APUSH period 6
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| 9074386906 | The Grange Awakening the Sleepers | The Grange is awakening the people lying across the rails to show them that the railroad is coming. This train signified the government's support for monopolies as it expanded out west onto property promised for others headed out west. This upset Grangers because they relied on the farmland being covered by railroads and that robber barons would set unfair prices for grangers to use the railroads. | 0 | |
| 9074386907 | On Wealth (experts) | On Wealth known as Gospel of Wealth is a book written by Andrew Carnegie that details how it is the rich responsibility to take care of the poor through philanthropic acts and living conservatively. | 1 | |
| 9074386910 | Fighting Back: National Grange Movement, Munn v. Illinois | In the 1876 case Munn v. Illinois, a partner from Chicago warehouse firm was found guilty of violating for fixing maximum charges for storage of grain. Due to this case it allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their state borders, which included railroads. This action is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. | 2 | |
| 9074386908 | What Does Labor Want? (excerpt) | The speech "What Does Labor Want" by Samuel Gompers was praised due to Gompers being known as conservative within the labor unions and working on material gains for workers in the form of increased wages and a shorter work week, rather than using the AFL to change American society. | 3 | |
| 9074386909 | Changes in Agriculture: Falling Prices; Rising Costs | Due to the railroad farmers out west began to suffer as monopolies would set high prices for the farmers thus making it hard to sell their goods. In accordance to this farmers created co-ops and labor unions as a way to support the Grange. | 4 | |
| 9074386911 | Fighting Back: Interstate Commerce Act; Wabash v. Illinois | This 1886 case overturned the Munn v. Illinois case. This case favored state regulation of phases of the interstate commerce which Congress had not acted on. The court declared it invalid for Illinois to prohibit long- and short-haul clauses in transportation contracts as it was an infringement on the exclusive powers of Congress granted by the commerce clause of the Constitution. This case resulted in the denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads and eventually led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. | 5 | |
| 9074386912 | Fighting Back: Ocala Platform | The platform taken over by the National Alliance in support of lowering the tariff to support the poorest population and allow farmers to use federal warehouses to store goods until their demand increased. | 6 | |
| 9074386913 | The Business of Railroads | Railroads helped expand the American industry because of it being able to transfer goods and services from coast to coast. Though it did have some drawbacks because it created monopolies within big businesses that were supported by the government, as well as, create horrible working conditions for those that had worked on the railways. | 7 | |
| 9074386914 | Industrial Empires: Steel Industry; vertical integration | Vertical integration was the practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution. Company usually took over all different businesses on which it relied for its primary function. A primary example is Carnegie Steel who came to control not only steel mills but also mines and railroads. | 8 | |
| 9074386915 | Industrial Empires: Oil Industry; horizontal integration | Horizontal integration was a practice that would join or consolidate with ones competitors in order to create a monopoly. A primary example is John D. Rockefeller who would use this technique to monopolize certain markets and become responsible for the majority of his wealth. | 9 | |
| 9074386916 | Antitrust Movement: Sherman Antitrust Act | Law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free trade. It was the first federal action against monopolies where it was signed into law by Benjamin Harrison. | 10 | |
| 9074386917 | Laissez-faire Capitalism: Social Darwinism | The ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" being applied to human societies - sprouted by Charles Darwin. | 11 | |
| 9074386918 | Laissez-faire Capitalism: Gospel of Wealth | A philosophy created by Andrew Carnegie that highlighted the rich to be responsible for being America's philanthropists and support the poor. This philosophy not only supported the idea of Social Darwinism but also encouraged philanthropy within the rich. | 12 | |
| 9074386919 | Impact of Industrialization: The Concentration of Wealth; Horatio Alger Myth | During the 1890s ten percent of the richest in the US population controlled nine-tenths of the nation's wealth. Though this spurred the idea by Horatio Alger that because of limitless possibilities exists anyone can get ahead if they work hard (the self made man). Alger wrote a series of novels that often features a poor boy who achieves success in the world and perpetrated the myth that anyone could make it in Gilded Age America. | 13 | |
| 9074386920 | Impact of Industrialization: The Expanding Middle Class | Through Industrialization a new class arose where citizens who wasn't rich or poor, yet supported the economy by being consumers and hard workers. | 14 | |
| 9074386921 | Impact of Industrialization: Wage Earners | By 1900 two-thirds of Americans were working for wages that usually consisted of 10 hours a day for 6 days a week. This also included immigrants that were receiving barely enough money for the bare necessities. | 15 | |
