Terms : Hide Images
| 12158474655 | globalization | a set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regarding to country borders; a set of outcomes that are felt from these global processes | 0 | |
| 12158474664 | place | has unique human and physical characteristics (a theme of geography) | 1 | |
| 12158474665 | perception of place | developed through books, movies, etc. about places we've never been to | 2 | |
| 12158474666 | movement | the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet; an expression of the interconnectedness of places (a theme of geography) | 3 | |
| 12158474667 | spatial interaction | depends on the distances among places, the accessibility of places, and the transportation and communication connectivity among places | 4 | |
| 12158474668 | connectivity | the degree of linkage between locations in a network | 5 | |
| 12158474669 | cultural landscape | the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape | 6 | |
| 12158474670 | sequent occupance | the sequential imprints of occupants, whose impacts are layered one on top of the other | 7 | |
| 12158474671 | cartography | the art and science of making maps | 8 | |
| 12158474672 | reference maps | show locations of places and geographic features | 9 | |
| 12158474673 | thematic maps | tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon | 10 | |
| 12158474674 | absolute location | using a coordinate system that allows you to plot precisely where on Earth something is | 11 | |
| 12158474675 | relative location | describes a place in relation to other human and physical features | 12 | |
| 12158474676 | mental map | maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have merely heard of | 13 | |
| 12158474677 | activity spaces | those places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity | 14 | |
| 12158474678 | generalized maps | maps that help us see general trends, but we cannot see all cases of a given phenomena | 15 | |
| 12158474679 | geographic information systems (GSI) | used by geographers to compare a variety of spatial data by creating digitized representations of the environment, combining layers of spatial data, and creating maps in which patterns and processes are superimposed and to analyze data | 16 | |
| 12158474680 | scale | the distance on a map compared to the distance on the Earth; the territorial extent of something (used by geographers) | 17 | |
| 12158474681 | formal region | has a shared trait-it can be a shared cultural or physical trait (ex: French-speaking areas) | 18 | |
| 12158474682 | functional region | defined by a particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it-have a shared political, social, or economic purpose (ex: a region used to commute) | 19 | |
| 12158474683 | perceptual (vernacular) regions | intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography (ex: Mid-Atlantic region, Middle East) | 20 | |
| 12158474684 | cultural diffusion | the process of dissemination, the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to other places | 21 | |
| 12158474685 | time-distance decay | the farther a place is from the hearth, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted; the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted | 22 | |
| 12158474686 | cultural barriers | certain innovations, ideas, or practices are not acceptable or adoptable in particular cultures because of prevailing attitudes or even taboos and that can work against diffusion (ex: alcohol, meat, contraceptives) | 23 | |
| 12158474687 | expansion diffusion | an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward | 24 | |
| 12158474688 | contagious diffusion | a form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected (ex: spread of Islam) | 25 | |
| 12158474689 | hierarchial diffusion | a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to (or adopting) what is being diffused (ex: spread of crocs) | 26 | |
| 12158474690 | stimulus diffusion | not all ideas can be readily and directly adopted by a receiving population, yet they can still have an impact, they may indirectly promote local experimentation and eventual changes in ways of doing things (ex: McDonald's in India) | 27 | |
| 12158474691 | relocation diffusion | involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the new idea or innovation, and who carry it to a new, perhaps distant, locale, where they proceed to disseminate it (ex: immigration) | 28 | |
| 12158474692 | environmental determinism | the doctrine that holds that human behavior, individually and collectively, is strongly affected by-even controlled or determined by-the physical environment | 29 | |
| 12158474693 | possibilism | the natural environment merely serves to limit the range of choices available to a culture; the choices that a society makes depend on what its members need and on what technology is available to them; human cultures frequently push the boundaries of what is "environmentally possible" through advances in technology-their own ideas and ingenuity | 30 | |
