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| 8600829425 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Wrote The Prince. Compared to Chandragupta Maurya's political advisor Kautilya's writings in Arthasastra. | 0 | |
| 8600830970 | The Prince | One must act as a lion and a fox, the end justifies the means. Political realism - Political theory that asserts political power as the end goal of political struggle - might makes right | 1 | |
| 8600921777 | Social Changes | Manufacturing and trade increased in volume, Venetians, Hanseatic League, Social hierarchy changes | 2 | |
| 8600927438 | Hanseatic League | Commercial and military alliance of north German towns | 3 | |
| 8601038527 | Social Hierarchy Changes | First estate - clergy Second estate - nobles Third estate - peasants and city inhabitants | 4 | |
| 8601044433 | First Estate | Clergy - fail in role to be spiritual guides | 5 | |
| 8601047848 | Second Estate | Nobles - 2-3% pop - decline in wealth and land holding but maintain political power | 6 | |
| 8601056408 | Third Estate | Peasants and city inhabitants peasants - 85-90% pop support religious reform in hopes to better life | 7 | |
| 8601699709 | City Inhabitant | patricians - wealthy capitalists petty burghers - shopkeepers/guildmasters propertyless workers and unemployed - 30-40% urban population - pitiful conditions led them to support radical religious reform | 8 | |
| 8601777600 | Printing Press | Johannes Gutenberg/ Gutenberg Bible/ 1456 Encouraged scholarly research Increased literacy lay reading Would aid the spread of the Reformation | 9 | |
| 8601779916 | Christian Humanism | Reforming Christianity Humans can reason and improve Erasmus - reform program "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched | 10 | |
| 8603127209 | Corruption in the Catholic Church | Renaissance popes, concerned with accumulation of wealth/power, veneration of relics, selling of indulgences, mystical movements | 11 | |
| 8603149290 | Catholic doctrine for salvation | faith and good works | 12 | |
| 8603154166 | Luther beliefs for salvation | justification by grace through faith alone | 13 | |
| 8603166234 | October 31, 1517 | Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses on the door of the Wittenburg Church | 14 | |
| 8603169928 | 95 theses | Denied the right of the Pope to grant indulgences, Salvation came through faith alone rather than deeds, Basis of the church was the bible not just pope Thousands of copies printed and spread throughout Europe | 15 | |
| 8603183300 | 1520 | Luther gave up on reform and called for a reformed German Church and Translated Bible from Latin into German | 16 | |
| 8603211393 | Edict of Worms 1521 | Luther was Excommunicated and put on trial. Luther Refused to recant, HRE Charles V | 17 | |
| 8603241997 | Peasant War (1524-1525) | Luther supports German Princes - 100,000 peasants die | 18 | |
| 8603244383 | Peace of Augsburg 1555 | Gained support of the German princes against Holy Roman Empire led to the creation of it | 19 | |
| 8603288890 | John Calvin (1509-1564) | Shared some beliefs with Luther - justification, Constant struggle with evil/devil - Predestination | 20 | |
| 8603295583 | Mary 1553-1558 | attempted to restore Catholicism (Bloody Mary for killing some 300 Protestants) | 21 | |
| 8603299401 | Anabaptist | Radical group of protestants who advocated that adults be baptized rather than infants Believed in complete separation of church and state Refused to hold political offices or bear arms Often viewed as dangerous and persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants | 22 |
