5615760026 | encapsulated nerve endings | consist of one or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. | 20 | |
| 5615767747 | tactile corpuscles (Meissner's) | respond to light touch, in papillary layer of dermis, esp in hairless areas | 21 | |
| 5615779244 | tactile (merkel) discs hair follicle receptors | Types of free nerve endings | 22 | |
| 5615790464 | lamellar corpuscles (pacinian) | deep in the dermis and in subcutaneous tissue, responds to deep pressure when first applied. | 23 | |
| 5615796255 | bulbous corpuscles (ruffini) endings | respond to deep continuous pressure, in dermis | 24 | |
| 5615807289 | muscle spindles | respond to muscle stretch, length, in perimysium of skeletal muscles. | 25 | |
| 5615815170 | tendon organs | respond to tendon stretch, in tendons, close to muscle insertion | 26 | |
| 5615821994 | tactile corpuscles (meissner's) lamellar corpuscles (pacinian) bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings) muscle spindles tendon organs joint kinesthetic receptors | What are types of encapsulated nerve endings | 27 | |
| 5615848426 | joint kinesthetic receptors | include lamellar corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles, tendon organs, and free nerve endings | 28 | |
| 5615857401 | joint kinesthetic receptors | responds to stretch of articular capsules, and sense joint movement and position | 29 | |
| 5615864881 | sensations | awareness of changes in the internal and external environments | 30 | |
| 5615870125 | perception | conscious interpretation of those stimuli | 31 | |
| 5615876530 | somatosensory system | the part of the sensory system serving the body wall and limbs- receptors | 32 | |
| 5615885716 | transduction | the stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential | 33 | |
| 5615885717 | generator potential | graded potential that generates action potentials in a sensory neuron | 34 | |
| 5615885718 | receptor potential | graded potential that occurs in a separate receptor cell. | 35 | |
| 5615890466 | adaptation | a change in sensitivity and nerve impulse generation in the presence of a constant stimulus | 36 | |
| 5615898643 | phasic receptors | fast adapting, often giving bursts of impulses at the beginning and end of the stimulus | 37 | |
| 5615902146 | tonic receptors | provide a sustained response with little or no adaptation | 38 | |
| 5615905582 | perceptual detection | the ability to detect that a stimulus has occured | 39 | |
| 5615908037 | magnitude estimation | the ability to detect how intense the stimulus is | 40 | |
| 5615911871 | spatial discrimination | allows us to identify the site or pattern of stimulation | 41 | |
| 5615935100 | feature abstraction | the mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature, or property of a stimulus in preference to others. | 42 | |
| 5615943434 | quality discrimination | the ability to differentiate the sub modalities of a particular sensation | 43 | |
| 5615959290 | patter recognition | the ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one or one that has special significance for us. | 44 | |
| 5615964247 | referred pain | pain stimuli arising in one part of the body are perceived as coming from another part. | 45 | |
| 5615971062 | transmission lines | nerves and their structure and repair | 46 | |
| 5615978112 | nerve | a cordlike organ that is part of the peripheral nervous system | 47 | |
| 5615990802 | endoneurium | suuronds each axon, a delicate later of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber;s associated Schwann cells. | 48 | |
| 5616004196 | perineurium | coarser connective tissue wrapping, binds groups of axons into bundles called fascicles. | 49 | |
| 5616021073 | epineurium | a tough fibrous sheath, encloses all the fasicles to form the nerve. | 50 | |
| 5616033864 | mixed nerves | contains both sensory and motor fibers and transmit impulses both to and from the central nervous system. | 51 | |
| 5616038590 | sensory (afferent) nerves | carry impulses only toward the CNS. | 52 | |
| 5616043636 | motor (efferent) nerves | carry impulses only away from the CNS | 53 | |
| 5616057512 | 1. olfactory nerves | sensory nerves of smell, run from nasal mucosa to olfactory bulbs | 54 | |
| 5616071862 | 2. optic nerve | arise from retinas, rally a brain tract, pass through optic canal, converge, and partially cross over at optic chiasma | 55 | |
| 5616090517 | 3. oculomotor nerves | fibers extend from ventral midbrain through superior orbital fissures to four of six extrinsic eye muscles. | 56 | |
