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| 6041416104 | Formed Elements | A) Erythrocyte (RBC's): 1) Transportation of respiratory gases B) Lymphocyte: 1) Differentiate into cells that produce antibodies 2) Include B & T cell subpopulations 3) Include memory cell lines 4) Destroy cancerous and virally infected cells C) Neutrophil: 1) Increase in number during bacterial infections D) Basophil: 1) Vasodilatory and anticoagulatory function 2) Vitally important initiators of the inflammatory response E) Eosinophil: 1) Increase in number during parasitic infections F) Monocyte: 1) Involved with immune clearance 2) Differentiate into dendritic cells and tissue macrophages | 0 | |
| 6041416105 | Viscosity vs. Osmolarity | Viscosity: 1) The resistance of a fluid to flow. 2) It results from the cohesion of a fluid's particles. 3) It is the thickness or stickiness of a fluid. 4) If it is too high, the blood flows too sluggishly. Osmolarity: 1) The rate of reabsorption between the bloodstream and tissue fluid is governed by it. 2) The transfer of fluids depends on a balance between the filtration of fluid from the capillary and its reabsorption. 3) If it is too high, the bloodstream absorbs too much water, raising the blood volume, resulting in elevated blood pressure. | 1 | |
| 6041416106 | Leukocyte terms/Disorders | 1) Chronic leukemia: Develops more slowly and may go undetected for many months 2) Acute leukemia: Appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, and causes death within a few months 3) Leukopenia: A total WBC count below 5K WBCs/ul 4) Leukemia: A cancer of the hemopoietic tissues that usually produces an extraordinarily high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors 5) Leukocytosis: A total WBC count above 10K WBCs/ul 6) Myeloid leukemia: Marked by uncontrolled granulocyte production 7) Lymphoid leukemia: Involves uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production | 2 | |
| 6041416107 | Statements regarding blood groups other than ABO and Rh. | INCORRECT: 1) They frequently cause transfusion reactions. CORRECT: 1) They include the MN, Duffy, Kell, Kidd, and Lewis groups. 2) They are useful for such legal purposes as paternity and criminal cases. 3) They are useful for research in population genetics. 4) They are useful for research in anthropology. | 3 | |
| 6041416108 | Hemostasis | 1) There are THREE hemostatic mechanisms. 2) First, VASULAR spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage. 3) In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets AGGREGATE and undergo degranulation. 4) Degranulation PROMOTES hemostasis. 5) COAGULATION finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss. | 4 | |
| 6041416109 | Transfusion Compatibilities | COMPATIBLE: 1) O- given to A+ 2) B- given to AB+ 3) O- given to O+ NOT COMPATIBLE: 1) A+ given to O- 2) AB- given to A+ 3) AB+ given to O- 4) O+ given to AB- 5) AB- given to O+ 6) AB- given to B- 7) B+ given to A+ 8) A+ given to AB- | 5 | |
| 6041416110 | In healthy blood vessels, platelets do not adhere because the smooth, endothelium is coated with _____. | Prostacyclin | 6 | |
| 6041416111 | Which of the following characteristics of a red blood cell increases its ability to carry oxygen to the tissues? | 1) Lacking mitochondria, RBCs rely exclusively on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP. 2) The cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin. 3) RBCs lose nearly all organelles during their development. 4) The cytoplasm also contains an enzyme, carbonic anhydrase. 5) Lacking a nucleus and DNA, RBCs also are incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis. Lacking mitochondria, RBCs rely exclusively on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP. The lack of aerobic respiration prevents them from consuming the oxygen that they must transport to other tissues. The cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin. It is known especially for its oxygen-transport function. The lack of organelles provide more room for the hemoglobin and oxygen. | 7 | |
| 6041416112 | In addition to the ABO and Rh groups, there are at least 100 other known blood groups, and they rarely cause transfusion reactions. | True | 8 | |
| 6041416113 | Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets. | They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting. Despite their small size, platelets have a greater variety of functions than any of the true blood cells: They secrete vasoconstrictors, stimulating spasmodic constriction of broken vessels and thus help reduce blood loss. They stick together to form temporary platelet plugs that seal small breaks in injured blood vessels. They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting. They initiate the formation of a clot-dissolving enzyme that dissolves blood clots that have outlasted their usefulness. They secrete chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation. They internalize and destroy bacteria. They secrete growth factors that stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle and thus help to maintain and repair blood vessels. | 9 | |