| 9074386922 | Impact of Industrialization: Working Women | Women were one adult out of every five that was in the labor force and only five percent of all married women worked outside the house. Most women worked in textile mills, food-processing industries, clerical workers, and secretaries. | 16 | |
| 9074386923 | The Struggle of Organized Labor: Industrial Warfare: Scab, Lockout, Blacklist, Yellow-dog contract, Injunction | Due the start up of labor unions precautions would be done to avoid struggles that would arise between employees and employers this includes scabs who were strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike. A lockout would occur when management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached. Then employees would sign a yellow-dog contract, a written contract between employers and employees where the employees would sign an agreement that said they would not join a union while working for the company. Employers would even use an injunction which would restrain unionized workers on legal grounds. | 17 | |
| 9074386924 | The Struggle of Labor Attempts to Organize National Unions: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers | In order to ensure safety of workers labor unions began to rise. First was the Knights of Labor that was created in 1869. This union was open to everyone but lawyers and bankers, where they were for protests but not strikes. Because of weak leadership and organization the union had failed also most people believed the Knights of Labor had a part in the Haymarket Square Bombing and that ruined their reputation. Next was the American Federation of Labor (AFL) that started in 1886 and ran by Samuel Gompers. AFL wanted better wages and conditions and would strike in order to achieve these goals. | 18 | |
| 9074386925 | The Struggle of Organized Labor: Striking in the 1890s: Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike, Eugene V. Debs | During the time of the Industrial Revolution monopolist began to exploit their workers for longer hours and low wages thus workers began to strike. In 1892, in the Homestead Strike, steelworkers began to strike and protest against repeated wage cuts near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. It was excessively violent and detrimental to the public view of labor unions. Then came the Pullman Strike led by Eugene Debs, a union leader and one of the founders of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World. This was a nonviolent strike that shut down western railroads. It took place at the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894, due to wage cuts though prices increased within the town. The strike was ended by the president because of interference with the mail system. This had brought a bad image to unions distorting the message they wanted to get across. | 19 | |
| 9074386926 | That's What's The Matter | That's the the Matter is a political cartoon by Thomas Nast that illustrates Boss Tweed leaning on a ballot box to showcase that Tweed controls votes in NYC and the corruption within the government in concern to big businesses and monopolies. | 20 | |
| 9074386927 | How the Other Half Lives (excerpt) | The book "How the Other Half Lives" by Jacob Riis told the public about the lives of the immigrants and their lives in the tenements. Due to the book's popularity it helped for people of the city to want improve living conditions for the poor and to build parks and schools. | 21 | |
| 9074386928 | The Subjective Necessity of Social Settlements | Subjective Necessity of settlement houses were a way to give young educated women a way to satisfy their their strong desire to connect with the real world. | 22 | |
| 9074386929 | The Chinese Question | The Chinese Question is a political cartoon illustrated by Thomas Nast that defends Chinese immigrants against the fierce prejudice and discrimination which they faced in late-nineteenth-century America. In the cartoon it showcases a clear visual divide on the issue. On the right it separates "Columbia" and the Chinese man from the trouble that is arriving from the other side. "Columbia's" body stands in the path as a violent mob approaches. The image itself creates a tension and suspense as to what comes next and who might prevail. | 23 | |
| 9074386930 | A Nation of Immigrants: Old Immigrants, New Immigrants | The wave of immigrants that arrived in the U.S until the 1880s, known as "old immigrants," were primarily from western Europe such as the British isles, Germany, and Scandinavia. Most of them were Protestant and many could already speak English, read, and perform occupational tasks. This made it easy for the "old immigrants" to become a part of the then rural America. The second wave of immigrants, known as "new immigrants" that arrived in the U.S between 1890 and 1914 were primarily from southern and eastern Europe such as Italy, Greece, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Russia. These immigrants were mostly poor peasants. Many religions of theirs included Roman Catholics, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jews. Instead of integrating with society these immigrants went to poor ethnic neighborhoods in major U.S cities. Most could not speak English thus about a quarter of them mostly young men could only work unskilled jobs to make money and be able return home. | 24 | |