| 5616114747 | 3.oculomotor nerves | function in raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, and controlling lens shape | 57 | |
| 5616126703 | 4. trochlear nerves | fibers from dorsal midbrain enter orbits via superior orbital fissures to innervate superior oblique muscles | 58 | |
| 5616148952 | 5. trigeminal nerves | largest cranial nerves, fibers extend from pons to face | 59 | |
| 5616189960 | 6.abducens | fibers from inferior pons enters orbits via superior orbital fissures | 60 | |
| 5616634802 | 7. facial nerve | fibers from pons travel through internal acoustic meatuses and emerge through stylomastoid formina to lateral aspect of face | 61 | |
| 5616651584 | 8. vestibulocochlear | afferent fibers from hearing receptors and equilibrium receptors pass from inner ear through internal acoustic meatuses and enter brain stem at pons medulla border | 62 | |
| 5616661794 | 9. glossopharyngeal | fibers from medulla leave skull via jugular formaen and run to throat | 63 | |
| 5616672518 | 10. vagus | only cranial nerve that extended beyond head and neck region | 64 | |
| 5616687574 | 10. vagus | mostly motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate activities of hearts lungs, and abdominal viscera | 65 | |
| 5616704907 | 11. accessory nerve | formed from ventral rootlets from C1 to C3 region of spinal cord. | 66 | |
| 5616717946 | 12. hypoglossal nerves | innervate extrinsic and intrinisic muscles of tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech. | 67 | |
| 5616762477 | spinal nerves | contain thousands of nerve fibers, arise from the spinal cord and supply all parts of the body except the head and some areas of the neck | 68 | |
| 5616768524 | c1-c8 | Where are the eight pairs of cervical nerves? | 69 | |
| 5616775156 | T1-12 | Where are the 12 pairs of thoracic nerves? | 70 | |
| 5616781289 | L1-L5 | Where are the 5 pairs of lumbar nerves | 71 | |
| 5616791590 | S1-S5 | Where are the 5 pairs of sacral nerves | 72 | |
| 5616797435 | Co1 | where is the 1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerve | 73 | |
| 5616809256 | rootlets | attach along length of spinal cord segment | 74 | |
| 5616813543 | dorsal root | sensory (afferent fibers) are found where | 75 | |
| 5616825481 | ventral root | motor (efferent fibers) are found where | 76 | |
| 5616833267 | meningeal branch | branch that reenters spinal cord into meninges | 77 | |
| 5616839028 | remi communicantes | autonomic nerve fibers that attach to ventral rami | 78 | |
| 5616861084 | nerve plexuses | interlacing nerve network formed from ventral rami | 79 | |
| 5622675146 | Cervical plexus C1-C4 Brachial plexus C5-T1 Lumbar plexus L1-L4 Sacral plexus L4-S4 Thorax nerves (not plexus) | What are the main plexuses? | 80 | |
| 5622694454 | cutaneous nerves | supply only the skin | 81 | |
| 5622704515 | phrenic nerve | consists of branches form ventral rami C3-C5, innervates diaphragm | 82 | |
| 5622710155 | cervical plexus | some branches innervate muscles of anterior neck, ear area, back of head, shoulders. | 83 | |
| 5622715583 | "really - 5 roots (rami) Tired, - Trunk = Upper, middle, and lower Drink -divisions = anterior and posterior Coffee" - cords = lateral, medial, and posterior cords | What are the parts of the brachial plexus? | 84 | |
| 5622753567 | axillary nerve | branches off the posterior cord and runs posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus | 85 | |
| 5622770597 | musculocutaneous nerve | the major end branch of the lateral cord, courses inferiorly in the anterior arm, supplying motor fibers to the biceps brachii, brachialis and carocobrachialis muscles | 86 | |
| 5622782560 | median nerve | descends through the arm to the anterior forearm, where it gives off branches to the skin and to most flexor muscles | 87 | |
| 5622790346 | ulnar nerve | braches off the medial cord of the plexus causes the wrists and fingers to flex, and adducts and abducts the medial fingers | 88 | |
| 5622798754 | radial nerve | largest branch of brachial plexus, a continuation ofthe posterior cord extends the elbow, supinates the forarm, extends wrists and fingers, abduct the thumb. | 89 | |
| 5622802121 | lumbar plexus | innervates parts of the abdominal wall, | 90 | |
| 5622805260 | cutaneous nerves, phrenic nerve | What are the nerves of the cervical plexus? | 91 | |
| 5622808378 | axillary nerve musculocutaneous nerve median nerve ulnar nerve radial nerve | What are the nerves of the brachial plexus? | 92 | |
| 5622824503 | femoral nerve motor branches sensory branches obturator nerve | What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus? | 93 | |