| 6041416114 | Indicate which form of hemopoiesis can improve the symptoms of each condition. | Improved through erythropoesis: Sickle cell disease Anemia Hemolysis Hypoxia Hemolytic disease of the newborn Malaria Kwashiorkor Hemorrhage Transfusion reactions Improved through leukopoesis: Leukopenia NOT improved through erythropoesis or leukopoesis: Leukemia Hematology Primary polycythemia Secondary polycythemia | 10 | |
| 6041416115 | Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. | 1) Hypoxia is inadequate oxygen TRANSPORT and can be detected by the kidneys and liver. 2) When detected ERYTHROPOIETIN is produced and secreted. 3) The hormone will stimulate the red bone marrow to PRODUCE RBCs. 4) This will result in an increase of OXYGEN transport throughout the body. 5) Thus the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a NEGATIVE feedback loop. | 11 | |
| 6041416116 | Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. | 1) Antibodies BIND to antigens and mark them for destruction. 2) One method of destruction is called AGGLUTINATION in which each antibody binds two or more antigens. 3) After binding, the antigens are STUCK together. 4) Repitition of this process produces antigen antibody COMPLEXES. 5) These complexes IMMOBILIZE the antigens until immune cells can break them down. | 12 | |
| 6041416117 | _____ is the enzyme responsible for promoting the formation of more kallikrein, completing the positive feedback loop in dissolving clots. | Plasmin In addition to promoting clotting, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein. Kallikrein, in turn, converts the inactive protein plasminogen into plasmin, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot.Thrombin also activates plasmin, and plasmin indirectly promotes the formation of more kallikrein, thus completing a positive feedback loop. | 13 | |
| 6041416118 | Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the composition of plasma. | 1) Water represents 92% by weight. 2) Albumin is 60% of the total protein portion. 3) The most abundant nitrogenous waste is urea. Plasma is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases. By weight, water represents 92%. Protein is the most abundant plasma solute by weight, totaling 6 to 9 g/dL. Albumin represents 60% of the total protein. | 14 | |
| 6041416119 | Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets? | They inhibit procoagulants. Despite their small size, platelets have a greater variety of functions than any of the true blood cells: They secrete vasoconstrictors, stimulating spasmodic constriction of broken vessels and thus help reduce blood loss. They stick together to form temporary platelet plugs that seal small breaks in injured blood vessels. They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting. They initiate the formation of a clot-dissolving enzyme that dissolves blood clots that have outlasted their usefulness. They secrete chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation. They internalize and destroy bacteria. They secrete growth factors that stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle and thus help to maintain and repair blood vessels. | 15 | |
| 6041416120 | Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. | 1) Blood types A, B, AB, and O form the ABO blood group. 2) Your ABO blood type is determined by the presence or absence of ANTIGENS on your RBCs. 3) Each antigen will have a different CARBOHYDRATE complex on the surface of the RBC. 4) Additionally, PLASMA will contain antibodies. 5) These antibodies react with FOREIGN RBC antigens. | 16 | |
| 6041416121 | Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. | 1) As an RBC ages and its membrane PROTEINS deteriorate, the membrane becomes fragile. 2) Without a NUCLEUS the RBC cannot synthesize the protein spectrin found in the membrane. 3) Many of these deteriorated RBCs die in the SPLEEN. 4) Additionally, the kidneys can break up an RBC and split the HEMOGLOBIN molecules up to release recyclable portions. 5) | 17 | |
| 6041416122 | Place the stages in development of white blood cells in order from first to last. | 1) Hemopoietic stem cell 2) Colony-forming units 3) Precursor cells 4) Mature cells | 18 | |
| 6041416123 | Indicate whether the abundance of the given cell type would increase, decrease, or not be affected by the given situation. | INCREASE: 1) Erythrocytes: high altitude 2) Erythrocytes: long term hypoxia 3) Neutrophils: streptococcus infection 4) B lymphocytes: influenza infection 5) Basophils: chronic asthma 6) Eosinophils: tapeworm infection RELATIVELY NO CHANGE: 1) Erythrocytes: acute viral infection DECREASE: 1) Erythrocytes: dietary iron deficiency 2) Erythrocytes: erythropoietin hyposecretion 3) Erythrocytes: declining intrinsic factor 4) Erythrocytes: acute, profuse hemorrhage 5) Erythrocytes: malarial parasitic infection 6) Erythrocytes: radiation therapy | 19 | |