| 9074386931 | A Nation of Immigrants: Restricting Immigrantion: Chinese Exclusion Act, Ellis Island | One of the first of many acts that the US passed to limit immigration was the Chinese Exclusion Act. This law outlawed immigration from China for about ten years and made all current Chinese residents living in the U.S ineligible for citizenship. Then for the east coast to control immigration a center of Ellis Island was created. This immigration center opened in 1892 after the previous processing center, Castle Garden Immigration Depot was closed. To gain entry into the US immigrants had to pass rigorous medical and document examinations and had to pay the required immigration tax before being allowed to be let into the U.S. | 25 | |
| 9074386932 | Urbanization: Changes in the Nature of Cities | Due to urbanization caused by industrialization cities and factories began to merge as inventions such as the steam engine made industry expand to the country side. Railroads allowed entrepreneurs to locate their factories more freely, as well as, give people jobs working on the railways. | 26 | |
| 9074386933 | Boss and Machine Politics: Political Machine | The political machine was hierarchical party organization whose candidates remained in office because of their political organization and their personal relationship with voters, this specifically worked on immigrants who had little alternative access to political power. | 27 | |
| 9074386934 | Awakening of Reform: Settlement houses: Hull House, Jane Addams | Settlement Houses were places that taught English to immigrants, provided education, taught industrial arts, and established theaters and music schools in the area. A famous settlement house included the Hull House in Chicago that was founded by Jane Addams. in 1889. Also during the time young, well-educated people from the middle class moved in to immigrant neighborhoods so they can learn firsthand about the problems facing poor. Work in the settlement houses then provided the foundation for the professional social work. | 28 | |
| 9074386935 | Awakening of Reform: Social Gospel | A movement led by Walter Rauschenbusch in the late 1800s and early 1900s that highlighted the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems. People that supported the movement wanted social justice for the poor, especially those in poor urban areas. This movement linked Christianity and the Progressive reform while also encouraging many middle-class Protestants to try and solve urban problems. | 29 | |
| 9074386936 | Awakening of Reform: Families and Women in Urban Society | Due to the Industrial Revolution work changed so did family. Now people began to work away fro home majority in factories, so as people worked away from home families were beginning to spend less time together. This even included women who were now able to work in factories and become wage earners. as a result family was never once again the same. | 30 | |
| 9074386937 | Changes in Education: Public Schools | In the early and mid 1800s Horace Mann had focused an establishing free public schooling for children of all classes using taxes to do this. As a result of the reform for public schooling the movement spread rapidly to other states as the efforts done by Mann made this possible. | 31 | |
| 9074386938 | Literature and the Arts: Realism and Naturalism | A literary movement that took place from the 1880s to the 1940s that used realism to show that social conditions, heredity, and the environment had an inescapable force in shaping human character. While realism sought only to describe subjects as they really are. Naturalism would, however, attempt to determine scientifically the forces such as the environment or heredity that was influencing the actions humans. | 32 | |
| 9074386939 | Literature and the Arts: Painting: Ashcan School | The Ashcan School is a realist artistic movement that is best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York's poorer neighborhoods during the early 1900s. | 33 | |
| 9074386940 | Popular Culture: Amusements | Amusements were another venture of business within the US as it began to effect people's personal lives as amusements were used to provide entertainment to Americans as a testament to the growth of cities. | 34 | |
| 9074386941 | Honest Republican Voter | Details the actions after the Republican National Convention where James Blaine was nominated for president. The cartoon illustrates two halves of an elephant where Blaine is surprised to realize that the front of the elephant has separated from its back and is heading for "Independence," not "Party Town." The idea is that the honest Republican voter chooses to follow the brains. | 35 | |
| 9074386942 | Bosses of the Senate | A political cartoon by Joseph Keppler that illustrates "captains of industry" as giant money bags looming over the Senate. This focuses on the the feeling of America quoted as, "This is the Senate of the Monopolists by the Monopolists and for the Monopolists!" as it is being construed that the monopolists are gaining way too much influence within the government. | 36 | |
| 9074386943 | A Call to Action (excerpt) | In the book "A Call to Action" by James B. Weaver, was a book that said the more fortunate should renounce some of their rights and to give their goods generously at the service of others. | 37 | |
| 9074386944 | A Party of Patches | A political cartoon from the republican party's point of view towards the Populist Party. In the cartoon it portrays the populist Party to filled with "hot air" while in a hot air balloon and that their ideas are foolish and insane. | 38 | |
| 9074386945 | Gone Crazy | Gone Crazy is a political cartoon that depicts a man riding upon a donkey, the democratic symbol, whilst being chased by a policeman. | 39 | |