| 5622838038 | femoral nerve | largest nerve of the lumbar plexus, thigh muscles and skin of legs | 94 | |
| 5622840459 | motor branches | innervate quadriceps | 95 | |
| 5622842114 | sensory branches | innervate skin of thigh and leg | 96 | |
| 5622848778 | obturator nerve | innervate adductor muscles of leg, enters the medial thigh via the obturator foramen, innervates the adductor muscles of inner thigh. | 97 | |
| 5622857475 | sacral plexus | innervates buttocks, lower limbs, and pelvic structures | 98 | |
| 5622860832 | sciatic nerve | largests branch of sacral plexus. innervates lower limbs | 99 | |
| 5622871313 | sciatica | tingling, numbness, pain in the legs do to injurt or pressure on the sciatic nerve | 100 | |
| 5622874135 | sciatic nerve | What nerves are in the saacral plexus | 101 | |
| 5622880667 | dermatomes | an area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve | 102 | |
| 5622889209 | thorax nerves | form deep intercostal nerves that innervate intercostal muscles, skin of thorax, and abdominal wall. | 103 | |
| 5622893828 | intercostal nerve | innervate intercostal muscles, skin and muscles of abdominal wall | 104 | |
| 5622905404 | hilton's law | any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint | 105 | |
| 5622915130 | motor endings | the PNS elements that activate effectors by releasing neurotransmitters | 106 | |
| 5622927891 | varicosities | knoblike swellings containing mitochondria and synaptic vesicles, that make it look like a string of beads | 107 | |
| 5622932273 | segmental level projection level precommand level | What are the three levels of motor control? | 108 | |
| 5622946309 | segmental level | lowest level of motor heirarchy, consists of reflexes and spinal cord circuits that control automatic movements | 109 | |
| 5622960088 | central pattern generators (CPGs) | consists of networks of oscillating inhibitory and excitatory neurons, which set crude rhythms and alternating patterns of movement | 110 | |
| 5622969427 | projection level | consists of neurons acting through the direct and indirect motor pathways | 111 | |
| 5622987145 | upper motor neurons of the motor cortex | initiate the direct (pyramidal) pathways. Axons of direct pathways neurons produce discrete voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles | 112 | |
| 5623001747 | Brain stem motor nuclei | oversee the indirect pathway axons of these pathways help control reflex, and CPG controlled motor actions, modifying and controlling the activity of the segmental apparatus. | 113 | |
| 5623012020 | precommand areas | systems control the outputs of the cortex and brain stem motor centers and stand at the highest level of motor heirarchy | 114 | |
| 5623042517 | cerebellum | the key center for online sensorimotor integration and control. Lacks direct connections to the spinal cord. Acts on motor pathways through the projection areas of the brain stem and on the motor cortex via the thalamus to fine-tune motor activity. | 115 | |
| 5623049848 | basal nuclei | recieves input from all cortical areas and send their output back mainly to premotor and prefrontal cortical areas via the thalamus | 116 | |
| 5623054459 | the reflex arc | enables rapid and predictable responses | 117 | |
| 5623064661 | inborn (intrinsic) reflexes | a rapid, predictable motor response to stimulus | 118 | |
| 5623068302 | natural reflexes | posture . visceral activities | 119 | |
| 5623074076 | learned (acquired) reflex | results from practice or repetition | 120 | |
| 5623082699 | 1. receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration cortex 4. motor neuron 5. effector | What are the components of the reflex arc? | 121 | |
| 5623091119 | receptor | site of stimulus action | 122 | |
| 5623095096 | sensory neurons | transmits afferent impulses to the CNS | 123 | |
| 5623104284 | effector | conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an efferent impulses | 124 | |
| 5623106866 | somatic reflexes | activate skeletal muscles | 125 | |
| 5623109572 | autonomic reflexes | activate visceral effectors | 126 | |
| 5623114212 | spinal reflexes | somatic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord | 127 | |
| 5623117532 | muscles spindles | measure length | 128 | |
| 5623117533 | tendon organs | measure tension | 129 | |
| 5623123108 | PNS | recieves and transmits impulses to and from CNS | 130 | |
| 5623123109 | CNS | The integration center | 131 | |
| 5623132795 | autonomic nervous system | the system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardia muscles and glands | 132 | |