| 12158474694 | environmental stress | the threat to environmental security by human activity such as atmospheric and groundwater pollution, deforestation, oil spills, and ocean dumping | 31 | |
| 12158474695 | renewable resources | resources that are replenished even as they are being used (ex: water) | 32 | |
| 12158474696 | atmosphere | a thin layer of air lying directly above the land and oceans | 33 | |
| 12158474697 | global warming | tropospheric pollution (pollution in the lowest level of the atmosphere), particularly the release of "greenhouse" gases, causes the Earth to retain more heat | 34 | |
| 12158474698 | deforestation | the cleaning and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers | 35 | |
| 12158474699 | biodiversity | diversity of all aspects of life found on Earth | 36 | |
| 12158474700 | population density | a measure of total population relative to land size; assumes an even distribution over the land | 37 | |
| 12158474701 | arithmetic population density | total population/total land area (square miles)-does not represent any country especially Alaska and Western US | 38 | |
| 12158474702 | physiological population density | the number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land | 39 | |
| 12158474703 | population distributions | descriptions of locations on the Earth's surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live | 40 | |
| 12158474704 | largest population clusters | East Asia, South Asia, Europe, North America | 41 | |
| 12158474705 | Thomas Malthus | (1798) food supplies are growing linearly, whereas population grew exponentially; assumed food production is confined spatially-what people can eat within a country (WRONG) | 42 | |
| 12158474706 | Neo Malthusian Theory | human suffering is now occurring on a scale unimagined even by Malthus; over-population is a problem | 43 | |
| 12158474707 | doubling time | how long it takes for a value to double (population); doubling time=70/RNI | 44 | |
| 12158474708 | highest growth rates in the world | Northern and Central Africa, Southwest Asia | 45 | |
| 12158474709 | lowest growth rates in the world | Europe, Russia, Canada, South Africa, Japan, South Korea | 46 | |
| 12158474710 | natural increase (of the population) | the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths; rate of natural increase (RNI)=(CBR-CDR)/10 | 47 | |
| 12158474711 | crude birth rate (CBR) | number of live births per year per thousand people | 48 | |
| 12158474712 | crude death rate (CDR) | number of deaths per year per thousand people | 49 | |
| 12158474713 | demographic transition | the shift in population growth |  | 50 |
| 12158474714 | stationary population level (SPL) | a stop to population growth that most countries will reach in the 21st century (the world's population would stabilize and the major problems to be faced would involve the aged rather than the young) | 51 | |
| 12158474715 | population composition | the number of men and women and their ages (and other properties such as marital status and education) | 52 | |
| 12158474716 | population pyramids | displays the percentage of each age group in the total population (normally 5-year groups) by a horizontal bar whose length represents its share (males to the left and females to the right); triangle in poor countries and lopsided vase in wealthier countries | 53 | |
| 12158474717 | infant mortality rate (IMR) | the number of baby deaths during their first year per thousand live births; lowest=Japan (3), highest=Sierra Leone, Afghanistan (165) | 54 | |
| 12158474718 | newborn death rate | a measure of the number of children who die in the first month of life out of every thousand live births | 55 | |
| 12158474719 | child mortality rate (CMR) | the deaths of children between the ages of 1 and 5 | 56 | |
| 12158474720 | life expectancy | the number of years, on average, someone may expect to remain alive | 57 | |
| 12158474721 | infectious diseases | result from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body (65% of all diseases) | 58 | |
| 12158474722 | chronic or degenerative diseases | the maladies of of longevity and old age such as heart disease | 59 | |
| 12158474723 | genetic or inherited diseases | can be traced to an ancestry, that is, the chromosomes and genes that define our makeup (ex: sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia) | 60 | |
| 12158474724 | endemic | disease prevails over a small area | 61 | |
| 12158474725 | epidemic | disease spreads over a large region | 62 | |
| 12158474726 | pandemic | disease is global in scope | 63 | |
| 12158474727 | vectored infectious disease | is transmitted by an intermediary vector (malaria-mosquito) | 64 | |
| 12158474728 | nonvectored infectious disease | is transmitted by direct contact between host and victim (HIV/AIDS-sexual contact, needle sharing) | 65 | |
| 12158474729 | expansive population policies | encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase | 66 | |
| 12158474730 | eugenic population policies | favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others (Nazi Germany, USA, Japan) | 67 | |