| 9074386946 | Cross of Gold Speech (excerpt) | The Cross of Gold was a speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan during the Democratic National Convention in 1896. Bryan was a supporter free silver in which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He is most famous for saying, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold". The speech helped put him on as the Democratic presidential nomination as his views were examined through the nation that was bitterly divided on the monetary standard since 1873. | 40 | |
| 9074386947 | Party Patronage: Stalwarts, Half-breeds, Mugwumps | The Party Patronage rewarded those with a government position if you support a government party, which was divided into the stalwarts, half-breeds, and the mugwumps. The stalwarts were a fraction of the republican party. They were led by Roscoe Conkling, who favored machine politics and supported patronage. The Half-breeds were another fraction of the republican party. They were led by James G Blaine, who favored reform and was against patronage. Last was the mugwumps who were "liberal republicans" that were disgruntled at the republicans (stalwarts and half-breeds) and decided to support "an honest democrat." | 41 | |
| 9074386948 | Civil Service Reform: Pendleton Act | The Pendleton Act of 1883 had enacted civil service reform that stated that one must take the Civil Service Exam in order to receive most government jobs. The highest scores had got the jobs and this act also banned federal employees from giving campaign money to their party. | 42 | |
| 9074386949 | Money Question | After the Panic of 1893 Populists and many others had blamed the economic depression on an inadequate supply of money. Conservatives, however, blamed it on a lack of commitment to a uniform currency. Due to this, the issue of money became a controversial new issue during the time. | 43 | |
| 9074386950 | Greenback Party | The Greenback party was organized in 1876 to campaign for expansion of the supply of paper money known as, greenbacks, that were first issued by the federal government in 1862 to help pay for the Civil War. Though this idea extended to that maintaining a flexible supply of paper money that served the interests of working people, whereas paper money backed by specie (hard money, like gold or silver) benefited only the rich. | 44 | |
| 9074386951 | Tariff Issue | An occurrence of the Gilded Age was the tariff issue which was a protective tariff on consumer goods that caused other nations to put tariffs on their crops, ultimately leading to the US to have a surplus of crops and having to lower prices for them. This later becomes a issue in politics because Republicans wanted a high tariff, but Democrats didn't. | 45 | |
| 9074386952 | Billion-dollar Congress: Sherman Silver Purchase Act | In 1890 this act that was a compromise between the western silver agitators and the eastern protectionists. While the Westerners agreed to support a higher tariff and the protectionists agreed to support this bill. It ordered the Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly, which also led to the Panic of 1893. | 46 | |
| 9074386953 | Rise of the Populists: Omaha Platform, Election of 1892 | The Populist Party used the Omaha platform for the 1892 election to support James Weaver as president and James Field for vice president. Through this the Populist Party called for free coinage of silver and paper money, a national income tax, a direct election of senators, a regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers. | 47 | |
| 9074386954 | Depression Politics: Panic of 1893 | A serious economic depression beginning in 1893 that began due to railroad companies over-extending themselves which in turn caused bank failures wrecking the economy. This was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country, some say, it was as bad as the Great Depression in the 1930s. | 48 | |
| 9074386955 | Depression Politics: Gold Reverse and Tariff | Because of a decline in silver prices many people had to trade their silver for gold. This caused gold to drain faster, thus President Cleveland had to revoke the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Yet, that hadn't helped so, instead Cleveland had to get the money from JP Morgan which in turn highlighted to people that the government only supported the rich. | 49 | |
| 9074386902 | Depression Politics: Jobless on the March: Coxey's Army | In 1893 a group of unemployed workers were led by Jacob Coxey who marched from Ohio to Washington in order to draw attention to the state of workers and to ask the government for some relief. In response the government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington. | 50 | |
| 9074386903 | The Election of 1896: William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold | The election of 1896 involved William McKinley-North (Republican), who supported industry and high tariffs. Then Williams Bryan-West and South (Democrat), who supported farmers and low tariffs. The main issues of the election were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs. Bryan who was the candidate for president for the Democratic Party was nominated because of support from the Populist Party. Though he never won, he was the most important Populist in American history. He would later serve as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State from 1913-1915. The Cross of Gold was a speech given by Bryan on June 18, 1896. In the speech he said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", in the accordance to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard. | 51 |