| 5623138372 | ANS | can stimulate or inhibit its effectors | 133 | |
| 5623156079 | effectors | innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands | 134 | |
| 5623159084 | pre ganglionic neuron post ganglionic neuron | What is the two neuron chain? | 135 | |
| 5623173901 | pre- ganglionic neuron | resides in the brain or spinal cord. its axon, the post ganglionic axon, extends to the effector organ | 136 | |
| 5623186224 | the post - ganglionic neuron | the second motor neuron , its cell body is an autonomic ganglion outside of the CNS. Its axon, the post ganglionic axon, extends to the effector organ | 137 | |
| 5623192015 | preganglionic axons, and all parasympathetic post ganglionic axons at synapses with their effectors | release AcH | 138 | |
| 5623197025 | post ganglionic fibers | release nonrepinephrine / ach at effectors | 139 | |
| 5623202472 | nonrepinephrine | released by sympathetic fibers | 140 | |
| 5623206112 | Ach | released by parasympatheric fibers | 141 | |
| 5623211642 | parasympathetic division | promotes maintenance functions, conserves energy | 142 | |
| 5623216475 | sympathetic division | mobilizes body during activity | 143 | |
| 5623224634 | dual innervation | all visceral organs are served by both divisions, but these divisions cause opposite effects | 144 | |
| 5623232481 | dynamic antagonism | what causes two divisions to maintain homeostasis | 145 | |
| 5623244788 | parasympathetic division | keeps body energy use as low as possible, even while carrying out maintenance activities | 146 | |
| 5623254620 | parasympathetic division | directs digestion, diuresis, defactation | 147 | |
| 5623261651 | parasympathetic division | rest - and digest system | 148 | |
| 5623281516 | parasympathetic division | BP heart rate low, respiratory rates low, GI tract activity is high, pupils constricted, leses accomodated for close vision | 149 | |
| 5623287457 | sympathetic division | fight- flight system | 150 | |
| 5623297977 | sympathetic division | exercise, excitement, emergency, embarassment activates sympathetic system | 151 | |
| 5623302547 | sympathetic division | increased heart rate, dry mouth, cold, sweaty skin, dilated pupils | 152 | |
| 5623315608 | sympathetic division | shunts blood to skeletal muscles and heart, dilates bronchioles, cause liver to release glucose | 153 | |
| 5623323924 | sites of origin relative lengths of their fibers location of the ganglia | What are the key anatomical differences in the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions? | 154 | |
| 5623356206 | craniosacral- the originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord. | What is the site of origin for the parasympathetic fibers | 155 | |
| 5623373612 | thoracolumnbar- they originate in thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord | What is the site of origin for the sympathetic fibers | 156 | |
| 5623397554 | cholinergic fibers | fibers that release AcH | 157 | |
| 5623417101 | synaptic post ganglionic axons | release NE | 158 | |
| 5623425975 | adrenergic | fibers that release NE | 159 | |
| 5623457503 | sympathetic (vasomotor) tone | blood vessels are entirely innervated by sympathetic fibers that keep the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction | 160 | |
| 5623468154 | vasomotor fibers | sympathetic fibers that maintain blood pressure | 161 | |
| 5623477694 | sympathetic | controls blood pressure | 162 | |
| 5623489282 | parasympathetic division | normally dominates heart and smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs, and it activates most glands except for adrenal and sweat gland | 163 | |
| 5623499643 | parasympathetic division | cause vasodilation and are responsible for erection of penis or clitoris | 164 | |
| 5623508911 | sympathetic division | cause ejaculation of semen in males and reflex contraction of a female's vagina | 165 | |
| 5623528366 | sympathetic division | adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pilli muscles, kidneys, and almost all blood vessels receive only sympathetic fibers | 166 | |
| 5623537630 | sympathetic division | thermoregulatory response to heat | 167 | |
| 5623541745 | sympathetic division | release of renin from kidneys; increasing blood pressure | 168 | |
| 5623548253 | sympathetic division | metabolic effects, | 169 | |
| 5623555222 | parasympathetic division | tends to elicit short-lived and highly localized control over effectors | 170 | |
| 5623561035 | sympathetic division | tends to be longer lasting with body wide effects | 171 | |