| 12158474731 | restrictive population policies | reduce the rate of natural increase (ex: toleration of officially unapproved means of birth control, outright prohibition of large families; China) | 68 | |
| 12158474732 | remittances | monies migrants send home to family | 69 | |
| 12158474733 | cyclic movement | involves shorter periods away from home (daily routine/activities) | 70 | |
| 12158474734 | periodic movement | involves longer periods away from home | 71 | |
| 12158474735 | migration | involves a degree of permanence; the mover may never return "home" | 72 | |
| 12158474736 | nomadism | a cyclic movement; a matter of survival, culture, and tradition; takes place among long-familiar routes repeated time and again (water sources, pastures, etc.) | 73 | |
| 12158474737 | migrant labor | a periodic movement; people come to countries on temporary visas to fill a need in that country's work force in a specific field | 74 | |
| 12158474738 | transhumance | a periodic movement; a system of pastoral farming in which ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures | 75 | |
| 12158474739 | international migration/transnational migration | movement across country borders | 76 | |
| 12158474740 | emigration | subtracts from the total population of a country | 77 | |
| 12158474741 | immigration | adds to the total population of a country | 78 | |
| 12158474742 | internal migration | occurs within a single country's borders | 79 | |
| 12158474743 | forced migration | involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice | 80 | |
| 12158474744 | voluntary migration | occurs after a migrant weighs options and choices (even if desperately or not so rationally), and can be analyzed and understood as a series of options or choices that result in a movement | 81 | |
| 12158474745 | gravity model | assumes spatial interaction (such as migration) is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them; predicts interaction between places; gravity model=(population * population 2)/distance | 82 | |
| 12158474746 | push factors | the conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place | 83 | |
| 12158474747 | pull factors | the circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places-the decision of where to go | 84 | |
| 12158474748 | distance decay | the intensity of human activity, process, or function declines as distance from its source increases (has been altered by transportation and communication technologies) | 85 | |
| 12158474749 | step migration | many migration streams that appear on maps as long, unbroken routes in fact consist of a series of stages | 86 | |
| 12158474750 | intervening opportunity | along the way of step migration, majority are captured by work opportunities | 87 | |
| 12158474751 | deportation | being sent back home from the country the migrant immigrated to | 88 | |
| 12158474752 | kinship links | being pulled to places where family and friends have already found success | 89 | |
| 12158474753 | chain migration | the migrant chooses a destination and writes, calls, or communicates through others to tell family and friends at home about the new place | 90 | |
| 12158474754 | global-scale migration | long-distance migration (occurred haphazardly before 1500, typically in pursuit of spices, fame, or exploration) | 91 | |
| 12158474755 | islands of development | often coastal cities within a region or country where most foreign investment goes, where the vast majority of paying jobs are located, and where infrastructure is concentrated | 92 | |
| 12158474756 | guest workers | labor migrants; millions live outside of their home country and send remittances from their jobs home (often work as agricultural laborers or in service industries)-many employers abuse them because many guest workers are unaware of their rights | 93 | |
| 12158474757 | refugee | a person who has a well funded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion | 94 | |
| 12158474758 | internally displaced persons (IDPs)/internal refugees | people who have been displaced within their own countries (ex: Hurricane Katrina victims), but they don't cross international borders as they flee (tend to remain undercounted) | 95 | |
| 12158474759 | genocide | acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group | 96 | |
| 12158474760 | immigration quotas | ex: each year, European countries could permit the emigration to the US of 3% of the number of its nationals living in the US (1924: 2%) | 97 | |
| 12158474761 | selective immigration | individuals with certain backgrounds (criminal record, poor health, subversive activities) are barred from entering | 98 | |
| 12158474762 | popular culture | large, incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits | 99 | |
| 12158474763 | folk culture | a group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others | 100 | |
| 12158474764 | material culture | the things that a group of people construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and foods | 101 | |