| 6041416124 | Indicate which blood type is being described | TYPE AB+: 1) Expresses all of the major antigens 2) The least common U.S. blood type 3) Expresses the D antigen 4) The universal acceptor 5) Expresses the Rh factor 6) Expresses the A agglutinogen Type O-: 1) Expresses all of the major antibodies 2) The most common U.S. blood type 3) The universal donor 4) Expresses the B agglutinin | 20 | |
| 6041416125 | Match the following disorders of the blood with their definition. | Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Widespread clotting within unbroken vessels, limited to one organ or occurring throughout the body. Infectious mononucleolsis: Infection of B lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus, most commonly in adolescents and young adults. Septicemia: Bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream) accompanying infection elsewhere in the body. Thrombocytopenia: A platelet count below 100,000/mL. Causes include bone marrow destruction by radiation, drugs, poisons, or leukemia. Thalassemia: A group of hereditary anemias most common in Greeks, Italians, and others of Mediterranean descent; shows a deficiency or absence of alpha or beta hemoglobin. | 21 | |
| 6041416126 | Components of coagulation | EXTRINSIC: 1) Damage to the perivascular tissue 2) Thromboplastin (Factor III) 3) Factor VII INTRINSIC: 1) Factor XII 2) Factor XI 3) Factor IX 4) Factor VIII COMMON PATHWAY OF COAGULATION: 1) Factor X Accumulation 2) Fibrinogen breakdown 3) Factor III 4) Factor I 5) Prothrombin activator 6) Fibrin increase 7) Factor V 8) Thrombin increase 9) Fibrin cross-linking 10) Factor XIII | 22 | |
| 6041416127 | In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains | C) are broken down by macrophages into amino acids. A) are converted into biliverdin by macrophages. B) are converted into bilirubin by macrophages. C) are broken down by macrophages into amino acids. D) are stored in various tissues. E) contribute to the color of feces. | 23 | |
| 6041416128 | In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron | D) All of the choices are correct. A) is transported by transferrin to the liver. B) is transported by transferrin to the spleen. C) is transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow. D) All of the choices are correct. | 24 | |
| 6041416129 | The sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme is... | B) heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces and urine. A) heme, bilirubin, biliverdin, conjugated biliverdin, biliverdin derivatives, feces and urine. B) heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces and urine. C) heme, bilirubin, conjugated biliverdin, biliverdin, biliverdin derivatives, feces and urine. D) heme, biliverdin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces and urine. E) heme, conjugated biliverdin, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, feces and urine. | 25 | |
| 6041416130 | Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver. | True | 26 | |
| 6041416131 | Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin. | True | 27 | |
| 6041416132 | In this animation, when the hemoglobin molecules become saturated with oxygen molecules... | E) the oxygen molecules in the area on both sides of the oxygen-permeable membrane reach equilibrium. A) equilibrium is unattainable between the two sides of the oxygen-permeable membrane due to the repulsion of the free oxygen molecules by the saturated hemoglobin molecules. B) equilibrium is unattainable between the two sides of the oxygen-permeable membrane due to the affinity of the free oxygen molecules for the hemoglobin molecules. C) the area on the side of the oxygen-permeable membrane without the hemoglobin maintains more free oxygen molecules than the other side. D) the area on the side of the oxygen-permeable membrane with the hemoglobin maintains more free oxygen molecules than the other side. E) the oxygen molecules in the area on both sides of the oxygen-permeable membrane reach equilibrium. | 28 | |
| 6041416133 | How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule transport? | Four | 29 | |
| 6041416134 | When the water on one side of the semipermeable membrane contains hemoglobin molecules and the water on the other side does not... | A) the PO2 will eventually equalize after the hemoglobin molecules become saturated with oxygen. A) the PO2 will eventually equalize after the hemoglobin molecules become saturated with oxygen. B) the PO2 will be unable to equalize after the hemoglobin molecules become saturated with oxygen because of the attraction between oxygen and hemoglobin. C) the area on the side of the oxygen-permeable membrane with the hemoglobin maintains a higher PO2. D) the area on the side of the oxygen-permeable membrane without the hemoglobin maintains a higher PO2. E) the PO2 will be unable to equalize after the hemoglobin molecules become saturated with oxygen because of the repulsion between oxygen and saturated hemoglobin. | 30 | |
| 6041416135 | Oxygen's great affinity for hemoglobin molecules causes oxygen molecules to diffuse from the lungs to the capillaries. | True | 31 | |
| 6041416136 | Oxygen's diffusion from the lungs to the blood ceases as the hemoglobin molecules become saturated with the oxygen molecules. | False | 32 |