| 5623609678 | hypertension | overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response to stress. heart must work harder, and artery walls are subject to increase wear and tear. can be treated with adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs | 172 | |
| 5623640048 | SNS | cell body is in CNS, and a single, thick myelinated group A axon extends in spinal or cranial nerves directly to skeletal muscles | 173 | |
| 5623647590 | SNS | all somatic motor motor neurons release Ach, effect is alway stimulatory | 174 | |
| 5623652607 | special senses | cisions, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium | 175 | |
| 5623663668 | special sensory receptors | distinct receptor cells that highly localized in the head, either housed within complex sensory organs or in distinct epithelial structures | 176 | |
| 5623688168 | eye brows | help shade the eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration trickling down the forehead from reaching the eyes | 177 | |
| 5623697694 | eyelids | eyelids are separated by the palpebral fissure, meat at the medial and alteral angles of the eye- medial and lateral commissures | 178 | |
| 5623705118 | lacrimal caruncle | produces eye buggies | 179 | |
| 5623710170 | tarsal plates | connective tissue sheets that internally support the eyelid | 180 | |
| 5623710171 | eyelashes | the follicles of the hairs are richly innervated by nerve endings and anything that touches the them triggers reflexive blinking. | 181 | |
| 5623740971 | tarsal glands | produces an oily secretion that lubricates the eyelid and the eye and prevents the eyelid from sticking together. | 182 | |
| 5623756079 | conjunctiva | a transmucous membrane, lines the eyelids as the palpebral conjunctiva and folds back over the anterior surface of the eyeball as the bulbar conjunctiva. | 183 | |
| 5623762124 | lacrimal apparatus | consists of the lacrimal gland and the ducts that drain lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity | 184 | |
| 5623770572 | lacrimal gland | lies in the orbit above the lateral end of the eye, releases lacrimal secretion | 185 | |
| 5623776807 | fibrous layer | composed of the dense avascular connective tissue | 186 | |
| 5623784773 | scelra | forming the psoterior portion and bulk of the fibrous layer, glistening white and opqgue, the 'white of the eye' outer most layer | 187 | |
| 5623791509 | cornea | transparent forms a window that lets light enter the eye, major part of the light bending apparatus of the eye | 188 | |
| 5623791597 | vascular layer | middle coat of eyeball | 189 | |
| 5623801897 | choroid | a blood-vessel rich, dark brown membrane that forms the posterior 5/6 of the vascular layer | 190 | |
| 5623818520 | choroid | brown pigment that helps absorb light, preventing it from scattering and reflecting with the eye. | 191 | |
| 5623822212 | ciliary body | a thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens | 192 | |
| 5623825058 | ciliary muscles | interlacing smooth muscle bundles that control lens shape | 193 | |
| 5623829910 | ciliary process | secrete the fluid that fills the cavity of the anterior segment of the eyeball | 194 | |
| 5623839570 | ciliary zonule | extends from the ciliary process to the lens. Halo of fine fibers that encircle and helps hold the lens in its upright position | 195 | |
| 5623847826 | iris | colored part of the eye. controls pupil size | 196 | |
| 5623851746 | pupil | round central opening allows light to enter the eye | 197 | |
| 5623863250 | retina (inner layer) | contians millions of photoreceptors that transduce light energy, other neurons involved in processing responses to light and glia | 198 | |
| 5623877657 | fovea centralis | center of the maculla tutea, contains concentration of cones | 199 | |
| 5623888964 | pigmented layer of retina | single cell thick lining next to the choroid, absorbs light and prevents it from scattering in the eye. pigments epithelial cells | 200 | |
| 5623958521 | neural layer | transparent, inner layer of retina, dignals are produced in repsonse to light and spread from the photoreceptors to the bipolar cells and then the inner most ganglion cells, where action potnetials are generated | 201 | |
| 5623961352 | optic disc | wher the optic nerve exits the eye | 202 | |
| 5623961353 | fundus | posterior wall of eye | 203 | |
| 5623970988 | rods | dim-light, peripheral vision receptors mover numerous and more sensitive to light than cones | 204 | |
| 5623975502 | cones | visions receptors for bright light and provide high resolution color vision | 205 | |
| 5623981202 | posterior segments | filled with vitreous humor | 206 | |