| 12158474765 | nonmaterial culture | the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people | 102 | |
| 12158474766 | hierarchical diffusion | ex: fashion trends spreading from fashion cities to fashion houses to models to celebrities to magazines to consumers | 103 | |
| 12158474767 | cultural hearths | points of origin/cases of first diffusion | 104 | |
| 12158474768 | assimilation | the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture; often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places of residence (ex: USA turning American Indians into "Americans") | 105 | |
| 12158474769 | customs | a practice that a group of people routinely follows (ex: eating, drinking, dancing, sport) | 106 | |
| 12158474770 | cultural appropriation | the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit | 107 | |
| 12158474771 | rural local cultures | keeps culture separate, cultures can define their own space (ex: Anabaptists, Hutterites, Mennonites, Makan American Indians) | 108 | |
| 12158474772 | ethnic neighborhoods | neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs | 109 | |
| 12158474773 | urban local culture | mono-cultural section of a city-now being challenged by young artists and professionals, who are moving into the respective neighborhoods (ex: Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn, Italian Americans in Northern Boston) | 110 | |
| 12158474774 | time-space compression | explains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication technologies (hearth-->contagious diffusion-->hierarchical diffusion) | 111 | |
| 12158474775 | cultural homogenization | the reduction of cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols; caused by the influence of Europe, the US, and Japan in global pop culture | 112 | |
| 12158474776 | globalization | the process by which people in local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes | 113 | |
| 12158474777 | religion | a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities (how people "should" act) | 114 | |
| 12158474778 | secularism | religion, at least in its organized form, has become less significant in the lives of most people; indifference to or rejection of organized religious affiliations and ideas-lack of members (of religion)-active or otherwise | 115 | |
| 12158474779 | monotheistic religions | worship a single deity, a God or Allah | 116 | |
| 12158474780 | polytheistic religions | worship more than one deity, even thousands | 117 | |
| 12158474781 | animistic religions | centered on the belief that inanimate objects, such as mountains, boulders, rivers, and trees, possess spirits and should therefore be revered | 118 | |
| 12158474782 | universalizing religions | actively seek converts because they view themselves as offering belief systems of universal appropriateness and appeal (ex: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) | 119 | |
| 12158474783 | ethnic religion | adherents are born into the faith and converts are not actively sought (traditional religions in Africa and South America, Judaism) | 120 | |
| 12158474784 | Hinduism | Indus River Valley 4000 yrs ago, Brahman=1 god, other gods=various expressions of Brahman, ethnic, karma (transferability of the soul)=doctrine, today: India, South Asia, Bali | 121 | |
| 12158474785 | caste system | locks people into particular social classes and imposes many restrictions, especially in the lower of the castes (the Dalits) | 122 | |
| 12158474786 | Buddhism | splintered from Hinduism 2500 yrs ago, Prince Siddhartha (of now Nepal)=the Buddha (the enlightened one), Punjab, Bengal>Sri Lanka>Mediterranean>Tibet>China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Mahayana and Theravada | 123 | |
| 12158474787 | Shintoism | Buddhism mixed with local religion in Japan, focuses on nature and ancestor worship, major in Japan | 124 | |
| 12158474788 | Taoism (Daoism) | one of two major schools of Chinese philosophy | 125 | |
| 12158474789 | Lao-Tsu | older contemporary of Confucius; "Book of the Way"-proper form of political rule, oneness of humanity and nature | 126 | |
| 12158474790 | Confucianism | Confucius (551-479 BC) held that the real meaning of life lay in the present, not in some future abstract existence, and that service to one's fellow humans should supersede services to spirits; China>Korean Peninsula, Japan, SE Asia>(recent) Europe, North America | 127 | |
| 12158474791 | Judaism | teachings of Abraham 4000 yrs ago, (current) Middle East, North Africa, Russia, Ukraine, Europe, and parts of North and South America, 3 branches: reform, conservative, orthodox | 128 | |
| 12158474792 | diaspora | scattering of Jews after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem; the spatial dispersion of members of any ethnic group | 129 | |
| 12158474793 | Zionism | Jews should not be absorbed into other societies (only Israel and Palestine) | 130 | |
| 12158474794 | Christianity | Jesus (founder)-son of God, split from Judaism in the first century, 1054-Roman Catholic Church (Rome) and Eastern Orthodox Church (Constantinople) separated | 131 | |