| 5623998955 | lens | biconvex, transparent, flexible structure that can change shape to precisely focus light on the retina | 207 | |
| 5624055798 | rods | one visual pigment, high sensitivity, low acuity, more numerous, mostly peripheral | 208 | |
| 5624060334 | cones | color vision, low sensitivity, high acuity, mostly in central retina, | 209 | |
| 5624060335 | photopsin | pigment of cones | 210 | |
| 5624067000 | rhodopsin | purple pigments of rods | 211 | |
| 5624076015 | retinal | layer of absorbing molecule that combines with proteins celled opcins to form four types of visual pigments | 212 | |
| 5624083143 | phototransduction | the process by which light energy is converted into graded receptor potential | 213 | |
| 5624090869 | light enters eye,, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, neural layer of retina | What is the pathway of light through the eyes? | 214 | |
| 5624102871 | taste buds | sensory organs for taste, | 215 | |
| 5624108378 | fungiform paillae | tops fo these mushroom shaped structures house most taste buds; scattered across tongue | 216 | |
| 5624116960 | foliate papillae | on side walls of tongue | 217 | |
| 5624122612 | vallate papillae | largest tast buds with 8-12 forming "V" at back of tongue | 218 | |
| 5624130506 | gustatory epithelial cells | taste receptor cells have microvilli caalled gustatory hairs that project into taste pores, bathed in saliva | 219 | |
| 5624145932 | basal epitheial cells | dynamic stem cells that divide every 7-10 days | 220 | |
| 5624151002 | sugar | sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some amino acids, some lead salts | 221 | |
| 5624153661 | sour | hydrogen atoms in solution | 222 | |
| 5624156958 | salty | metal ions, sodium chloride tastes saltiest | 223 | |
| 5624165713 | bitter | alkaloids such as quinine and nicotien, caffine, and non alkaloids such as aspirin | 224 | |
| 5624170422 | umami | amino acids, glutatmate and aspartate; meats and aging cheeses | 225 | |
| 5624206733 | facial nerve, glossopharyngeal, vagus | What cranial nerves take place gustatory pathway | 226 | |
| 5624216255 | facial nerve | carries impusles from anterior 2/3 of tongue | 227 | |
| 5624223303 | glossopharyngeal | carries impulses from posteriro 1/3 and pharynx | 228 | |
| 5624228667 | vagus nerve | transmits from epiglottic and lower pharynx | 229 | |
| 5624235410 | hypothalamus and limbic system | what parts of the brain are involved in taste | 230 | |
| 5624254980 | pinna | funnel sound into external acoustic meatus, external cartilaginous part of ear | 231 | |
| 5624260446 | external acoustic meautus | opening to ear and extends to ear drum contains ceruminous glands | 232 | |
| 5624268808 | tympanic membrane | eardum / thin connective tissue membrane separating external and middle ear | 233 | |
| 5624275974 | ear ossicles | malleus, incus, stapes --base of stapes fits into oval window | 234 | |
| 5624283798 | pharyngotympanic tube | connects muddle ear to nasopharynx and when open equalized pressure in middle ear with external air pressure | 235 | |
| 5624289284 | oval window and round window | openings to the inner ear | 236 | |
| 5624295584 | bony labyrinth | channels in temporal bone, contains perilymph | 237 | |
| 5624306634 | perilymph | fluid similar to CSF, important for conducting sound vibrations for hearing | 238 | |
| 5624321242 | vestibuleregion | contains equilibrium receptors, central cavity of bony labyrinth; contian equilibrium receptors (respond to pull of gravity and changes in head position) | 239 | |
| 5624326591 | cochlea | contains hearing receptors, spirial, conical chamber | 240 | |
| 5624331843 | semicircular canals | contains equilibrium receptrs, responds to rotational movements of head | 241 | |
| 5624338884 | membranous labyrinth | sacs and ducts within bony lanyrinth, contains endolymph | 242 | |
| 5624344704 | endolymph | fluid chemically similar to intracellular fluid also important for conducting sound vibrations for hearing | 243 | |
| 5624364969 | 1. sounds create waves 2. pressure waves cause tympanic membrane to vibrate; the greater the intensity of sound, the more the tympanic membrane vibrates. 3. ear ossicles transmit and amplify the vibrations to the oval window 4. vibrations displace fluid in cochlea creating waves- stimulates hearing receptors / cochleat hair cells' ~~~~~vibrations displace perilymph in cochlea which stimulated hearing receptors- creates electrical impulse 5. nerves transmit electrical impulses to primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe. | What are the steps for hearing: | 244 |