| 12158474795 | Eastern Orthodox Christian Church | Ottoman Turks defeated Serbs in Kosovo (1389), Turks took Constantinople (1453), suppressed by Soviet Union (20th century), today: revival in former Soviet areas (contagious diffusion) | 132 | |
| 12158474796 | Roman Catholic Church | infallibility of the pope; peaked in Middle Ages | 133 | |
| 12158474797 | Protestantism | third major branch of Christianity after Protestant Reformation | 134 | |
| 12158474798 | Islam | Muhammad (571-632) received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations, earthly matters are profane, only Allah is pure and his will is absolute, he is omnipotent and omniscient, 5 pillars of Islam; Muhammad's death>Arabian Peninsula>North Africa>Egypt, Morocco, Spain, Portugal, Arabia, Middle East, Iran, Pakistan-(trade)->SE Asia-(migration)->Europe, South Africa, Americas | 135 | |
| 12158474799 | Sunni Muslims | (majority) different heir candidates, power in family and community | 136 | |
| 12158474800 | Shi'ite (Shiah) Muslims | (Iran) Ali (son-in-law) heir candidate, power in imam (leaders) | 137 | |
| 12158474801 | indigenous religions | local in scope, usually have a reverence for nature, and are passed down through family units and groups (tribes) of indigenous peoples (do not all share a common theology or belief system) | 138 | |
| 12158474802 | sacred sites | places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning; sacred out of reverence or fear; rejuvenation, reflection, healing, fulfillment of a religious commitment (access to and use of physical geographic features are constrained by private ownership, environmental concerns, the act of designating certain sacred spaces as public recreational or tourist areas, and different religious groups fighting over one space | 139 | |
| 12158474803 | landscapes of Hinduism and and Buddhism | minimally disrupting nature, near water, bell shaped structures, crematoriums (diffusion: S Asia>SE Asia) | 140 | |
| 12158474804 | landscapes of Christianity | medieval European cathedrals and monasteries, cemeteries, plain churches (Baptist, Lutheran) vs. ornate churches/cathedrals (immigrant Catholics) | 141 | |
| 12158474805 | landscapes of Islam | elaborate mosques (community builds and maintains), prayer 5 times a day, minaret towers, geometric designs | 142 | |
| 12158474806 | reflection of religious conflict in activity space | Protestants and Catholics had each chosen to separate themselves in their rounds of daily activity (grocery stores, buses, toponyms, newspapers, soccer teams) | 143 | |
| 12158474807 | religious fundamentalism | returning to the basics of a faith; beliefs are nonnegotiable-caused by perceived breakdown of morals and values, lack of religious authority, failure to achieve economic goals, loss of a sense of local control, or sense of violation of core territory | 144 | |
| 12158474808 | religious extremism | fundamentalism carried to the point of violence | 145 | |
| 12158474809 | language | a set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication; also an integral part of culture, reflecting and shaping it | 146 | |
| 12158474810 | standard languages | published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught, often in technologically advanced societies (chosen by people of influence and power) | 147 | |
| 12158474811 | dialects | variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines-differences in vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace) | 148 | |
| 12158474812 | dialect chains | dialects nearest each other geographically will be the most similar (greater spatial interaction), but as you travel across the space, the dialects become less intelligible to each other because less interaction occurs | 149 | |
| 12158474813 | isogloss | geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but such a boundary is rarely a simple line-differences in pronunciation, vocab, colloquial phrases (use of), and syntax | 150 | |
| 12158474814 | language families | languages have a shared but fairly distant origin (ex: Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo) | 151 | |
| 12158474815 | subfamilies | the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent | 152 | |
| 12158474816 | Proto-Indo-European language family | first major linguistic hypothesis; hearth of ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit-came from Grimm's idea that consonants have become softer as time passes | 153 | |
| 12158474817 | processes for reconstructing extinct languages | backward reconstruction, deep reconstruction (extinct language) | 154 | |
| 12158474818 | language divergence | spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks down the language fragments first into dialects and then into discrete tongues (Ex: Spanish and Portuguese) | 155 | |
| 12158474819 | language convergence | if people with different languages have consistent spatial interaction, the two languages can collapse into one | 156 | |
| 12158474820 | Renfrew hypothesis | Europe's Indo-European languages diffused from Anatolia (present-day Turkey), the languages of North Africa and Arabia came from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent, and ancient languages spread into present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India from the Fertile Crescent's eastern arc, later to be replaced by Indo-European languages | 157 | |
| 12158474821 | conquest theory | early speakers of PIE spread from east west on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European languages | 158 | |
| 12158474822 | agricultural theory of diffusion of PIE | PIE diffused westward through Europe with the diffusion of agriculture-a slow but steady wave of farmers dispersed into Europe and mixed with non-farming peoples, diluting their genetic identity as the distance from their source area increased | 159 | |
| 12158474823 | dispersal hypothesis | IE languages that arose from PIE were first carried eastward into SW Asia>Caspian Sea>across Russian-Ukrainian plains> Balkans | 160 | |
| 12158474824 | Romance languages | (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese) lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed | 161 | |
| 12158474825 | Germanic languages | (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) reflect the expansion of peoples out of northern Europe to the west and south | 162 | |
| 12158474826 | Slavic languages | (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian) developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago | 163 | |
| 12158474827 | Niger-Congo language family | largest spread family in Africa (South, Central, West)-Atlantic, Voltaic, Guinea, Hausa, Bantu subfamilies | 164 | |
| 12158474828 | lingua franca | a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce-can be one language or a mixture of languages | 165 | |
| 12158474829 | pidgin language | when people speaking two or more languages are in contact they combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocab (Ex: Frankish language-first widely known lingua franca) | 166 | |
| 12158474830 | Creole language | a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocab and has become the native language of a group of people (ex: English, French, Portuguese+languages of African slaves=Creole in Caribbean) | 167 | |
| 12158474831 | official language(s) | often adopted by countries with linguistic fragmentation to tie people people together-also in the hopes of promoting communication and interaction among peoples who speak different local and regional languages-it often ties former colonies to their colonizers | 168 | |
| 12158474832 | global language | the principal language people use around the world in their day-to-day activities (not English); a common language of trade and commerce used around the world (English) | 169 | |
| 12158474833 | toponyms | place names-social processes going on in a place determine whether a toponym is passed down or changed, how the people will interpret the history of a place, and how the people will see a place | 170 | |
| 12158474834 | Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model | Hunter and gatherer, high CDR and CBR, no natural increase (ex:Afghanistan, Laos, Yemen) | 171 | |
| 12158474835 | Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model | Rapidly declining death rate, high birth rates *Medical Revolution (ex:Ghana, Nepal) | 172 | |
| 12158474836 | Stage 2 1/2 of the Demographic Transition Model | *Newly industrialized Birth rates decline because of urbanization (ex:Mexico, Malaysia) | 173 | |
| 12158474837 | Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model | Birth rates and death rates decline, better healthcare but slow natural increase rate *Industrialized (ex: China and India) | 174 | |
| 12158474838 | Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model | Low CBR and CDR, zero population growth, women are in the work force/ service jobs (ex: USA, Italy, UK) | 175 | |
| 12158474839 | Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model | Decrease in birth rates (ex:Japan) | 176 | |
| 12158474840 | Stage 1 of the Epidemiological Transition | Famine:high CDR, plague, animal attacks, and aids epidemic | 177 | |
| 12158474841 | Stage 2 of the Epidemiological Transition | Receding pandemics, unsanitary, water pollution | 178 | |
| 12158474842 | Stage 3 of the Epidemiological Transition | Degenerative disease: slowly declining CDR, heart attacks (Chronic disease) | 179 | |
| 12158474843 | Stage 4 of the Epidemiological Transition | Delayed degenerative disease, life expectancy is longer (cancer) | 180 | |
| 12158474844 | Stage 1 of the Migration Transition | Seasonal mobility, searching for food | 181 | |
| 12158474845 | Stage 2 of the Migration Transition | International migration from rural to urban lands | 182 | |
| 12158474846 | Stage 3 of the Migration Transition | Migration within countries, between cities and suburbs | 183 | |
| 12158474847 | Stage 4 of the Migration Transition | Internal migration or interregional | 184 |
